unit 6 review
The "I have a dream" speech
"I Have a Dream" is a public speech that was delivered by American civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963, in which he called for civil and economic rights and an end to racism in the United States.
Plessy vs. Ferguson
(1896) The Court ruled that segregation was not discriminatory (did not violate black civil rights under the Fourteenth Amendemnt) provide that blacks received accommodations equal to those of whites.
Betty Friedan
1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".
Cesar Chavez
1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.
Malcolm X
1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka
1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means
Freedom Summer
1964 effort to register African American voters in Mississippi
Black Panthers
A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.
Affirmative Action
A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities
Nation of Islam
A religious group, popularly known as the Black Muslims, founded by Elijah Muhammad to promote black separatism and the Islamic religion.
Black Power
A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.
24th Amendment
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.
Thurgood Marshall
American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.
Orval Faubus
Arkansas governor who called out the National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock's Central High School under federal court order.
Wisconsin vs. Yoder
Court decided that Amish families are required to send their kids to school.
Ross Barnett
Governor of Mississippi who tried to prevent James Meredith from entering Ole Miss, was extremely racist
Freedom Riders
Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation
James Meredith
He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.
Jim Crow Laws
Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites
How was nonviolent protest used in the Civil Rights Movement?
Led by King, millions of blacks took to the streets for peaceful protests as well as acts of civil disobedience and economic boycotts in what some leaders describe as America's second civil war. Instead of resulting into violence many civil rights activists would boycott, make protest but without putting people in harm's way. Also in some cases like with MLK they would go into the streets and sing songs about equality.
How were the approaches of MLK and Malcolm X different and the same?
Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X were very significant during the Civil Rights Movement. Both were excellent speakers and shared one goal but had two different ways of resolving it. Martin Luther King Jr. chose to resolve the issues by using non-violence to create equality among all races to accomplish the goal. The different views between Malcolm X and Dr. Martin Luther King were very different in their ways of achieving their goals. Malcolm X believed that equality could be achieved by any way necessary. This included being violent. Martin Luther King believed in the opposite forms of protest by being nonviolent.
de jure segregation
Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies.
de facto segregation
Racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement
Robert Kennedy's eulogy for MLK
Robert Kennedy's eulogy following the 1968 assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. is considered one of the great addresses of the 20th century, a call for unity in a time of great unrest.
Sweatt vs. Painter
Segregated law school in Texas was held to be an illegal violation of civil rights, leading to open enrollment.
Segregation
Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences
How did the 24th and 26th amendments help to achieve equality of political rights?
The 24th amendment was important to the Civil Rights Movement as it ended mandatory poll taxes that prevented many African Americans. Poll taxes, combined with grandfather clauses and intimidation, effectively prevented African Americans from having any sort of political power, especially in the South. The 26th amendment changed the age for people to vote from the age of 21 to the age of 18 this allowed young black men and women to have a say on how their country would develop.
MLK's assassination and the reaction
The Cincinnati riots were in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968. Tension in the Avondale neighborhood had already been high due to a lack of job opportunities for African-American men, and the assassination escalated that tension.
Civil Rights Act of 1968
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 defines housing discrimination as the "refusal to sell or rent a dwelling to any person because of his race, color, religion, or national origin". Title VIII of this Act is commonly referred to as the Fair Housing Act of 1968.
Crisis in Little Rock (Little Rock Nine)
The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas.
Identify political organizations that promoted civil rights for the following groups: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, American Indians and Women.
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was established in April 1960 at Shaw University. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) began organizing students who were involved in the sit-ins. The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) also played an important role in the Civil Rights Movement. As the oldest and most recognized civil rights organization in the United States, the NAACP.
Desegregation
The ending of authorized segregation, or separation by race.
Tinker vs. Des Moines School District
The wearing of arm bands by students to protest the war in Vietnam is protected by freedom of speech and cannot be prohibited by school officials
Describe how each of these cases protected the rights of minorities: Mendez vs. Westminster, Hernandez vs. Texas, Delgado vs. Bastrop ISD, Edgewood ISD vs. Kirby, Sweatt vs. Painter and White vs. Regester.
They all showed how everyone in the united states were being unconstitutional. The Mendez vs Westminster showed how segregation against Mexicans and forbidding them from going to school was unconstitutional. Hernandez vs texas didnt allow a Mexican to get a fair trail because of his nationality. Delgado vs Bastrop ISD was about how Mexicans were refused the 14 amendment. They all show segregation towards Mexicans proving that not only were black persecuted.
Identify how the following (Montgomery Bus Boycott, Little Rock Crisis, Affirmative Action and Title IX) relate to the Civil Rights Movement.
They all started the uprising of equality between blacks and whites. When Rosa Parks was forced to stand up to give up her seat to white person, when the little nine were denied their education and forced to give up what they had so hard for. This all lead to blacks wanting the same privileges that the whites were receiving. No white person or kid was forced from their seat or their education. This led to the Affirmative action and the Title IX where they slowly started treating blacks the same way as whites.
Lester Maddox
This racist restaurant owner closed his restaurant rather than integrate. He eventually became governor and hired more blacks to office than all prior governors combined.
Martin Luther King Jr.
U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)
Rosa Parks
United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)
Stokely Carmichael
a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."
Voting Rights Act of 1965
a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage
Hernandez vs. Texas
argued that Pete Hernandez could not get a fair trial because no Mexican Americans were allowed on the jury; supreme court agreed
Kerner Commission
created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States
Mendez vs. Westminster
federal court case that challenged racial segregation in California schools. In its ruling, the U.S. Court of Appeals held that the segregation of Mexican and Mexican American students into separate "Mexican schools" was unconstitutional
Edgewood ISD vs. Kirby
historically established the inequity found in the money available to local schools in Texas
Civil Rights Act of 1964
outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
Sit-ins
protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.
Fannie Lou Hamer
spokesperson for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party at the 1964 Democratic Convention
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism
White vs. Regester
supreme court case where the court ruled that texas at-large districting for seats in the house of representatives was unconstitutional
Delgado vs. Bastrop ISD
this ruled that the segregation of Mexican students violated equal protection clause of the 14th amendment (occurred in Texas)
