Unit 6 Test

What was the dominant religion in western Europe during the Enlightenment?

Catholicism

Napoleon's coup d'état overthrew the ____ to establish his consulate.

Directory

Why did Napoleon sell French land to the United States?

He was afraid the British would be able to take it.

Who seized political power from the Legislative Assembly?

Paris Commune

The most important of the seven legal codes established by Napoleon was

The Civil Code.

Francis Bacon, an English philosopher, believed scientists should

use inductive reasoning.

French revolutionaries used the guillotine to execute King Louis XVI because they believed that it

killed humanely.

To whom does Galileo refer in this passage?

leaders of the Catholic church

To Voltaire and many other philosophers, the universe was

like a clock.

In 1791 a new Constitution was set up in France to allow "active" citizens to vote. What were "active" citizens?

men over 25 who paid a certain amount of taxes

John Locke's ideas suggest that people were

molded by their experiences.

The term sans-culottes, meaning "without breeches," implied that the members of this political group were

ordinary patriots without fine clothes.

In its attempts to create a new order that reflected its belief in reason, the National Convention

pursued a policy of de-Christianization, going so far as to adopt a new calendar.

The Russians defeated Napoleon's superior Grand Army by

retreating hundreds of miles and burning their own villages and countryside.

Isaac Newton's universal law of gravitation

showed how one law could explain all motion in the universe.

The three major parts of Napoleon's Grand Empire were

the French Empire, the dependent states, and the allied states.

The difference between the Girondins and the Mountain was that

the Girondins leaned toward keeping the king alive, while the Mountain wanted the king executed.

Which of France's estates was NOT exempt from the taille?

the Third Estate

Galileo's observations seemed to indicate that

the heavenly bodies were composed of material substance just like Earth, not pure orbs of light.

The table above shows the increase in periodicals from 1700 to 1780. Which class experienced the biggest increase in reading during this time?

the middle class

Adam Smith believed in laissez-faire, by which he meant that

the state should not regulate the economy.

What were the two major reasons that Napoleon's Grand Empire collapsed?

the survival of Great Britain and the force of nationalism

According to the Ptolemaic system,

the universe is a series of concentric spheres with Earth fixed at the center.

The Treaty of Paris in 1783 granted the Americans control of

the western territory from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River.

Louis XVI was forced to accept the National Assembly's decrees because

thousands of armed Parisian women descended on the palace and captured him and his family.

What percentage of the population was nobility?

1.5%

About what percentage of the time did the Consulate rule France?

17%

What percentage of land was owned by the clergy?

25%

How many years did it take for Napoleon to rise from brigadier general to the leader of all France?

5

The French Constitution of 1795 set up two legislative houses in order to keep any one political group from gaining control. What was the role of each legislative house?

A lower house, called the Council of 500, was responsible for drafting laws. The upper house of 250, called the Council of Elders, accepted or rejected the proposed laws.

How, according to the passage, is law an expression of the general will?

All citizens are able to influence the law's creation.

The American nation's first constitution was called the

Articles of Confederation.

Describe the Revolutionary wear of the men and women of France during the Reign of Terror. Explain the significance of specific choices, such as colors and emblems.

Blue, white, and red were symbolic colors of the revolution. It was patriotic to wear the bonnet rouge, or red cap, with a circular badge known as a tricolor cockade. Women of the Third Estate wore a hat with a badge and their hair loose. Revolutionary women wore man-styled jackets over their dresses. Practical fabrics and plain styles replaced expensive fabrics and fussy styles. Revolutionaries made a political statement by wearing longer trousers. These men were known as the sans-culottes—without breeches.

Explain Descartes' system of rationalism as expressed in the quote above.

Descartes tried to understand the universe around him. He focused on doubt and relearning. His quote reflects his questioning about what really exists. He begins by establishing the only thing he can be totally certain about, which is his own existence. He then goes on to determine that the existence of the material world can be doubted. This is the basis for his separation of mind and body theory.

Describe the impact of Diderot's Encyclopedia on the society of the Enlightenment period.

Diderot's Encyclopedia became a weapon against the old French society. Many of its articles attacked religious superstition and supported religious toleration. Others called for social, legal, and political reforms. Sold to doctors, clergymen, teachers, and lawyers, the Encyclopedia spread Enlightenment ideas.

Which French government lasted the longest during the period from 1789 to 1815?

Empire

Describe the rights of women under Napoleon's Civil Code.

For women, the Civil Code was a step back. During the radical stage of the revolution, new laws had made divorce easier and allowed daughters to inherit property on an equal basis. The Civil Code undid these laws. Women were now "less equal than men." When they married, they lost control over any property they had. They could not testify in court, and it became more difficult for them to begin divorce proceedings. In general, the code treated women like children, who needed protection and who did not have a public role.

Which of the following was the first country to grant diplomatic recognition to the new American state?

France

The work of ____ shows the use of enchantment in the rococo style.

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo

As a result of the Treaty of Paris in 1763,

Great Britain had become the world's greatest colonial power.

What does this passage suggest about Napoleon?

He shaped his life according to his own plan.

How did Robespierre gain support to win election to the National Convention?

He spoke out and was a defender of democracy.

Explain Mary Wollstonecraft's argument for women's rights.

In A Vindication of the Rights of Women, Mary Wollstonecraft identified two problems with the views of many Enlightenment thinkers. She noted that the same people who argued that women must obey men also said that government based on the arbitrary power of monarchs over their subjects was wrong. Wollstonecraft pointed out that the power of men over women was equally wrong. She further argued that the Enlightenment was based on an ideal of reason in all human beings. Because women have reason, then they are entitled to the same rights as men. Women, Wollstonecraft declared, should have equal rights in education, as well as in economic and political life.

According to the passage, why did this action have the most enduring and significant consequences?

It gave the United States significant territorial power.

Describe John Locke's influential ideas.

John Locke argued that every person was born with a tabula rasa, or blank mind. Locke's ideas suggested that people were molded by the experiences that came through their senses from the surrounding world. If the environments were changed and people were exposed to the right influences, then people could be changed to create a new society. This greatly influenced intellectuals of the Enlightenment.

Under the Constitution of 1791, the ____ would make the laws.

Legislative Assembly

Which of the following wrote Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy, which presented a criticism of the belief that humans were the masters of nature?

Margaret Cavendish

Which of the following was guillotined on July 28, 1794?

Maximilien Robespierre

Describe the strategy that allowed the Russian army to defeat Napoleon as he invaded.

Napoleon led a large army into Russia in hopes of a quick victory. However, the Russians refused to battle, and instead retreated for hundreds of miles. As they retreated, they burned their own villages and countryside to keep Napoleon's army from finding food. When Napoleon reached Moscow, he found it in flames. He abandoned the city in October and led his troops in a long, bitter retreat as winter set in. Thousands of troops froze or starved during the march, and very few made it back.

Describe some of the inventions that emerged during the Scientific Revolution and explain how these new technologies stimulated scientific activity.

New measurement devices allowed more accurate observations and measurements to be calculated. New instruments, such as the telescope and microscope allowed scientists to make new observations and discoveries. The invention of the printing press allowed scientists to spread new ideas quickly and easily.

Who among the following was the first to argue that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the universe?

Nicholas Copernicus

According to the passage, are all citizens given public office?

No; all citizens are equal, but some with more talent and skill earn public office.

What religion was dominant in Scandinavia during the Enlightenment?

Protestantism

Who has been rightly called the father of modern rationalism?

René Descartes

Describe Descartes's principle of the separation of mind and matter and explain its significance.

René Descartes emphasized the importance of his own mind and asserted that he would accept only those things that his reason said were true. From his first principle—"I think, therefore I am"—Descartes used his reason to arrive at a second principle. He argued that because "the mind cannot be doubted but the body and material world can, the two must be radically different." From this idea came the principle of the separation of mind and matter (and of mind and body). Descartes's idea that mind and matter were completely separate allowed scientists to view matter as dead or inert. That is, matter as something that was totally detached from the mind and that could be investigated independently by reason.

Adam Smith described a "laissez-faire" philosophy in which government did not interfere in people's lives. Explain which three roles Smith felt the government should have in society.

Smith felt that the government should do three things for society: 1. It should protect society from invasion with an army. 2. It should defend citizens from injustice with a police force. 3. It should provide public works that individuals would not be able to construct, such as roads and canals.

According to the table, which country was considered a dependent state of France in 1812?

Spain

Describe some of the rights that were guaranteed to the newly independent Americans in the Bill of Rights.

The Bill of Rights guaranteed freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, and assembly. They gave Americans the right to bear arms and to be protected against unreasonable searches and arrests. They guaranteed trial by jury, due process of law, and the protection of property rights.

Describe the conflict between Britain and France in the Americas and explain how Native Americans were involved.

The French had settled into Canada and Louisiana and the British had settled into thirteen colonies on the eastern coast. The French colonies were thinly populated in valuable trading areas. The British colonies were heavily populated. The French moved to establish authority over waterways in the Ohio Valley in order to expand into the western territories. The French gained the support of the Native Americans, who were hostile to the British, in their military campaign. The British ultimately prevailed.

Describe some of the de-Christianization activities taken on by the National Convention in order to promote reason.

The National Convention believed that religion encouraged superstition. They removed the word saint from street names. Churches were looted and closed by revolutionary armies, and priests were encouraged to marry. The cathedral of Notre Dame was designated as a "temple of reason." A new calendar was adopted in which years were not numbered from the birth of Christ, but instead from the first day of the French Republic.

Explain why the period between 1793 and 1794 became known as the Reign of Terror.

The National Convention gave the Committee of Public Safety broad powers to deal with domestic uprisings and external threats. It set up revolutionary courts to prosecute counter-revolutionaries and traitors. Throughout France, close to 40,000 people were killed, at least 16,000 by the guillotine. Rebellious cities had revolutionary armies stationed in them, and the Committee of Public Safety made examples of them, such as when it had 1,880 citizens of Lyon executed. People from all classes were killed. The Committee of Public Safety was dominated by Maximilien Robespierre, who believed that France would become a "Republic of Virtue" once the foreign and domestic crises were over. Robespierre continued the Reign of Terror after most of France's foreign foes were defeated and the National Convention, who feared Robespierre's power, had him executed.

Under the new National Assembly in France, the Catholic Church was formally brought under the control of the state. What did the Civil Constitution of the Clergy state, and what was its effect on the Catholic Church?

The law stated that bishops and priests were to be elected by the people, not appointed by the pope and the Church hierarchy. The state was also responsible for paying the salaries of the bishops and priests. In order to raise money, the National Assembly seized and sold off Church land. Many Catholics became enemies of the revolution due to these reforms.

In the Ptolemaic model, what was the "prime mover" sphere and what was beyond this sphere in the universe?

The prime mover sphere was the outer sphere of the universe. It moved and gave motion to the other spheres within it. Beyond the prime mover sphere was Heaven, where God resides.

Explain what this quote, chanted by the women of Paris, meant, as the king and his family returned to the city.

The statement describes the return of the king and his family to Paris under the watchful eye of the citizens. The king had been forced to accept the new National Assembly and he and his family were virtual prisoners in Paris. The king returned to Paris with wagonloads of flour from the palace storehouse as a goodwill gesture. The phrase the women used referred to the king's gesture with the flour.

What was unique about the people of the Third Estate?

They paid taxes.

Explain how the army of the French Republic ultimately changed the nature of modern warfare.

To save the republic from its foreign enemies, the Committee of Public Safety decreed a universal mobilization of the nation. In little more than a year, the new French government had raised a huge army. It was the largest army ever seen in Europe. The French revolutionary army was an important step in the creation of modern nationalism. In earlier times, wars were the business of rulers who fought rivals with professional soldiers. The new French army was created by a people's government. Its wars were people's wars.

The Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleon at

Waterloo in Belgium.

Which British head of cabinet acquired Canada and India?

William Pitt the Elder

Who among the following composed The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute, and Don Giovanni, three of the world's greatest operas?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Describe the role of women in the French Revolution.

Women played an active role during the period of the French Revolution. It was a group of women who convinced Louis XVI to return to Paris from Versailles. Women remained actively involved in the revolution, even during its more radical stage. Women observed sessions of the National Convention and made their demands known to those in charge. In 1793, two women founded the Society for Revolutionary Republican Women. This Parisian group, which was mainly composed of working-class women, stood ready to defend the new French Republic should the need arise.

In his final battle, Napoleon was defeated by

a combined British and Prussian army.

Which discovery was made by Maria Winkleman?

a comet

The Constitutional Convention began as

a meeting of delegates to revise the Articles of Confederation.

The French National Assembly swore the Tennis Court Oath, which was

a vow to continue to meet until they had produced a French constitution.

In Jean-Jacques Rousseau's concept of a social contract,

an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will.

Montesquieu's most lasting contribution to political thought was his

analysis of the governmental system of checks and balances.

Promotion within Napoleon's new bureaucracy was

based on ability only, not rank or birth.

According to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy,

bishops and priests were to be elected by the people and paid by the state.

According to the passage, how does a person increase the public wealth?

by pursuing his own interests

The Committee of Public Safety was given broad powers to

defend France from threats.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen proclaimed

equal rights for all men, but no political rights for women.

According to the passage, how does the mind acquire knowledge?

experience