Unit 7 & 8 Study Guide

The human capacity for storing long-term memories is a. essentially unlimited. b. greatly reduced after people reach the age of 65. c. roughly equal to seven units of information. d. enhanced through hypnosis. e. typically much greater in young children than in adults.

essentially unlimited

For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared, Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges. Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of _______ memory. a. iconic b. flashbulb c. recall d. explicit e. implicit

iconic

Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory. a. brainstem; hippocampus b. long-term; short-term c. implicit; explicit d. explicit; implicit e. iconic; echoic

implicit; explicit

As people experience positive emotions, an increase in brain activity is most evident in the a. right frontal lobe b. left frontal lobe c. right occipital lobe d. left temporal lobe e. left occipital lobe

left frontal lobe

Semantic encoding is to visual encoding as ________ is to ________. a. implicit memory; explicit memory b. iconic memory; flashbulb memory c. effortful processing; automatic processing d. meaning; imagery e. the serial position effect; the spacing effect

meaning; imagery

Semantic encoding refers to the processing of a. sounds b. meanings c. visual images d. unfamiliar units e. touch sensations.

meanings

The quest for a physical basis of memory involves a search for a(n) a. spacing effect. b. iconic memory. c. mnemonic device. d. flashbulb memory. e. memory trace.

memory trace

Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called a. semantic techniques b. iconic traces c. organizational cues d. mnemonic devices e. flashbulb memories.

mnemonic devices

The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates ________ memory. a. iconic b. flashbulb c. implicit d. echoic e. state dependent

iconic

Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the a. hippocampus. b. cerebellum. c. hypothalamus. d. motor cortex. e. corpus callosum

hippocampus

The autonomic nervous system regulates the ________ that accompanies different emotions. a. conscious experiences b. expressive behaviors c. physiological arousal d. subjective well-being

physiological arousal

The statement, "The haystack was important because the cloth ripped," becomes easier to understand and recall when you are given the following prompt: "A parachutist." This best illustrates the influence of a. visual encoding b. parallel processing. c. sensory memory. d. semantic encoding. e. mnemonic devices.

semantic encoding

Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memory. a. repressed memory b. sensory memory c. flashbulb memory d. long-term memory e. semantic memory

sensory memory

Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory? a. Pavlov b. James c. Loftus d. Freud e. Ebbinghaus

Ebbinghaus

In which country would parents be LEAST likely to advocate catharsis as a way of helping their children reduce their anger? a. the United States b. Japan c. Australia d. France

Japan

Who is the best example of a Type A personality? a. Valentin, a self-confident, intelligent journalist b. Kane, a relaxed, easygoing mail carrier c. Philip, a competitive, hot-tempered corporation president d. Thomas, an introverted, inhibited mental patient e. Agnes, a powerful business executive

Philip, a competitive, hot-tempered corporation president

Your relative success in recalling various items one day after you first heard them listed in order is likely to illustrate a. implicit memory. b. the recency effect. c. iconic memory. d. a primacy effect. e. the relearning effect

a primacy effect

Observers watching fearful faces show more brain activity in the ________ than do those watching angry faces. a. cerebellum b. thalamus c. amygdala d. hippocampus e. medulla

amygdala

Our most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input through the thalamus directly to the a. hippocampus b. hypothalamus c. cerebellum d. amygdala e. brainstem

amygdala

Long-term potentiation refers to a. an increase in a neuron's firing potential. b. the process of learning something without any conscious memory of having learned it. c. the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. d. an automatic tendency to recall emotionally significant events. e. the impact of overlearning on retention.

an increase in a neuron's firing potential

The university's psychology department and school of medicine are cosponsoring a new professional program that applies behavioral and medical knowledge to health and disease. They are clearly offering a new degree in a. medical psychology. b. human engineering c. holistic medicine. d. behavioral medicine.

behavioral medicine

The organization of information into meaningful units is called a. automatic processing b. the spacing effect c. chunking d. iconic memory e. the peg word system.

chunking

The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of ________ than does the James-Lange theory. a. cognitive activity b. subjective well-being c. physiological arousal d. catharsis e. stress

cognitive activity

A modern information-processing model that views memories as emerging from particular activation patterns within neural networks is known as a. mnemonics b. connectionism c. the peg-word system d. automatic processing e. mood congruent memory

connectionism

In considering the seven sins of memory, misattribution is to the sin of ________ as blocking is to the sin of ________. a. retroactive interference; proactive interference b. distortion; forgetting c. proactive interference; retroactive interference d. intrusion; distortion e. priming; repression

distortion; forgetting

Information learned while a person is ________ is best recalled when that person is ________. a. fearful; happy b. drunk; drunk c. drunk; sober d. sad; happy e. angry; calm

drunk; drunk

Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a couple of seconds later because of our ________ memory. a. flashbulb b. echoic c. implicit d. state dependent e. iconic

echoic

Déjà vu refers to the a. emotional arousal produced by events that prime us to recall associated events. b. tendency to remember experiences that are consistent with our current mood. c. unconscious activation of particular associations in memory. d. eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation or event. e. involuntary activation of the hippocampus.

eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation or event

The process of getting information into memory is called a. priming b. chunking c. encoding d. registering e. storing

encoding

After 9/11, Americans who responded with anger more than fear also displayed a. more intolerance for immigrants. b. less heart disease. c. more subjective well-being. d. less physiological arousal.

more intolerance for immigrants

The central core of the adrenal glands secrete the stress hormone a) oxytocin b) cortisol c) serotonin d) norepinephrine

norepinephrine

Electrical stimulation of the ________ has been observed to trigger smiling and laughter in depressed patients. a. reticular formation. b. cerebellum. c. medulla. d. amygdala. e. nucleus accumbens.

nucleus accumbens

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the experience of an emotion a. depends on the intensity of physiological arousal. b. can occur only after physiological arousal. c. occurs simultaneously with physiological arousal. d. precedes physiological arousal. e. is similar across cultures

occurs simultaneously with physiological arousal

Couples who are passionately in love most frequently communicate intimacy by means of

prolonged eye-gazing

Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ________; matching concepts with their definitions measures ________. a. recognition; relearning b. recall; recognition c. recall; relearning d. relearning; recall e. recognition; rehearsal

recall; recognition

An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized? a. recall b. relearning c. recognition d. misinformation e. reconstruction

recognition

Hypertension rates are high among a. frequent church attendees. b. students living in dormitories. c. children in day-care centers. d. residents in impoverished areas

residents in impoverished areas

During which phase of the general adaptation syndrome are organisms best able to physically cope with stress? a. resistance b. appraisal c. adjustment d. resolution

resistance

After studying biology all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material that he memorized that morning. Alonzo's difficulty best illustrates a. transience. b. retroactive interference. c. the spacing effect. d. proactive interference. e. source amnesia.

retroactive interference

As you are waiting to be interviewed for a job, your heart rate, body temperature, and breathing rate begin to increase. These physiological changes are produced by activation of the ________ nervous system. a. parasympathetic b. sympathetic c. somatic d. central

sympathetic

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, body arousal is related to the subjective awareness of emotion in the same way as the ________ is related to the ________. a. parasympathetic nervous system; thalamus b. sympathetic nervous system; cortex c. thalamus; hypothalamus d. cerebellum; cortex e. parasympathetic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system

sympathetic nervous system; cortex

Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. This best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by a. retrieval cues. b. the body's release of stress hormones. c. the serial position effect. d. long-term potentiation. e. source amnesia.

the body's release of stress hormones

Hans Selye referred to the body's response to stress as a. the fight-or-flight response. b. the general adaptation syndrome. c. Type B behavior. d. psychophysiological illness e. burnout

the general adaptation syndrome

Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated a. proactive interference. b. the self-reference effect. c. the spacing effect. d. the misinformation effect. e. state-dependent memory.

the misinformation effect

Memory is best defined as a. the conscious encoding of information b. stored knowledge that has been semantically encoded c. the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information d. the retrieval of stored information in precisely the same form in which it was encoded e. recalling and retrieving information stored in the cerebral cortex

the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information

As his AP psychology teacher was lecturing, Tanner was thinking about competing in a swim meet later that afternoon. Where are Tanner's current thoughts being processed? a. sensory memory b. the cerebellum c. working memory d. echoic memory e. long-term memory

working memory

When 15,000 Canadians were asked whether they were trying to take on too many tasks at once, responses indicated highest stress levels among a. children b. middle-aged adults c. young adults d. retired senior citizens

young adults

Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as a. 12 seconds b. 1 minute c. 12 minutes d. 1 hour e. 1 second

12 seconds

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information. a. 7 b. 12 c. 3 d. 24

7

The catharsis hypothesis refers to the idea that a. every emotion is preceded by cognition. b. humans tend to adapt to a given level of stimulation. c. anger is reduced by aggressive action or fantasy. d. successful performance is influenced by level of physiological arousal.

anger is reduced by aggressive action or fantasy

One problem with the use of the polygraph for lie detection is that a. polygraph assessments are more expensive than brain scans. b. anxiety, irritation, and guilt feelings all prompt similar physiological reactivity. c. emotions involve expressive behaviors as well as autonomic nervous system arousal. d. innocent people are presumed to be guilty at the very beginning of any lie detector test. e. polygraphs can cause autonomic nerve damage in rare cases.

anxiety, irritation, and guilt feelings all prompt similar physiological reactivity

Which term best describes parallel processing?

automatic

Automatic processing occurs without a. iconic memory b. semantic encoding c. conscious awareness d. long-term potentiation e. sensory memory

conscious awareness

The level of arousal typically associated with peak performance tends to be a. lower on tasks that are well-learned. b. higher on well-learned tasks c. higher on tasks that are difficult. d. lower on tasks that are difficult. e. lower on tasks that are easy.

higher on well-learned tasks

A hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is a. epinephrine.b. acetylcholine. c. testosterone. d. insulin.

epinephrine

The basic components of emotion are a. sympathetic arousal, parasympathetic inhibition, and cognitive labeling b. physical gestures, facial expressions, and psychological drives c. expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience d. cognition, affect, and behavior e. physiological reaction, psychological reaction, biopsychosocial reaction

expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience

Type A is to ________ as Type B is to ________ a. obesity; cancer b. time-conscious; competitive c. hard-driving, easygoing d. emotion-focused coping; problem-focused coping

hard-driving; easygoing

Which of the following factors has been found to be clearly related to feelings of general happiness or life satisfaction? a. being well educated b. having children c. having a meaningful religious faith d. being physically attractive

having a meaningful religious faith

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory. a. iconic b. implicit c. echoic d. long-term e. short-term

long-term

The association of sadness with memories of negative life events contributes to a. the self-reference effect b. retroactive interference c. repression. d. source amnesia. e. mood-congruent memory.

mood-congruent memory

After receiving very bad news, people ________ the duration of their negative emotions. a. overestimate b. accurately estimate c. slightly underestimate d. radically underestimate

overestimate

When her son fails to arrive home as expected, Elena fears he has been in an accident. Both her heart and respiration rate remain elevated until she sees him come safely through the door. Her body soon returns to normal due to the action of her ________ nervous system.

parasympathetic

Research on human fear indicates that a. fear is more often a poisonous emotion than an adaptive one. b. people but not animals may acquire fear through observational learning c. people seem to be biologically predisposed to learn some fears more quickly than others d. genetic factors are unimportant in understanding fearfulness e. human fears are conditioned rather than predisposed

people seem to be biologically predisposed to learn some fears more quickly than others

The serial position effect best illustrates the importance of a. rehearsal. b. chunking. c. visual imagery. d. automatic processing. e. flash bulb memory

rehearsal

During World War II, promotion rates in the U.S. Air Corps were so rapid for the group as a whole that many individual soldiers in this military branch were unhappy about the speed at which they were promoted. Their unhappiness is best explained in terms of the a. catharsis hypothesis. b. adaptation-level phenomenon. c. two-factor theory. d. relative deprivation principle. e. James-Lange theory.

relative deprivation principle

Research by Kandel and Schwartz on sea slugs indicates that memory formation is associated with the a. structure of DNA molecules. b. activity level of the hippocampus. c. release of certain neurotransmitters d. development of the cerebellum. e. transformation of neurons in the medulla.

release of certain neurotransmitters

The process of getting information out of memory is called a. priming b. encoding c. relearning d. retrieval e. rehearsal

retrieval

Recalling the pleasurable high points of an experience while forgetting its more mundane moments helps explain a. the self-reference effect b. source amnesia c. rosy retrospection d. implicit memory e. mood-congruent memory.

rosy retrospection

The psychologist Jean Piaget constructed a vivid, detailed memory of being kidnapped after hearing his nursemaid's false reports of such an event. His experience best illustrates a. implicit memory. b. proactive interference. c. source amnesia. d. mood-congruent memory. e. the self-reference effect.

source amnesia

Lee was momentarily terrified as a passing automobile nearly sideswiped his car. When one of his passengers joked that he almost had a two-color car, Lee laughed uncontrollably. Lee's emotional volatility best illustrates the a. James-Lange theory. b. spillover effect. c. adaptation-level phenomenon. d. catharsis hypothesis. e. relative deprivation principle.

spillover effect

After watching a movie in which a female character is being followed by a man in a dark alley, McKenzie kept looking over her shoulder at passersby as she walked to her car. This experience best illustrates a. the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome b. how daily hassles can lead to stress c. that stress arises from both the events and our cognitive appraisal of them d. Type A personalities. e. how many nonverbal expressions are universally understood.

that stress arises from both the events and our cognitive appraisal of them

Which of the following best explains why, for those who are not poor, more money buys little more than a temporary surge of happiness? a. relative deprivation b. subjective well-being c. the adaptation-level phenomenon d. the do good, feel good phenomenon

the adaptation-level phenomenon

The text defines stress as a. the experience of conflicting motives that produce anxiety and tension b. the process by which we perceive and respond to environment threats and challenges c. the blocking of an attempt to reach some important goal d. physical, emotional, or mental exhaustion

the process by which we perceive and respond to environmental threats and challenges

Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as a. the spacing effect. b. the serial position effect. c. mood-congruent memory. d. chunking. e. automatic processing.

the spacing effect

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that a. to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event. b. the expression of emotion reduces our level of physiological arousal c. an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotion. d. to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and able to cognitively label the emotion.e. cognitive experiences of emotion determine the extent of our physiological arousal.

to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event