Unit 7 AP Psych Review

The Vietnamese language has the sound that goes with letters NG at the beginning of words, including names. Americans have difficulty hearing and speaking that sound. That sound is a kind of

phoneme

Long-term potentiation refers to

the increased efficiency of the synapse's firing potential following learning.

According to Benjamin Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis, which of the following is true?

Different languages predispose those individuals who speak them to think about the world in different ways.

Rats given a drug that enhances long-term potentiation (LTP) will learn a maze with half the usual number of mistakes. This suggests that

LTP provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations

Students often remember more information from a course that spans an entire semester than from a course that is completed in an intensive three-week learning period. This best illustrates the importance of

distributed practice

Information learned while a person is ______ is best recalled when that person is _________.

drunk; drunk

Recorded information played during sleep is registered by the ears but not remembered. This illustrates that the retention of information requires

effortful processing/attention

Priming is to retrieval as rehearsal is to

encoding

The process of getting information into memory is called

encoding

Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of

encoding failure

To prevent encoding failure you should

engage in effortful processing

The human capacity for storing long-term memories is

essentially unlimited

Short-term memory is slightly better

for auditory rather than for visual information.

The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake proves evidence that forgetting may involve

interference (theory)

Some information in our fleeting _______ is encoded into short-term memory

sensory memory

"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory.

short-term

Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. This best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by

the body's release of stress hormones.

You are most likely to automatically encode information about

the sequence of your day's events

Students who restudy course material at the end of a semester in order to pass the AP final exam are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates the value of

the spacing effect

To gain accurate eyewitness testimony from children, interviewers must

use neutral words that children can understand

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as

visual stimulation is to auditory stimulation

In recalling what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that encoding failure results from the sin of

absent-mindedness

A researcher asks two different groups their opinion about how much money the president should earn per year. Participants in Group 1 are asked: "Should the president earn more or less than $200,000 per year? How much should he or she earn?" Participants in Group 2 are asked: "Should the president earn more or less than $2 million per year? How much should he or she earn?" The researcher finds that participants in Group 2 are more likely to suggest that the president should make more than $1 million per year. The researcher is investigating the effects of which of the following?

Anchoring effect

Which term best describes parallel processing?

Automatic

The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of

Chunking

A teenager believes very strongly that a particular basketball player should not play on his favorite team. Over the course of the season, the teenager focuses on every mistake, turnover, and missed shot the player makes. However, the teen does not notice how well the player passes, helps the other teammates, and rebounds. This teenager's behavior illustrates which of the following?

Confirmation bias

Of the following, which is the best example of divergent thinking in problem-solving?

Devising as many solutions as possible

Group 1 is asked to write down the names of the seven deadly sins. Group 2 is asked to look at a list of possible names of the sins and circle the correct seven. Why might Group 2 be more likely to recall more sins?

Group 2's list provides more retrieval cues, making this recognition task easier for them.

Which of the following is an example of metacognition?

Knowing the effectiveness of different study strategies for different courses for one's own brain.

Every day as she walks to school, Mary passes a mural painted on the side of a building. However, when asked, she says she does not remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is the best explanation for this occurrence?

Mary hasn't paid attention to the incoming information so it wasn't encoded into her long-term memory.

Compared with formerly depressed people, those who are currently depressed are more likely to recall their parents as rejecting and punitive. This best illustrates

Mood-congruent memory

We can encode many sensory experiences simultaneously, some automatically, because of which property of the brain?

Parallel Processing

Which of the following best describes explicit memories?

Past knowledge that's consciously brought to mind. The result of effortful processing. Includes memory for general knowledge

Visually associating five items needed from the grocery store with mental images of a bun, a shoe, a tree, a door, and a hive best illustrates the use of

The Peg-Word System

A mnemonic device is

a memory technique that can help increase your ability to recall and retain information

Iconic memory refers to

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Your relative success in recalling various items one day after you first heard them listed in order is likely to illustrate

a primacy effect

When confronted with the sequence "__N__" at the end of a word in a crossword puzzle, Tony inserts the letters I and G in the two blanks because that procedure has led to the correct answer in previous puzzles. This example best illustrates the use of

a prototype

Your ability to immediately recognize the voice over the phone as your mother's illustrates the value of

acoustic encoding

After having a stroke, Mike has great difficulty recalling any of his subsequent life experiences. He is most likely suffering from

amnesia

While reading a novel at a rate of nearly 500 words per minute, Megan effortlessly understands almost every word. This ability highlights the importance of

automatic processing

Walking into your bedroom, you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by

context-dependent memory

A teenager was given a new phone as a gift and thought the old phone should be thrown away, not realizing that the old phone could be used as a music player to avoid taking up space on the new phone. This example illustrates

functional fixedness

Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories, are processed by the

hippocampus

Memory is best defined as

learning that has continued over time

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in _______ memory.

long-term

Using the mnemonics ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of

memory aid

When we fall in love, we tend to overestimate how much we liked our partner when we first began dating. This best illustrates the dynamic of

memory construction

Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates

motivated forgetting

Two-year-old Mica tells her grandmother that the new couch "costed" too much. The scenario illustrates that children

overgeneralize the use of grammatical rules

Noam Chomsky's view of language proposes that

people have an inherent language acquisition device

When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other rather than "hit" or "contacted" each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that

portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been

The effortful processing of information

refers to encoding information through conscious attention and effort

Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of

rehearsal

The serial position effect best illustrates the importance of

rehearsal

Mood-congruent memory refers to the effect of emotional states on the process of

retrieval

The process of getting information out of memory is called

retrieval

The fact that our preconceived ideas contribute to our ability to process new information best illustrates the importance of

semantic encoding

The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of

semantic encoding