Unit 7 - imperialism

Africa Before European Domination

- Africa divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups - Spoke 1000s of different languages - Groups range from empires to villages - most held traditional African beliefs as others converted to Islam or Christianity - Africans controlled their own trade networks (used to trade with equal europeans)

Economic Imperialism

- Britain considers India its most valuable colony-major supplier of raw materials (needed to power the Industrial Revolution) - India's large population (300 million) was also a market to sell the finished products (restrictions on the Indian economy to ensure British products were bought and sold, can't make shirts, can only make cotton) - Britain improved India's infrastructure (railroads and such) to aid in the transportation of raw materials and finished products - Major crops included: tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, and opium - cotton becomes more valuable after American civil war becomes expensive, so they go to india

Nigeria

- British given protectorate over Niger River delta @ Berlin Conference - 1914 - Britain claimed it as a colony 250 different ethnic groups - Hausa-Fulani (North/Muslim) - Yoruba (Southwest) - Igbo (Southeast) • Hausa - Fulani accepted British rule, however it was resented by local chiefs of the Yoruba and Igbo British turn to Indirect Rule • British didn't have enough troops to govern the entire complex area= turn to indirect rule

Opium War

- British growing opium in India in northwestern part of india, and selling this hard drug to China - british want Chinese tea and silk in Europe, so they start selling opium into china to create addiction to fuel tea trade

British Expand Control over India

- East India Company Dominates all parts of Indian life - Had its own army = Sepoys (Indian soldiers) - Britain's "Jewel in the Crown"—most valuable of British colonies—raw materials - Indian states weren't allowed to compete Was the BEIC same thing as British government? - No, it is a private enterprise governing India for their own colony - Economic imperialism - like fruit company controlling that country

Berlin Conference 1884

- European powers feared the competition for colonies in Africa could lead to war - Berlin Conference sought to divide Africa to prevent this - No African rulers present - No consideration for ethnic tensions/divisions in newly created territories/colonies After Europe eventually leaves, when European powers aren't there to keep peace, very nasty things like civil wars happen Two countries remained independent throughout this - Abyssinia (modern day Ethiopia) - Liberia

Indirect control of territory

- Limited self-rule for local governments - Administered through colonial and local officials - Government styled upon European systems with local influence/rules - Potential goal of developing future native colonial leaders - Great Britain liked this, administered colonies through local officials - Sepoy Rebellions (agreed to work with Maharaja which were indian princes to British control) - Preferred by England and the United States - Examples: US colonies in Pacific Islands, British colonies like Nigeria, India, Burma Pros v Cons? - more efficient government - can gain a ton of resources - can't prevent a euopean power from being spread too thin - far away - could be cheaper to spread influence around the globe - corruption

European Interests in India

- Mughal Dynasty kept European traders in control until it started to collapse in 1707 (limited to coastline) - Dynasty collapsed when dozens of small states separated from Mughal control - 1757-Robert Clive (leader of British East India Company troops) was victorious over Indian & French troops - Fought against Mughal empire with maharaja and French troops, and established British east Indias dominance - BEIC became the leading political power in India - Mughal dynasty was stabilizing force in India, keeping europeans under control, restricted to coastline of India - Europeans making alliances with maharaja (India princes)

Direct Control of territory

- No self-rule - Foreign officials brought governing on-site - Government is based on European institutions, because it is the European government in charge - Paternalism - Europeans provide for local people, but grant no rights (similar to white man's burden... Viewed Africans as unable to handle the complex business of running a country) - Potential future goal of Assimilation - Local people forced to adapt to ruling culture - Favored by the French - Did not train local people - ex) the Raj in India, Algeria ruled by France directly Pros v Cons? - keep and maintain order, assure that everything is managed properly - ruled for profit as well

Industrialization and the growth of colonialism

- Strong economies - Well-organized governments (Develop alongside efficient, industry) - Powerful Armies and Navies - Superior Technologies - telegraph lines (india to england ex) All of these things are products of the industrialization

Henry Stanley, 1882

- white man's burden - Africans unproductive area - If they go home, they leave Africa to helplessness and savagery - racist

The Rhodes Colossus

A famous editorial cartoon illustrating Britain's desire to connect all of Africa with railroads and telegraph systems - glory (from Cairo to Cape Town)

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Suez Canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea - becomes major waterway - Wealth, waterway, money - Gold

Raw Materials

African colonies were exploited by Europeans for their raw materials and natural resources - wealth extraction Agriculture in African colonies shifted towards the production and EXPORT of cash crops - Palm oil, cocoa, rubber, peanuts - What are the effects for the African farmer? - Effects for African economies after independence? Can't make any revenue, everything is being shipped out of the colony, not making manufactured goods - Benefits for European powers?

Turning Point

After mutiny, British took direct control - The Raj 1757-1947 Mutiny increased the distrust between the British and the Indians - Also increased the racism towards Indians - India during the Raj changed in many ways

Africa's Imperialism

Aside from economic motives (materials & markets), what else motivated Europeans to colonize in Africa and Asia? Gold, Glory, God

World during 1800s

Between 1500 and 1800 European states gained control of areas in South Asia, Africa, and India - Influence in these areas are limited because near water, colonies based on trading post empires

A French cartoon showing German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck slicing up a "African" cake.

Bismarck's idea to have a meeting to divide up Africa to seize and claim colonies. Who gets what slice of Africa Berlin Confrence of 1884

South Africa: The Boer War

Boers = Dutch farmers who were first to settle in South Africa in the Cape (aka: Afrikaners - white south african population) 1600s British took over Cape Colony in 1800s • Boers tried to keep out adventurers seeking gold and diamonds The Great Trek - Several thousand Boers head north to escape British to the Transvaal The Boer War 1899 - British v. Boer British won & in 1910 - Union of South Africa created - first use of concentration camps to prevent gorilla attacks

Forms of Imperialism

Colony - governed directly by a foreign power - Ex: Britain -> India Protectorate - Has it's own government, but officials of a foreign power guide its policies, especially in foreign affairs - Indirect rule - Dominant power still remains local government, but take orders from foreign power - Like puppet states - Ex: US Philippines Sphere of Influence - region of a country in which an imperialist power had exclusive investment/trading rights - Parts of countries splitting up with different rights for a country - Ex: China is divided up into different spheres of influences (in one area england is dominant in economics, united states, other countries) Economic Imperialism - Private business interests assert control - Odd concept - Ex: United Fruit Company - Honduras (Had a coup and made a new government that would make United fruit company successful - Also Chiquita bananas were making lots of money)

Empire and imperialism

Concept of Imperialism is tied very closely with the idea of empire - Imperialism leads to empire What is an empire? Examples? - Ruled by an emperor - Large county ruling over mass amounts of land In other countries outside its borders Is empire a good/bad thing? Today bad Past good?

Bringing Ivory to Wagons: South Africa

Elephant tusk is ivory - resources and economy (gold in the 3 Gs)

European Methods of Imperial Control

European powers, most notably France and Great Britain, utilized direct or indirect control What type of control was employed by the European power often depended upon the complexity and economic value of the territory. (religious, cultural, ethnic and economic)

World Empires at 1914

Expansion of empires How did we go from the last picture to this? - better weapons - Industrialization - Scramble for africa

BEIC

From 1757-1858, The British East India Company controlled trade between India and Britain as well as India's political, social and economic life.

Shooting an Elephant

George orwell writes about India in shooting an elephant, he was a police officer in burma (former eastern india) - lowest possible level of imperial government

Germans taking Cameroon

Glory

New Imperialism

Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories. The Industrial Revolution had to happen first!!! - Industrializations provides need for imperial conquest - Creates means for European countries to take over

Sepoy Rebellion or Sepoy Mutiny (depending on perspective)

In 1857, a large number of British-trained Indian soldiers, known as sepoys, rebelled against their British officers (BEIC). - Indians tired of prejudice - Rumor started among Sepoy soldiers (Cartridges greased in beef or pork fat) - Muslim and Hindu soldiers believed they were being forced to violate their religion - Sepoys wouldn't fight / disobeyed orders (Sepoys jailed -> HUGE mistake) - Muslims and Hindus join in fight - British Army puts down rebellion

Why Africa?

In some ways Africa was vulnerable to colonization - Lack of unity (between linguistic, ethnic groups, europeans can play off those tensions to prevent a unified front) - Wars between ethnic groups - Opportunity to play rival groups against each other Demand for raw materials - Diamonds and gold!

Nationalism Surfaces in India

Indians began to value "western ways" - pushed for modernization - tired of being 2nd class citizens Indian National Congress (advocating for indians) & Muslim League formed -- nationalist groups Goals: - Independence - Boycotts of British Goods - Natives in government positions -Advocate for Indians -Religious tension among Indian groups

The Congo Free State

Later known as the Belgian Congo a large area in Central Africa that was privately controlled by Leopold II of Belgium. He was able to secretly become wealthy from natural resources - extremely brutal - Belgian Congo serves as an example of nastiest imperialism - 10 million people killed through labor, torture and execution to benefit the belgian state

Why Did Imperialism Occur -- Motives

Nationalism - empire building Industrial Revolution - demand for raw materials & markets Religion - Spreading Christianity to Africa & Asia Social Darwinism - survival of the fittest... Best countries (industrialized countries) take over more - those fit for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were considered superior. - Non - Europeans were on the lower scale of social and cultural development because they hand not made scientific and cultural progress "White Man's Burden" -duty to spread culture Western culture & ideals to "backwards" people Africa as the "dark continent" - Reason to justify they are taking over - Unapologetically racist ideas "responsibility" to inform the rest of the world about the advanced white culture - Joseph Kipling wrote the jungle book and also wrote about this More Demand for Resources

Exceptions

No European colonization of Liberia and Ethiopia What was unique about Liberia? - Had a relationship with the US that helped slaves return to Africa to Liberia - European powers didn't want to provoke the US Who was Menelik II? How was he able to maintain Ethiopia's independence? - Italy was supplying Ethiopia with weapons in hope that Melelik would give Ethiopia to them, and after a war, Ethiopia was able to keep their land (first time in history an African army defeated European army) - Modernized Ethiopia, railways, school, electricity and phones, banks, postal systems, strong well organized government - strong and smart leadership

Impact of colonialism in India

Positive: •Massive railroad system helped establish modern economy and untied the country •Infrastructure modernized: roads, bridges, damns, canals, & telegraph and telephone lines •Sanitation & public health improved •Schools & colleges were founded & literacy increased •British put an end to local warfare among competing groups Negative: •At great expense of Indians •British restricted Indian-owned industries •Loss of self-sufficient villages due to cash crop dependency •Decreased food production led to famines •Increased presence of missionaries and decline of Indian traditional life British finally leave in 1947 after WWII

Europeans Arrive

Problems preventing exploration • Armies - Europeans had made contact with costal civilizations as early as the 1400s but travel into the African interior on a large scale basis was virtually impossible. • Diseases like malaria • Could not navigate Africa's rivers with their rapids, cataracts and changing flows - Missionaries, explorers and humanitarians reach interior of Africa - Colonization began in 1879 when Belgium took control of the Congo (first in the interior)

Methodist Sunday School: Angola

Religion - God Missionaries

What was life like for Indians? -How did opinions differ? -Why did some groups resent British rule?

Some Indians are still stuck in poverty because british control isn't great - Princes (maharaja) benefit, but local industries are outlawed and squashed - discrimination, treated as second class citizens within their own country, treated as servants, exploited British India is called the Raj - Indian servants, symbolizes power relationship, if you are lucky you get to be a servant, but things are much worse

Notable Colonies

South Africa Algeria - France, settler colony Rhodesia The Belgian Congo Egypt British East Africa French West Africa

"The Tools of Empire"

Steamship - Faster to transportation - Prior to steamship couldn't sail up river or go past them - Can go into the interior - What if they bump into people that don't want them there? defenders would probably win before the industrial revolution, but now better technology Machine gun - Machine guns on a steamship give lots of power to europeans, able to have few people assert lots of control Quinine - Drug to fight malaria (used to be devastating for europeans living in tropical climates)

The Raj

The British provided a single system of law and government, unifying India. They also introduced English as a unifying language. (not everyone is learning english, poverty) Benefits of English as language? - makes it easier to govern with English - Solidifies british control - They can do everything on their own terms Reforms: - roads, bridges, railroads - telegraph wires for government purposes India's cottage industries were hurt by competition with British goods - hospitals, new medicines, famine relief ->population explosion without increase in economic opportunities - tried to educate going middle class of English to help them govern the colony All of this done to make India a more profitable colony, not for the gain of Indians (cheap labor)

How does industrialization encourage imperialism?

creates greater demand for manufactured goods all over the world Increased demand for RESOURCES - Rubber, cotton, Tin, Oil Increased demand for labor - Europeans use colonies to fill labor - Belgian Congo (example of how terrible it can become) Need to expand markets - Look at colonies as forced market - Cotton in india, illegal in india to make textile - once you industrialize, you still need materials - Resources May be only available in certain places - Resources is why imperialism happens