Unit 8 HW Modules

Sadie is so fearful of being overwhelmed by anxiety that she rarely steps outside her apartment. The thought of going shopping and getting lost in a crowd terrifies her, so she has her groceries delivered. Because of her fear, she earns her living as a freelance writer, working at home. Sadie's behavior is most characteristic of a. agoraphobia. b. an antisocial personality disorder. c. dissociative disorder. d. generalized anxiety disorder. e. an obsessive-compulsive disorder.

a. agoraphobia.

A deluded Scotsman, Daniel M'Naughten, tried to assassinate a government official in 1843. He was sent to a mental hospital rather than to a prison because he was judged to a. be insane. b. be depressed. c. be manic. d. have bipolar disorder. e. have schizophrenia.

a. be insane.

Aaron Beck has used gentle questioning intended to reveal depressed clients' irrational thinking. His therapeutic approach best illustrates a. cognitive therapy. b. systematic desensitization. c. counterconditioning. d. psychoanalysis. e. unconditional positive regard.

a. cognitive therapy.

William, an airplane pilot, is unable to remember anything of a bombing raid in which his plane was severely damaged and two crew members were killed. Because he himself suffered no physical injuries, psychologists suspect that William probably suffers from a a. dissociative disorder. b. bipolar disorder. c. phobia. d. generalized anxiety disorder. e. panic disorder.

a. dissociative disorder.

Dr. Byrne is a clinical psychologist who often uses operant conditioning techniques to treat her clients. She also encourages them to modify their thought patterns, and on occasion she interprets their transference behaviors. Dr. Byrne's therapeutic approach would best be described as a. eclectic. b. psychoanalytic. c. client-centered. d. behavioral. e. meta-analytic.

a. eclectic.

The DSM-5 does NOT a. explain the causes of the various psychological disorders. b. list symptoms within descriptions of each disorder. c. include a very broad range of psychological disorders. d. provide reliable guidelines for diagnosing psychological disorders. e. include a classification of personality disorders.

a. explain the causes of the various psychological disorders.

A psychotherapist is most likely to use the DSM-5 in order to ________ various psychological disorders. a. identify b. cure c. excuse d. explain e. prevent

a. identify

One difficulty with a purely attributional explanation of depression is that negative attributions a. may be a consequence rather than a cause of depression. b. do not coincide with actual episodes of depression. c. are more clearly associated with mania than with depression. d. are more characteristic of men than of women. e. have little effect on people"s feelings of self-worth.

a. may be a consequence rather than a cause of depression.

Harker is preoccupied with thoughts of jumping out the window of his tenth-floor apartment. To reduce his anxiety, he frequently counts his heartbeats aloud. Harker would most likely be diagnosed as experiencing a(n) a. obsessive-compulsive disorder. b. panic disorder. c. generalized anxiety disorder. d. bipolar disorder. e. phobia.

a. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Anxiety is considered disordered if it is a. persistent and distressing. b. genetically influenced. c. paired with depressive episodes. d. a biopsychosocial phenomenon. e. hard to control.

a. persistent and distressing.

If an identical twin has schizophrenia, the co-twin"s chances of being similarly affected are only 1 in 10 if they had different a. placentas. b. attachment styles. c. educational opportunities. d. childhood friends. e. dietary supplements.

a. placentas.

Alexis is socially withdrawn and has few close friends. This behavior is most likely to be diagnosed as a symptom of psychological disorder if it is a. preventing her from functioning effectively. b. not common in her culture. c. difficult for her to change. d. also noticeable in other members of her family. e. not caused by a biological disorder.

a. preventing her from functioning effectively.

Which form of psychotherapy is LEAST likely to occur in therapist-led small groups? a. psychoanalysis b. token economy c. systematic desensitization d. client-centered therapy e. cognitive therapy

a. psychoanalysis

Alejandro is extremely shy and is so easily embarrassed when he is with other people that he often misses his college classes just to avoid social interactions. Alejandro appears to suffer from a(n) a. social anxiety disorder. b. generalized anxiety disorder. c. dysthymic disorder. d. dissociative disorder. e. antisocial personality disorder.

a. social anxiety disorder.

The vicious cycle of depression is often initiated by a. stressful life experiences. b. unrealistic optimism. c. external attributions of blame. d. a breakdown in selective attention. e. excessive levels of norepinephrine.

a. stressful life experiences

The discovery that psychologically disordered behavior could result from syphilis infections facilitated the credibility and acceptance of a. the medical model. b. the social-cognitive perspective. c. DSM-5. d. trait theory. e. psychoanalytic theory.

a. the medical model.

Leslie suffers from chronic depression. According to the social-cognitive perspective, how is she most likely to respond when told that she performed very poorly on a test she took the previous day? a. "Yesterday was just my unlucky day." b. "I'm academically incompetent and always will be." c. "I suspect that none of the students in my class did well on that test." d. "The teacher in this course is probably one of the worst teachers I have ever had." e. "Hardly any of the teachers in this school are effective classroom teachers."

b. "I'm academically incompetent and always will be."

During a heated argument with his father, Mike was suddenly unable to move his right arm. Medical examinations are unable to detect a physiological basis for the paralysis. It is likely that Mike suffers from a. illness anxiety disorder. b. a conversion disorder. c. a dissociative disorder. d. delusions. e. agoraphobia.

b. a conversion disorder.

The healing power of insight and self-awareness is LEAST likely to be emphasized by ________ therapists. a. psychoanalytic b. behavior c. cognitive-behavioral d. humanistic e. cognitive

b. behavior

After Anika learned that her history teacher had suffered an anxiety disorder, she concluded that the teachers tendency to talk loudly was simply a way of disguising feelings of personal insecurity. This best illustrates the a. shortcomings of the medical model. b. biasing power of diagnostic labels. c. unreliability of the DSM-5. d. impact of student expectations on teachers' behavior. e. value of the psychoanalytic perspective.

b. biasing power of diagnostic labels.

As a therapist, Dr. Cioffi often uses systematic desensitization. She also considers active listening to be an invaluable therapeutic tool, and she frequently makes use of free association. Dr. Cioffi's therapeutic approach would best be described as a. client-centered. b. eclectic. c. psychoanalytic. d. meta-analytic. e. behavioral.

b. eclectic.

Seeing one-eyed monsters would be a(n) ________. Believing that you are Christopher Columbus would be a ________. a. obsession; delusion b. hallucination; delusion c. obsession; compulsion d. hallucination; compulsion e. delusion; compulsion

b. hallucination; delusion

Vigorous activity in the thalamus of schizophrenia patients has been found to be associated with a. repetitive rocking motions. b. hearing voices. c. disorganized speech. d. catatonia. e. flat affect.

b. hearing voices.

To facilitate diagnostic reliability, the DSM-5 typically bases diagnoses on a. physiological measures of blood pressure, perspiration, and muscle tension. b. observable patterns of behavior. c. analysis of genetic predispositions. d. brain scans. e. chemical analyses of blood and urine samples.

b. observable patterns of behavior.

Using DSM-5 guidelines, two different clinicians are likely to give a specific patient the same diagnosis. This indicates that the DSM-5 is a. medical. b. reliable. c. biopsychosocial. d. analytic. e. valid.

b. reliable.

Which perspective has emphasized the impact of learned helplessness on depression? a. structuralist b. social-cognitive c. humanistic d. biological e. psychoanalytic

b. social-cognitive

Schizophrenia victims have difficulty focusing attention. This is most likely to be related to a smaller-than-normal a. occipital lobe. b. thalamus. c. pituitary gland. d. cerebellum. e. hypothalamus.

b. thalamus.

Mr. Phillips has recently begun to express feelings of hostility and resentment toward his therapist, who is consistently friendly, caring, and helpful. A psychoanalyst would most likely consider Mr. Phillips's hostility to be an example of a. regression toward the mean. b. transference. c. counterconditioning. d. fixation. e. the placebo effect.

b. transference.

Researchers recently estimated that approximately ________ percent of adult Americans had suffered a clinically significant psychological disorder during the prior year. a. 50 b. 60 c. 26 d. 80 e. 35

c. 26

One of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia is a. feelings of supreme importance and paranoia. b. loud and meaningless talking. c. an expressionless face. d. inappropriate laughter. e. uncontrollable outbursts of rage.

c. an expressionless face.

The risk of suicide is greatest when people a. experience depressive symptoms at their most extreme levels of severity. b. transition from a manic phase to a depressive phase. c. begin to rebound from their depression. d. experience the first symptoms of a depressive episode. e. anticipate the onset of a depressive episode.

c. begin to rebound from their depression.

Generalized anxiety disorder is often accompanied by a. catatonia. b. hallucinations. c. depression. d. antisocial personality disorder. e. delusions.

c. depression.

A useful feature of group therapy is that it a. ensures that therapists will become more emotionally involved in clients' real-life problems. b. enables severely disturbed individuals to quickly regain normal social functioning. c. encourages clients to improve their communication skills. d. eliminates the possibility that clients will experience anxiety during therapy. e. enhances the benefits of counterconditioning.

c. encourages clients to improve their communication skills.

Classical psychoanalysis is based on the idea that neurotic symptoms will disappear when a. new adaptive behaviors are learned. b. the patient learns to view his sexual and aggressive impulses as unacceptable. c. long-buried conflicts are uncovered and resolved. d. childhood events prior to ages three to four are remembered.

c. long-buried conflicts are uncovered and resolved.

Psychiatrists and psychologists label behavior as disordered when it is a. aggressive, persistent, and intentional. b. selfish, habitual, and avoidable. c. maladaptive, distressful, and dysfunctional. d. instinctual, obsessive, and harmful. e. biologically influenced, unconsciously motivated, and difficult to change.

c. maladaptive, distressful, and dysfunctional.

Evidence suggests that ________ contribute(s) to schizophrenia. a. a pessimistic explanatory style b. conscious role-playing c. prenatal viral infections d. the internalization of anger e. depressed serotonin levels

c. prenatal viral infections

Midori's therapist suggests that she developed a dissociative identity disorder as a way of protecting herself from an awareness of her own hatred for her abusive mother. The therapist's suggestion most directly reflects a ________ perspective. a. biological b. humanistic c. psychoanalytic d. cognitive e. social-cognitive

c. psychoanalytic

The chances for recovery from schizophrenia are considered to be greatest when the disorder develops a. slowly over a period of years. b. in reaction to abnormalities in brain chemistry. c. rapidly in response to a stressful life situation. d. during adolescence or early adulthood. e. in combination with drug use.

c. rapidly in response to a stressful life situation.

Learning theorists have suggested that compulsive behaviors are a. unconditioned responses to stress. b. learned through cultural stereotypes. c. reinforced by anxiety reduction. d. classically conditioned habits. e. habitual defenses against unconscious impulses.

c. reinforced by anxiety reduction.

Cognitive therapists are most likely to emphasize that emotional disturbances result from a. repressed, unconscious wishes and desires resulting in fixations. b. poverty, unemployment, racism, and sexism. c. self-blaming and overgeneralized explanations of bad events. d. chemical abnormalities within the brain. e. overly permissive child-rearing practices.

c. self-blaming and overgeneralized explanations of bad events.

Humanistic therapists are likely to teach clients to a. imitate the behavior of others who are happy and successful. b. substitute healthy rewards for unhealthy ones. c. take more responsibility for their own feelings and actions. d. adapt more readily to social norms and expectations. e. focus more on other people's feelings than on their own.

c. take more responsibility for their own feelings and actions.

Free association involves the a. repeated association of a relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli. b. therapeutic interpretation of a client"s unconscious conflicts. c. uncensored reporting of any thoughts that come to mind. d. expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier relationships. e. replacement of a negative response to a harmless stimulus with a positive response.

c. uncensored reporting of any thoughts that come to mind.

A schizoid personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by a. a sense of self-importance. b. a fear of social rejection. c. an insatiable desire for attention. d. a detachment from social relationships. e. shallow, attention-getting emotional displays.

d. a detachment from social relationships.

Researchers have found low levels of ________ in 13-year-old boys who were later convicted of a crime as 18- to 26-year-olds. a. testosterone b. serotonin c. acetylcholine d. adrenaline e. dopamine

d. adrenaline

The distinctive older term psychopath refers to an individual with a. schizophrenia. b. bipolar disease. c. paranoid personality disorder. d. antisocial personality disorder. e. dissociative identity disorder.

d. antisocial personality disorder.

Although Mrs. Reynoso usually sits passively in a motionless stupor, she sometimes repetitiously shakes her head or waves her arms. She most likely suffers from a. an obsessive-compulsive disorder. b. a bipolar disorder. c. paranoia. d. catatonia. e. major depressive disorder.

d. catatonia.

Rats that received unpredictable electric shocks in a laboratory experiment subsequently became apprehensive when returned to that same laboratory setting. This best illustrates that anxiety disorders may result from a. observational learning. b. post-traumatic growth. c. stimulus generalization. d. classical conditioning. e. reinforcement.

d. classical conditioning.

Although Ethan is actually doing very well in college, he feels depressed and academically incompetent. His therapist has instructed him to explain in writing how his own hard work and personal abilities contributed to each of the good grades he received during the previous semester. This therapeutic procedure is most characteristic of ________ therapy. a. psychoanalytic b. humanistic c. biomedical d. cognitive e. behavior

d. cognitive

Ricky's mother tries to reduce his fear of sailing by giving the 3-year-old his favorite candy as soon as they board the boat. The mother's strategy best illustrates a. aversive conditioning. b. transference. c. cognitive therapy. d. counterconditioning. e. the placebo effect.

d. counterconditioning.

Some people are more vulnerable to PTSD because they have a sensitive ________, which floods the body with stress hormones. a. motor cortex b. cerebellum d. limbic system e. medulla

d. limbic system

In terms of neurotransmitter levels, depression is associated with a. high dopamine levels and high serotonin levels. b. high norepinephrine levels and high serotonin levels. c. low norepinephrine levels and high dopamine levels. d. low norepinephrine levels and low serotonin levels. e. high dopamine levels and low serotonin levels.

d. low norepinephrine levels and low serotonin levels.

Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes are called a. personality disorders. b. somatic symptom disorders. c. dissociative disorders. d. mood disorders. e. anxiety disorders.

d. mood disorders.

Mania is most likely to be characterized by feelings of a. indifference. b. guilt. c. fear. d. optimism. e. ambivalence.

d. optimism.

Jonathan is afraid to ask a girl for a date, so his therapist instructs him to relax and simply imagine he is reaching for a telephone and then calling a potential date. The therapist's technique best illustrates the process of a. free association. b. aversive conditioning. c. interpersonal therapy. d. systematic desensitization. e. cognitive therapy.

d. systematic desensitization.

Those with an avoidant personality disorder are most likely to display a. a sense of self-importance. b. a lack of guilt feelings. c. shallow, attention-getting emotions. d. a chronically depressed mood. e. a fear of social rejection.

e. a fear of social rejection.

Jeremy experiences so much anxiety about taking the elevator that he climbs 10 flights of stairs to get to his office each workday. Jeremy appears to suffer from a. obsessive-compulsive disorder. b. generalized anxiety disorder. c. post-traumatic stress disorder. d. bipolar disorder. e. a specific phobia.

e. a specific phobia.

An important feature of client-centered therapy is a. transference. b. systematic desensitization. c. interpretation. d. free association. e. active listening.

e. active listening.

The distinctive features used to identify the three clusters of personality disorders are a. depression, mania, and catatonia. b. optimism, pessimism, and perfectionism. c. obsessions, compulsions, and delusions. d. genetics, culture, and self-awareness. e. anxiety, eccentricity, and impulsivity.

e. anxiety, eccentricity, and impulsivity.

Anorexia patients are most likely to have parents who a. are able to afford adequate food supplies. b. are unconcerned about physical appearance and body weight. c. have physically abused their children. d. have difficulty expressing emotional attachments. e. are high-achieving and protective.This answer is correct.

e. are high-achieving and protective.This answer is correct.

According to psychoanalysts, resistance refers to the a. aversive conditioning resulting in phobias or anxieties. b. replacement of a genuine concern for others with self-centeredness. c. conversion of psychological conflicts into physical and behavioral disorders. d. expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier relationships. e. blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material during therapy.

e. blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material during therapy.

Empathic understanding of the patient's subjective experiences is a major goal of a a. biomedical therapist. b. behavior therapist. c. exposure therapist. d. psychoanalyst. e. client-centered therapist.

e. client-centered therapist.

Systematic desensitization is a form of ________, which is a type of ________. a. facilitated communication; interpersonal psychotherapy b. free association; cognitive therapy c. insight therapy; psychodynamic therapy d. stress inoculation training; biomedical therapy e. counterconditioning; behavior therapy

e. counterconditioning; behavior therapy

Schizophrenia is most likely to be characterized by a. suicidal thoughts. b. periodic intervals of uncontrollable violence. c. alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism. d. a lack of guilt feelings. e. disorganized and fragmented thinking.

e. disorganized and fragmented thinking.

Dissociative disorders are most likely to be characterized by a. panic attacks caused by new, stressful situations. b. a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state of emotion. c. alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism. d. offensive and unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy a person. e. disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity.

e. disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity.

Schizophrenia is associated with an excess of receptors for a. acetylcholine. b. norepinephrine. c. serotonin. d. insulin. e. dopamine.

e. dopamine.

Melissa is fearful of men and refuses to go out on dates. Her therapist suggests that she is fearful because she was sexually abused by her father when she was young. The therapist's suggestion most clearly reflects a ________ perspective. a. trait b. biological c. humanistic d. psychoanalytic e. learning

e. learning

Helping people gain insight into the unconscious origins of their disorder is a central aim of a. cognitive therapy. b. systematic desensitization. c. behavior therapy. d. light exposure therapy. e. psychoanalysis.

e. psychoanalysis.

According to the social-cognitive perspective, women are more vulnerable to depression than men because they are more likely to a. struggle with unresolved feelings of anger toward their mothers. b. experience low levels of norepinephrine. c. have unrealistically optimistic goals in life. d. experience cyclical variations in hormone levels. e. sense a lack of personal control over their lives.

e. sense a lack of personal control over their lives.

Mr. Vogt is terribly fearful of being alone in his own house at night. To reduce this fear, a behavior therapist would most likely use a. aversive conditioning. b. the double-blind procedure. c. a token economy. d. ECT. e. systematic desensitization.

e. systematic desensitization.

Research regarding depression indicates that a. depression is unlikely to be overcome without professional help. b. depression is typically unrelated to stressful life events. c. depression is associated with abnormally high levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin. d. with each new generation, depression is decreasing in its prevalence. e. with each new generation, depression is increasing in its prevalence.

e. with each new generation, depression is increasing in its prevalence.