Unit 8 Psych
Which statement is most likely to be made by someone at greater risk for heart disease?
"Just my luck"
Which of the following brain areas became especially active when a research participant lied about holding a five of clubs
Anterior cingulate cortex
In which country are people most likely to convey visible facial expressions of their inner feelings?
Australia
Which of the following research findings is consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?
Distinctly different patterns of brain activity are associated with distinctly different emotions
A hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is
Epinephrine
When someone is angry, their respiration, heart rate, and sweating increase. The same responses are also seen when someone is afraid. Walter Cannon suggested that such findings brought which theory into question?
James-Lange
Research has shown that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity of certain emotional experiences. This finding supports the
James-Lange Theory
During a state of emotional arousal, the adrenal glands release _____ into the bloodstream
Norepinephrine
The autonomic nervous system regulates the _______ that accompanies different emotions
Physiological arousal
Which of the following is the best explanation for why stress affects our immune systems?
Stress triggers sympathetic nervous system responses that divert energy from the immune system
Viral infections are to _____ ad bacterial infections are to ____
T lymohocytes; B lymphocytes
Unlike the low-road brain pathway, the high road for emotional responses extends through the
cortex
On orders from the cerebral cortex (via the hypothalamus and pituitary gland) the outer part of the adrenal glands secrete stress hormones such as a. cortisol. b. lymphocytes. c. serotonin. d. telomeres. e. acetylcholine.
cortisol
Research on the accuracy of lie detector tests indicates that they
err about one-third of the time
Men and women students watched film clips that were sad, happy, or frightening. Measures taken during their viewing of films showed that the genders differed the most in their:
facial expressions of emotion
Repeatedly saying the word "me" puts people in a better mood than repeatedly saying "you." This best illustrates the
facial feedback effect
Which of the following emotional reactions is most likely to precede any conscious thinking?
fear
Type A is to _____ as Type B is to _______
hard-driving; easygoing
The loss of an arm in an automobile accident is likely to _____ a person's long-term feelings of life satisfaction. Winning a million-dollar casin jackpot is likey to ____ a person's long-term feelings for life satisfaction
have little effect on; have little effect on
The level of arousal typically associated with peak performance tends to be
higher on well-learned tasks
The emotion of fear is sometimes accompanied by ______ that differ from those that accompany rage
hormone secretions and finger temperature
The fact that people from widely different cultures display and interpret facial expressions of emotion in a similar manner best illustrates the impact of
human genetic similarities
Because of poverty, unemployment, and overcrowding, residents of impoverished areas are especially likely to experience
hypertension
The field of PNI is most broadly concerned with how the psychological,l neural, and endocrine systems together affect the
immune system
Employees who have just been laid off are asked questions that encourage them to express hostility toward their employer. Research suggests that this opportunity to vent anger will
increase their hostility
Stress is most likely to speed the progression from HIV and AIDS by
inhibiting the production of lymphocytes
The emotion of sadness is characterized by negative valence and ____ arousal
low
Worn-Out red blood cells and tiny harmful bacteria are ingested by an immune system agent known as
macrophage
The diminishing returns phenomenon is familiar to economists as diminishing
marginal utility
People's moment-to-moment positive moods tend to be highest near the ________ hours of their waking day and their moment-to-moment negative moods tend to be highest near the ________ hours of their waking day.
middle; later
After 9/11, Americans who responded with anger more than fear also displayed:
more intolerance for immigrants
Electrical stimulation of the ______ has been observed to trigger smiling and laughter in depressed patients
nucleus accumbens
A stress-moderating hormone released by cuddling and associated with pair-bonding is known as
oxytocin
One way for people to improve their own satisfaction with life is to
participate in regualr aerobic excercises
Research on fear indicates that
people seem to be biologically predisposed to learn some fears more quickly than others
Which personality characteristic is associated with increased risk of heart disease?
pessimistic
If intense fears of specific objects disrupt people's ability to cope, they are said to experience
phobias
When shown a face with an evenly mixed expression of fear and anger, ________ children were much quicker than other children to see anger.
physically abused
A small cluster of neurons, the nucleus accumbens, is highly active when people experience
pleasure
Rapid fear reactions to sensory input in the absence of conscious thought are possible because certain neural pathways bypass the
prefrontal cortex
The text defines stress as
process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges
People's positive emotions typically ______ between the early and middle hours of the day and typically ________ between the middle and late hours of the day?
remain stable; fall
After overcoming the initial shock of having her car stolen, Marlys calls the police for help and begins to question possible witnesses. At this point, Marlys is most likely in the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
resistance
Emotional disgust is to emotional delight as ________ is to ________.
right prefrontal cortex activation; left prefrontal cortex activation.
Scientists have isolated a gene that influences the amygdala's response to frightening situations. People with a short version of this gene have high levels of ______ available to activate amygdala neurons
serotonin
When confronted by an armed robber, your emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by
slowing of digestion
In their dispute over the role of cognition in emotion, both Zajonc and Lazarus agree that
some emotional reactions involve no conscious thinking
Evidence that visual input is routed from the thalamus directly to the amygdala has been used to support the claim that
some emotional reactions may occur without conscious thinking
in anger-provoking situations, sexually aroused people experience more intense hostility than those who are not sexually aroused. This best illustrates the:
spillover effect
Researcher wanting to stimulate distinct, specific emotions would be most successful if they could do which of the following?
stimulate different brain regions
While taking a difficult test, Cindy's muscles tense and her heart pounds. These physiological responses are
stress reactions
The risk o death from cardiovascular disease is substantially increased among those with
symptoms of depression
Experts suggest that an intensely angry person should
take time to let the anger and emotional arousal subside
Aging women who had experienced prolonged stress as caregivers for children with serious disorders experienced a premature decrease in the size of their
telomeres
Observers watching angry faces show less brain activity in the ________ than do those watching fearful faces.
thalamus
After watching a movie in which a female character is being followed by a man in a dark alley, McKenzie kept looking over her shoulder at passerby as she walked to her car. This exprience best illustrates
that stress arises from both the events and our cognitive appraisal of them
Our tendency to judge various stimuli relative to those we have previously experienced is called
the adaption-level phenomenon
Which of the following best explains why, for those who are not poor, more money buys little more than a temporary surge of happiness
the adaption-level phenomenon
Hans Selye referred to the body's response to stress as:
the general adaptation syndrome
Health psychologists are LEAST likely to focus attention on
the role of bacteria in producing illness
One option for dealing with stress, which is more common among women than men is,
the tend-to-befriend response
People are fearful of so many different objects and events because
they learn fear things associated with naturally painful or traumatic experiences
In an experiment to test the spillover effect, college men were injected with epinephrine prior to spending time with an experimenter's accomplice who acted either euphoric or irritated. Which individuals in this experiment's accomplice?
those who were told that the injection would cause them to become physiologically around
The James- Lange theory of emotion states that
to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event
People often overestimate the clarity of their intentions in their e-mails because they underestimate the importance of ________ in communication.
tones of voice
After being physically aroused by his daily three-mile run, Martin finds that he experiences stronger resentment if his wife asks for an unexpected favor and more intense romantic feelings if she kisses him. Martin's experience can best be explained by the
two-factor theory
The spillover effect is best explained in terms of the
two-factor theory
The right prefrontal cortex is more active than the left prefrontal cortex when people experience
disgust
Research has demonstrated that in the presence of an authority figure, Japanese men are more likely than American men to mask negative expressions with a smiles. These differences in expressing emotion are best explained by
display rules
Imitating another person's facial expression of emotion is most likely to facilitate
empathy
Adrenaline and noradrenaline are also referred to as
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Polygraphs are designed to measure the changes in breathing, cardiovascular activity, and perspiration that are thought to accompany specific emotions. Which theory of emotion best supports this assumption?
Cannon-Bard
Who suggested that a sneer retains elements of baring one's teeth so as to threaten preadators?
Charles Darwin
Which of the following best describes the effects of prolonged periods of stress on the immune system?
Chronic stress can affect the immune system either by imparing its function or by causing it to attack the body's own tissues
The three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are
alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion
Our most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input through the thalamus directly to the
amygdala
The characteristics that most clearly contributes to the disease vulnerability of Type A personalities is their feeling of
anger
By attacking the body's own tissues, an overly reactive immune system is most likely to cause
arthritis
Research on nonverbal communication indicates that
blind children who have never observed others demonstrate normal facial expressions of emotion.
In a stressful situation, feelings of pain are dulled by
carcinogens
Which researcher believed that our body's responses were not distinct enough to evoke different emotions
Walter Cannon
Who suggested that "we feel sorry because we cry . . . afraid because we tremble"?
William James
Walter Cannon observed that a variety of stressors trigger
a flight-or-flight reactions
Research suggests that people experience the most happiness when they are
absorbed in challenging activities
Which theory can best explain the results of the experiment in which college men were injected with epinephrine prior to spending time with either a euphoric or an irritated person?
two-factor theory
The primary difference between "sad" and "re;axed" is one of ________, while the primary difference between "sad" and "angry" is one of ________
valence; arousal
A sense of satisfaction with life is known as
well-being
After imagining and then writing about various tragedies, such as people being burned and disfigured, university women expressed increased
well-being