Unit 8 Psych

Which statement is most likely to be made by someone at greater risk for heart disease?

"Just my luck"

Which of the following brain areas became especially active when a research participant lied about holding a five of clubs

Anterior cingulate cortex

In which country are people most likely to convey visible facial expressions of their inner feelings?

Australia

Which of the following research findings is consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Distinctly different patterns of brain activity are associated with distinctly different emotions

A hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is

Epinephrine

When someone is angry, their respiration, heart rate, and sweating increase. The same responses are also seen when someone is afraid. Walter Cannon suggested that such findings brought which theory into question?

James-Lange

Research has shown that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity of certain emotional experiences. This finding supports the

James-Lange Theory

During a state of emotional arousal, the adrenal glands release _____ into the bloodstream

Norepinephrine

The autonomic nervous system regulates the _______ that accompanies different emotions

Physiological arousal

Which of the following is the best explanation for why stress affects our immune systems?

Stress triggers sympathetic nervous system responses that divert energy from the immune system

Viral infections are to _____ ad bacterial infections are to ____

T lymohocytes; B lymphocytes

Unlike the low-road brain pathway, the high road for emotional responses extends through the

cortex

On orders from the cerebral cortex (via the hypothalamus and pituitary gland) the outer part of the adrenal glands secrete stress hormones such as a. cortisol. b. lymphocytes. c. serotonin. d. telomeres. e. acetylcholine.

cortisol

Research on the accuracy of lie detector tests indicates that they

err about one-third of the time

Men and women students watched film clips that were sad, happy, or frightening. Measures taken during their viewing of films showed that the genders differed the most in their:

facial expressions of emotion

Repeatedly saying the word "me" puts people in a better mood than repeatedly saying "you." This best illustrates the

facial feedback effect

Which of the following emotional reactions is most likely to precede any conscious thinking?

fear

Type A is to _____ as Type B is to _______

hard-driving; easygoing

The loss of an arm in an automobile accident is likely to _____ a person's long-term feelings of life satisfaction. Winning a million-dollar casin jackpot is likey to ____ a person's long-term feelings for life satisfaction

have little effect on; have little effect on

The level of arousal typically associated with peak performance tends to be

higher on well-learned tasks

The emotion of fear is sometimes accompanied by ______ that differ from those that accompany rage

hormone secretions and finger temperature

The fact that people from widely different cultures display and interpret facial expressions of emotion in a similar manner best illustrates the impact of

human genetic similarities

Because of poverty, unemployment, and overcrowding, residents of impoverished areas are especially likely to experience

hypertension

The field of PNI is most broadly concerned with how the psychological,l neural, and endocrine systems together affect the

immune system

Employees who have just been laid off are asked questions that encourage them to express hostility toward their employer. Research suggests that this opportunity to vent anger will

increase their hostility

Stress is most likely to speed the progression from HIV and AIDS by

inhibiting the production of lymphocytes

The emotion of sadness is characterized by negative valence and ____ arousal

low

Worn-Out red blood cells and tiny harmful bacteria are ingested by an immune system agent known as

macrophage

The diminishing returns phenomenon is familiar to economists as diminishing

marginal utility

People's moment-to-moment positive moods tend to be highest near the ________ hours of their waking day and their moment-to-moment negative moods tend to be highest near the ________ hours of their waking day.

middle; later

After 9/11, Americans who responded with anger more than fear also displayed:

more intolerance for immigrants

Electrical stimulation of the ______ has been observed to trigger smiling and laughter in depressed patients

nucleus accumbens

A stress-moderating hormone released by cuddling and associated with pair-bonding is known as

oxytocin

One way for people to improve their own satisfaction with life is to

participate in regualr aerobic excercises

Research on fear indicates that

people seem to be biologically predisposed to learn some fears more quickly than others

Which personality characteristic is associated with increased risk of heart disease?

pessimistic

If intense fears of specific objects disrupt people's ability to cope, they are said to experience

phobias

When shown a face with an evenly mixed expression of fear and anger, ________ children were much quicker than other children to see anger.

physically abused

A small cluster of neurons, the nucleus accumbens, is highly active when people experience

pleasure

Rapid fear reactions to sensory input in the absence of conscious thought are possible because certain neural pathways bypass the

prefrontal cortex

The text defines stress as

process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges

People's positive emotions typically ______ between the early and middle hours of the day and typically ________ between the middle and late hours of the day?

remain stable; fall

After overcoming the initial shock of having her car stolen, Marlys calls the police for help and begins to question possible witnesses. At this point, Marlys is most likely in the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

resistance

Emotional disgust is to emotional delight as ________ is to ________.

right prefrontal cortex activation; left prefrontal cortex activation.

Scientists have isolated a gene that influences the amygdala's response to frightening situations. People with a short version of this gene have high levels of ______ available to activate amygdala neurons

serotonin

When confronted by an armed robber, your emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by

slowing of digestion

In their dispute over the role of cognition in emotion, both Zajonc and Lazarus agree that

some emotional reactions involve no conscious thinking

Evidence that visual input is routed from the thalamus directly to the amygdala has been used to support the claim that

some emotional reactions may occur without conscious thinking

in anger-provoking situations, sexually aroused people experience more intense hostility than those who are not sexually aroused. This best illustrates the:

spillover effect

Researcher wanting to stimulate distinct, specific emotions would be most successful if they could do which of the following?

stimulate different brain regions

While taking a difficult test, Cindy's muscles tense and her heart pounds. These physiological responses are

stress reactions

The risk o death from cardiovascular disease is substantially increased among those with

symptoms of depression

Experts suggest that an intensely angry person should

take time to let the anger and emotional arousal subside

Aging women who had experienced prolonged stress as caregivers for children with serious disorders experienced a premature decrease in the size of their

telomeres

Observers watching angry faces show less brain activity in the ________ than do those watching fearful faces.

thalamus

After watching a movie in which a female character is being followed by a man in a dark alley, McKenzie kept looking over her shoulder at passerby as she walked to her car. This exprience best illustrates

that stress arises from both the events and our cognitive appraisal of them

Our tendency to judge various stimuli relative to those we have previously experienced is called

the adaption-level phenomenon

Which of the following best explains why, for those who are not poor, more money buys little more than a temporary surge of happiness

the adaption-level phenomenon

Hans Selye referred to the body's response to stress as:

the general adaptation syndrome

Health psychologists are LEAST likely to focus attention on

the role of bacteria in producing illness

One option for dealing with stress, which is more common among women than men is,

the tend-to-befriend response

People are fearful of so many different objects and events because

they learn fear things associated with naturally painful or traumatic experiences

In an experiment to test the spillover effect, college men were injected with epinephrine prior to spending time with an experimenter's accomplice who acted either euphoric or irritated. Which individuals in this experiment's accomplice?

those who were told that the injection would cause them to become physiologically around

The James- Lange theory of emotion states that

to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event

People often overestimate the clarity of their intentions in their e-mails because they underestimate the importance of ________ in communication.

tones of voice

After being physically aroused by his daily three-mile run, Martin finds that he experiences stronger resentment if his wife asks for an unexpected favor and more intense romantic feelings if she kisses him. Martin's experience can best be explained by the

two-factor theory

The spillover effect is best explained in terms of the

two-factor theory

The right prefrontal cortex is more active than the left prefrontal cortex when people experience

disgust

Research has demonstrated that in the presence of an authority figure, Japanese men are more likely than American men to mask negative expressions with a smiles. These differences in expressing emotion are best explained by

display rules

Imitating another person's facial expression of emotion is most likely to facilitate

empathy

Adrenaline and noradrenaline are also referred to as

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Polygraphs are designed to measure the changes in breathing, cardiovascular activity, and perspiration that are thought to accompany specific emotions. Which theory of emotion best supports this assumption?

Cannon-Bard

Who suggested that a sneer retains elements of baring one's teeth so as to threaten preadators?

Charles Darwin

Which of the following best describes the effects of prolonged periods of stress on the immune system?

Chronic stress can affect the immune system either by imparing its function or by causing it to attack the body's own tissues

The three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are

alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

Our most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input through the thalamus directly to the

amygdala

The characteristics that most clearly contributes to the disease vulnerability of Type A personalities is their feeling of

anger

By attacking the body's own tissues, an overly reactive immune system is most likely to cause

arthritis

Research on nonverbal communication indicates that

blind children who have never observed others demonstrate normal facial expressions of emotion.

In a stressful situation, feelings of pain are dulled by

carcinogens

Which researcher believed that our body's responses were not distinct enough to evoke different emotions

Walter Cannon

Who suggested that "we feel sorry because we cry . . . afraid because we tremble"?

William James

Walter Cannon observed that a variety of stressors trigger

a flight-or-flight reactions

Research suggests that people experience the most happiness when they are

absorbed in challenging activities

Which theory can best explain the results of the experiment in which college men were injected with epinephrine prior to spending time with either a euphoric or an irritated person?

two-factor theory

The primary difference between "sad" and "re;axed" is one of ________, while the primary difference between "sad" and "angry" is one of ________

valence; arousal

A sense of satisfaction with life is known as

well-being

After imagining and then writing about various tragedies, such as people being burned and disfigured, university women expressed increased

well-being