Unit 8-The Enlightenment
What was the main meeting place for people who wanted to discuss politics and ideas?
Paris
Who held legislature power in England?
Parliament-made kaws
What did John Locke believe that was different than Thomas Hobbes?
People could learn from experience and improve themselves
The social critics of this period in France were known as?
Philosophes (French word for philosophers)
What is the belief of progress?
Pioneers such as Galileo had discovered the key for unlocking the mysteries of nature in the 1500s and 1600s. With the door that's open, the growth of scientific knowledge seem to quicken in the 1700s. Scientists made key new discoveries in chemistry, physics, biology, and mechanics.
Who was in English artist that use satire in his paintings?
William Hogarth
Women's equality
Wollstonecraft
What is the impact of women's equality?
Women's rights groups forming Europe and in north America
What idea of government did Hobbes believe was the best government?
One that had the awesome power of a leviathan
How did the Prussian King Frederick call Voltaire?
A miser, dirty rogue, and a coward
What was different, unlike Locke, Rousseau argued that legitimate government?
A much broader democracy then Locke. Believed all people were equal and that titles of nobility should be abolished. His ideas inspired the French Revolution of 1789.
How did Voltaire describe the Prussian King Frederick II?
A nasty monkey, perfidious friend, and wretched poet
What is the Enlightenment?
A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems.
What was the glorious revolution?
A shift in power that was good for the social structure and stronger government in France.
What did John Locke critics?
Absolute monarchy
How many books did Voltaire publish?
Over 70 books ranging from political essays, Philosophy and drama
What did the horrors of the English Civil War convince Hobbes of?
All humans were naturally selfish and wicked
Philosophes ideas inspired which revolutions?
American French
What was the idea of government that Hobbes believed in express?
An absolute Monarchy
What did the philosophes believe that people could do?
Apply reason to all aspects of life just as Isaac Newton applied reason to science
Who was a French writer that devoted himself to the study of political Liberty, believed Britain was the most governed and politically balanced country if his own day, and created the separation of powers?
Baron de Montesquieu
Abolishment of torture
Beccaria
Why does Montesquieu believe that disobeying laws leads to a loss of liberty?
Brings Down the governmental system causing the people to lose their liberty rights
What is Liberty?
Called for the liberties that the English people had won, in their Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights.
And Italian philosophe who believed that laws exist to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes. He criticized common abuses of justice such as, torturing of witnesses and suspects, irregular proceedings and trials, and punishments that were cruel. Believes that people should receive a speedy trial and torture should never be used. The degree of the punishment should be based on the seriousness of the crime. Did not believe in capital punishment.
Cesare Bonesana Beccaria
Who wrote the 28 volume sets of books called the Encyclopedia?
Denis Diderot
What did French thinkers known as physiocrats focus on?
Economic reforms and natural laws
Who developed the vaccine against smallpox?
Edward Jenner
Who translated Newton's work from Latin to French and was a mathematical person?
Emilie du Châtelet
What is reason?
Enlightened thinkers believed that truth could be discovered through reason and logical thinking
The various freedoms enjoyed in many countries today are a result of?
Enlightenment thinking
Montesquieu and Rousseau believed in what?
Fair and just laws (Rousseau -hallmark in free society) (Montesquieu believe that they also guard against anarchy mob rule)
What was the impact of separation of powers?
France United States and Latin America nations use separation of powers in new constitutions
What was the impact of natural rights?
Fundamental to the US Declaration of Independence
Who were the 3 women who were protesting about the social contract? Riducled
Germaine de Stael FRANCE, Catharine McCauley, Mary Wollstonecraft BRITAIN
What did John Locke believe that was a part of humans' natural ability?
Govern their own affairs Look after the welfare if society
What topics were addressed by the philosophes in their encyclopedia articles?
Government Philosophy Religion Denounced slavery, praised freedom expression, education for all
What is the impact of religious freedom?
Guaranteed in the US Bill of Rights and French declaration of rights of man and citizen European monarchs reduce persecution
What is the impact of the abolishment of torture?
Guaranteed in the US bill of rights that torture is outlawed or reduced in nations of Europe and the Americas
Why should citizens be the authors of societies laws according to Rousseau?
Hallmark in free society
What did Hobbes believe would happen if government didn't exist anymore?
He believed that every man would be pitted against each other War would happen Every life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short
Why did Hobbes say that the ruler needed total power to keep citizens under control?
He believed that people acted on their own self-interest
What did Smith support Laissez Faire?
He didn't want the government interfering with the supply and demand.
Who likes a government?
Hobbes
Who wrote the critique of pure reason?
Immanuel Kant. German philosopher
What could an absolute monarchy do?
Impose order and demand obedience
How did Thomas Hobbes express his views?
In a work call Leviathan
What was the changed idea to the right to govern?
Old idea: A monarch's rule is justified by divine right New idea: A government's power comes from the consent of the governed
Who fled England?
James the II fled England while he was monarch in 1688.
This philosophe was passionately committed to individual freedom. The son of a poor Swiss watchmaker. He won recognition for the writer of essays and strongly disagreed with enlightenment thinkers. Who is this person?
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Who wrote the social contract and argued that in order to be free people should we'd what is best for their community?
Jean Jacques Rousseau
"All people are born free and have 3 natural rights" Who said this? What are the three natural rights?
John Locke Life Liberty Property
Who wrote "Gullivers travels" in 1726
Jonathan Smith
Who held the judicial power in England?
Judges of judicial courts- interpret laws
Natural rights life liberty and property?
Locke
Who likes self government?
Locke
Who said that a government has an obligation to the people it governs?
Locke
Who's ideas influenced the American Revolutionists, Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Janes Madison?
Locke
What is philosophy?
Love of or the search for wisdom or knowledge
Who published A Serious Proposal to women in 1694?
Mary Astell, an English writer
Who was William Godwin the author married to?
Mary Wollstonecraft
Who wrote the classic novel Frankenstein?
Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley
Who published a "Vindication of the Rights of Women" in 1792?
Mary Wollstonecraft- MAIN PERSON Argued that women need education
What did John Locke's beliefs have a deep impact on?
Modern Political Thinking
Separation of powers
Montesquieu
Who wrote the book, "On the spirit of laws?"
Montesquieu
Who are two philosophers who wrote things in the Encyclopedia?
Montesquieu and Voltaire
"Power should be a check to power," who said this and what did it lead to?
Montesquieu and checks and balances
What did the scholars and philsophers search for?
New insight into the underlying beliefs regarding government, religion, economics, and education
Did Thomas Hobbes and John Locke have the same view on government and human nature?
No
What did the Scientific Revolution do?
Provide news ways of thinking Prompted scholars and philosophers to reevaluate old notions about other aspects of society
What did the Enlightenment do?
Reached its height in mid 1700 in France Brought great change to many aspects of Western civilization
What were the 5 concepts that formed the core of philosophes belief?
Reason Nature Happiness Progress Liberty
What is happiness?
Rejected the mid evil notion that people should find joy in the hereafter and urged people to seek well-being on Earth.
Which are the two most important enlightenment ideas?
Religious freedom and women's equality
Who believed The only good government was one that was freely formed by the people and guided by the general will of society- Direct democracy
Rousseau
Who believed that a girls education should contain how to be a good wife and mother?
Rousseau
What is natural law?
Rules discovered by reason
What does, "leviathan" mean?
Sea monster
Who did Voltaire befriend?
Several European monarchs and nobles, including Prussian King Frederick II
What did Thomas Hobbes call the agreement by which people give up some rights in exchange for government protection?
Social Contract
In a direct democracy what do the people give up?
Some of their freedom in favor of the common good
What is progress?
Stressed that society and human kind could improve
Who held executive powers?
The British King and his ministers
Who extended the emphasis on the individual to economic thinking and believed that individuals acting in their own self interest created economic progress?
The British thinker Adam Smith extended the emphasis on the individual to economic thinking. He believed that individuals acting in their own self interest created economic process. The wealth of nations helped the economic growth and he wrote it. Suppliers would meet the demand.
What did the scholars and philosophers efforts spur?
The Enlightenment
What important documents reflect the influence of enlightenment ideas?
The United States Constitution, theConstitution the French declaration the United States rights the United States Declaration of Independence
What is the Enlightenment also known as?
The age of reason
Enlightenment thinkers produce three other long-term effects that helped to shape western civilization. What the effects?
The belief in progress The rise of A more secular or non-religious outlook Faith and science and in progress and the rise of individualism
What would happen if a government fails to protect the natural rights?
The citizens have a right to overthrow it
Where does the power come from for a government according to John Locke?
The consent of the people
What is the foundation of modern democracy according to John Locke?
The consent of the people given to the government to do things
What convinced educated Europeans to accelt the power of reason?
The enlightenment
What is the impact of freedom of thought and expression?
The guaranteed in the US Bill of Rights and French declaration of rights of man and citizen European monarchs reduce or eliminate censorship
What did John Locke favor for government?
The idea of self-government
What become the basis for the United States Constitution that was written by Montesquieu?
The idea of separation of powers and checks and balances.
What helped to inspire the struggles for liberty in Europe and the Americas?
The ideas for government by popular consent and the right to rebel against unjust rulers
What did Thomas Hobbes believe would happen once the people handed all their rights over to a strong ruler?
The people gained law and order
What did John Locke believe is the true purpose of government?
To protect the natural rights
What did Voltaire never stop fighting for?
Tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, freedom of speech
What is more secular outlook?
They did not believe in God and newton himself was very religious until he sought to reveal God's majesty through his work. However his findings often cause people to change the way they thought about God. Voltaire attacked Christianity. They wanted to read religious faith of superstition and fear and promote tolerance of all religions.
What was the importance of individualism?
They turned away from church and royalty for guidance. They looked to themselves instead.
Name 2 English political thinkers.
Thomas Hobbes and John Locke
Who adopted Rousseau's view that people are naturally good before they are corrupted by the evils of society?
Thomas Paine, Marquis de Lafayette (revolutionaries)
What did Hobbes argue?
To escape such a bleak life, people had to hand over their rights to a strong ruler
What is satire?
Using wit and humor to ridicule various ideas various ideas and customs.
Freedom of thought and expression
Voltaire
Religious freedom
Voltaire
What is Francois Marie Arouet's II pen name?
Voltaire
Why did Voltaire and Frederick's friendship sour?
Voltaire disliked editing Frederick's poetry while Frederick suspected Voltaire of shady business dealings.
Who wrote "candid?"
Voltaire in 1759
Who said, "I do not agree with a word you say, but will defend to death your right to say it?"
Voltaire/ Francois Marie Arouet II
What is Hobbes idea of social contract?
Was an agreement between a society and its government.
What is Rousseau idea of social contract?
Was an agreement he believed among free individuals to create a society and a government.
What is nature?
What was natural was what was also good and reasonable
Laissez Faire
a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering.
What is the definition of mercantilism?
belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.