Unit 9: The Quest for Universal Human Rights

Where second-generation rights require a proactive government to act on behalf of its citizens, third-generation rights require ________________ (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

Solidarity International cooperation

How many countries voted against the UDHR in 1948?

0

When was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted?

1948

The U.S. President Jimmy Carter signed the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in 1977. When did the US ratify the treaty?

1992

How many countries abstained from voting on the UDHR in 1948?

8

What is the difference between a treaty and a declaration?

A treaty is a legally binding instrument whereas a declaration is a statement of principles

Which region has the most cases currently before the ICC:

Africa

How have the UN and the World Health Organization (WHO) countered the cultural relativist claims that support female genital mutilation (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

By passing a resolution on the elimination of female genital mutilation in the General Assembly By framing the issue in public health rather than human rights

The International Criminal Court: (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)

Can try cases involving crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide Currently has a majority of its investigations involving defendants from African states

First-generation rights are influenced by the philosophical tradition of ________________, whereas second-generation rights are influenced by the philosophical tradition of ________________:

Capitalism / socialism

In what conflict in 2013 did the UN invoke the principle of R2P (Responsibility to Protect) as justification for French-led military intervention?

Central African Republic

n what conflict in 2013 did the UN invoke the principle of R2P (Responsibility to Protect) as justification for French-led military intervention?

Central African Republic

When is international Human Rights Day and why?

December 10, because that is when, in 1948, the UDHR was adopted

Which of the following are some of the ways through which celebrities (famous actors or billionaires) can affect human rights (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

Engaging in philanthropic behavior by giving money to human rights causes Acting as UN Goodwill Ambassadors Using their celebrity status to raise awareness Founding Human Rights Organizations

Which of the following is a first-generation right?

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion

Which of the following is an example of second-generation rights?

Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work

Which of the following is NOT an example that has led some people to argue that cultural relativism trumps universalism?

Gender quotas in legislatures

Who was instrumental in ensuring that the phrase "all men are created equal" was replaced with "all human beings are born free and equal"?

Hansa Mehta, India

Which of the following are human rights NGOs (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

Human Rights Watch Amnesty International

Universalism is represented by the idea that:

Human rights are accorded to everyone regardless of citizenship or status

Where first-generation rights are often associated with the rights of ________________ people, second and third-generation rights reflect the rights of ________________ people.

Individual / groups of

The following factors show how globalization has helped in promoting human rights (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

Information technology has made it easier for human rights NGOs to communicate with their stakeholders and put greater pressure on governments to comply with human rights standards Advances in technology and gains in literacy and education allow more people know about human rights Social media platforms have allowed people to organize even when governments try to limit free speech and assembly

In what conflict in 2011 did the UN invoke the principle of R2P (Responsibility to Protect) as justification for military intervention?

Libya

Cultural relativism is based on the notion that (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

Local traditions trump the rights in the UDHR The final authority in determining the rights of a citizenry lies with the people and their government

What is the name of the idea that argues the international community has a responsibility to intervene in situations where a state fails to protect its population from genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes?

Responsibility to Protect

After the end of the Cold War, the UN created international criminal tribunals to prosecute individuals responsible for ethnic cleansing, genocidal violence and crimes against humanity in which of the following (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

Rwanda The Former Yugoslavian countries

What role did Eleanor Roosevelt played after her husband, President Franklin Roosevelt, had died? (select all that apply; there may be one to four possible correct answers)

She became a member of the committee charged with drafting the UDHR She was invited to be part of the U.S. delegation to the United Nations

Which are the ways in which the UN supports human rights (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

The UN promotes knowledge and public support through educating publics about human rights The UN helps formulate international human rights standards through treaties and declarations The UN helps implement human rights through economic development The UN helps implement human rights through enforcement activities such as peacekeeping

What is the name of the key human rights document of the post-WWII era?

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

What was the immediate context for why the UDHR was drafted (select all that apply; there may be one to four possible correct answers)?

The horror of over 50 million dead in WWII The terrible atrocities committed during WWII, such as the Holocaust

First-generation rights are also known as negative rights because:

They prohibit certain government action and are therefore based on the absence of government interference

Match the following generations of rights to their definitions:

Third generation: Solidarity rights right to a just social and inter--national order enjoy the arts and share in scientific advance--ments participate freely in cultural life First generation: Civil and political rights life, liberty, and security of person freedom of thought to be free from torture Second generation: Economic and social rights right to education access to health right to leisure

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is typically divided into ___________ generations, or categories:

Three

What are some of the ways in which MNCs can promote human rights (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

Through public private partnerships they can help develop the technology needed for the UN or NGOs to get more data on human rights issues They can use their access to markets around the world as a way of building networks based on real-time data exchanges, allowing the UN faster response time during emergencies

As discussed in the context of Uruguay, what is the role of a human rights rapporteur (select all that apply, there may be one to four possible correct answers)?

To ensure justice and compensation for survivors of human rights abuses To assess progress in discovering the truth about past atrocities committed in a country

Which of the following states have not become one of the States Parties to the Rome Statute that created the International Criminal Court, the ICC (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

United States of America China Russia

Which of the following are examples through which technological innovations have been successfully used to promote human rights (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

When cellphones are used to warn farmers of crop rot When the Grameen Foundation uses text messaging to coach expectant parents in Ghana When Egyptian protesters in 2011 used Twitter to mobilize against their authoritarian rule

The difference between a negative and a positive obligation imposed on states by human rights rests on ______________________:

Whether a government needs to act to ensure that rights are protected

Which of the following is NOT true about the role of technology in human rights (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

Whether people live in developed or underdeveloped countries, technology has benefitted everyone equally Technology cannot be used for positive and negative purposes at the same time

What activities are key to successful intervention by UN human rights workers (such as what the OHCHR staff have been doing in Serbia). (Select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers.)

Working with state governments at all levels to ensure that rights are protected Providing legal assistance Encouraging international organizations and local NGOs to put diplomatic and moral pressure on state governments Making contacts with NGOs to make sure that everyone knows about international human rights standards

Which generation of human rights includes freedom of speech and assembly?

first

The concept of Responsibility to Protect (R2P), developed by the UN, shows the growing importance of human rights by (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

Stressing that states have the responsibility to protect their populations from e.g. genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes Putting forward the idea that states have the responsibility to intervene in situations where a state fails to protect its population from e.g. genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes

What are some of the examples through which globalization challenges state sovereignty (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

Technology has made it possible to put pressure on a state by facilitating communication that goes around government restrictions MNCs can more easily move across borders and escape regulation by governments International organized crime has become so powerful in some places that it controls territory and large segments of a state's population International financial institutions can grant or withhold resources

Sovereignty assumes:

That countries are self-governing, have territorial integrity, and self-determination

While NGOs do not have official membership status at the UN, they do have important influence through their close cooperation with _______________:

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

The International Criminal Court (ICC) is in:

The Hague

Prior the creation of the UDHR, what document first mentions human rights?

The Preamble to the UN Charter

Which UN organ can authorize military intervention to enforce human rights?

The Security Council

What are reasons why the U.S. didn't ratify the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) until well after the treaty had gone into effect (select all that apply, there may be one to four possible correct answers)?

The U.S. had concerns that ratifying the treaty could erode its national sovereignty The U.S. was reluctant to expose itself to international criticism