Unit Exam 1

When do the two companies join together and why ?

Competition between the two fur companies has grown violent over the years. This came to a head in 1816, where an armed confrontation known as the Battle of Seven Oaks resulted in the death of 22 men. It was clear that the HBC and the NWC's relationship was no longer just two parties fighting for commercial success but rather, a battle for complete supremacy over the other. They were putting all their effort into competing with each other, instead of focusing on the trade itself. Neither company was growing. Something had to be done, and so, the companies began to discuss a merger, officially joining together on March 26th, 1821.

Entertainment News

Disney will stop making films under the Fox 2000 label. No one in the Fox 2000 staff was laid off yet but they were informed of Disney's decision. Disney's $71.3 billion acquisition of much of 21st Century Fox's film and television assets essentially doubled the number of film banners Disney manages, and, insiders say, with 20th Century Fox, the main studio, and Fox Searchlight, the company's indie label, there was not a clear lane for the Fox 2000 brand. Fox 2000 releases remain part of the Fox film library and catalog, meaning they could appear on the streaming services that Disney is launching. Fox 2000 has produced such box office hits as "The Fault in Our Stars," "Life of Pi," and "Diary of a Wimpy Kid."

Explain Plains First Nations Clothing

First Nations nationwide wore similar clothing, this generally being tunics, leggings, and moccasins, all of which was made of tanned animal skin. This was true of Plains First Nations but they generally opted for lighter animal skins. Men generally wore shirts, breech cloths, and leggings whereas the women would wear short leggings and dresses. These garments were created by women by preserving hides using a smoke tanning process and then sewing the garments with sinew and bone needles. Each of these articles of clothing would be decorated uniquely, with designs varying from tribe to tribe. Not only that but belts, headgear, necklaces, and armbands were commonly worn for decorative purposes.

List four HBC trading posts found in the western regions from 1790- 1870

1) Fort Babine, British Columbia 2) Fort Battleford, Saskatchewan 3) Buckingham House, Alberta 4) Fort Halkett, British Columbia

Explain two ways the video feels the relationship between Indigenous and the Canadian population can be improved.

1) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Formal recognition of the wrongdoings of our ancestors against the indigenous population and the impact said wrongdoings still have today is vital. Not only that, but respecting the promises the Canadian government made all those years ago is incredibly important. We need to respect treaty land and put more funding towards our reserves. 2) EDUCATION: We need to teach our students authentically and honestly how are country was made, and the horrors that were committed in its name. As is shown in the 8th Fire documentary, prejudice often stems from misinformation. Kids need to learn about these difficult topics such as the treaties, the Indian Act, and residential schools if they are to be informed citizens who care about these issues.

What contributions did First Nations make to European culture upon contact. List 3.

1) FURS: The First Nations trading of furs with the Europeans caused a whole new revenue of income to open up. You see, furs were in popular demand as they were the optimal material for the wide brimmed felt hats that were in fashion at the time. Many Europeans made their fortunes this way. 2) WINTER SURVIVAL: When the Europeans first arrived in Canada, they were nowhere near equipped to handle the cold weather there. The First Nations taught them many things to help combat this. They taught the Europeans how to travel in winter via snowshoe and toboggan, how to build shelters to stay warm, showed them the best hunting/trapping areas, and taught them to sew mittens, hats, and all sorts of other winter clothing. 3) ADDITIONAL INNOVATION: They also taught them about what plants could be used for medicine, how one can use bark for drawing maps, and the many uses of the buffalo.

Explain why Charles Tupper of Nova Scotia supports Confederation.

1) He knew doing so would allow all the colonies to trade with each other much easier, something that was very important for Nova Scotia at the time after the ending of the Reciprocity Agreement of 1854. 2) It would allow for a railroad to be built throughout the colonies which would also enable easier trade within them.

Joseph Howe a leading Nova Scotia politician objects to Confederation. Explain why. (2 reasons)

1) He thought that Confederation would only end up increasing taxes and prices. 2) He also thought that it would ultimately not improve Nova Scotia's defence at all, believing that they would still have to rely on the British Navy to protect them.

Why do you think General Wolfe was able to defeat the french at Quebec City in 1759.

1) His decision to land at L'Anse-au Foulon, at the base of a 53 meter high cliff. This area was lightly guarded, allowing the British to land and gain footing under the cover of darkness. 2) Montcalm's decision to attack the British quickly after their landing, with the hopes of catching them off guard. This proved to be a mistake, as many historians have stated he should've waited for reinforcements. Wolfe's men stood firm, allowing their opposition to draw close, only beginning to fire when they were about 40 meters away. This onslaught stopped the French right in their tracks, causing them to retreat. 3) The British decision to stake their ground and not move made it so that when the French marched that night, they evaded their foes and left only a small number of troops in Quebec. This is when the British ultimately decided to lay siege to the city, and the French unable to keep them at bay, were forced to turn the city over to the British.

Explain the four rights that the Quebec Act granted the people of Quebec in 1774.

1) It allowed Roman Catholicism to be practiced. This is shown in the Acts changing of the oath sworn by officials to no longer reference the Protestant faith, meaning they no longer had to renounce their faith in order to participate in the provincial governments affairs. Not only this but he collection of tithes was allowed once again and Jesuit priests were allowed in the province once again. 2) It allowed French law to continue to govern civil matters, ultimately preserving french civil code. 3) It allowed the seigneurial system of land tenure to once again be used, a system based on the feudal system. 4) It redefined the structure of Quebec's provincial government, vesting the power to legislate into the hands of the governor (an official appointed by the crown) and his legislative council.

Explain why the H.B.C. was more successful than their French counterparts. (2 reasons)

1) LOCATION OF PORTS: The HBC's decided to build trading forts along Hudson Bay where sailing ships could easily anchor. The location of these ports allowed the British access to one of the places where fur was most plentiful. It also allowed them to have ships that could sail between Britain and Hudson's Bay that were able to bring in and ship out goods faster than the French. Because of this, they were able to cut costs as they didn't have to hire a large amount of traders to travel inland or spend tons of money building a colony. 2) BRITISH DEFEATED FRENCH: Not only that but in 1759, the British managed to defeat the French at Quebec, meaning that the French were forced to abandon their trading posts on the great lakes.

What contributions did Europeans make to First nations culture upon contact. List 3.

1) NEW SHIT: The fur trade enabled indigenous people to trade beaver pelts and other furs for European goods such as guns, textiles, metal tools, food, and alcohol. All things that before the Europeans arrival, had been completely foreign to them. These items made life a lot easier for first nations. Guns made hunting easier and new tools made manual labor more efficient. 2) SHIFT IN LIFESTYLE: The fur trade also led to an overall shift in First Nations lifestyles, making many of them abandon their traditional lifestyle in favor of a new one created by the arrival of the Europeans. This was because of the fur trade making it so pelts and furs were the new form of currency in Canada. Therefore, the First Nations were now hunting and trapping not only for their survival, but to acquire goods for trade. 3) MOVING: Many First Nations moved away from their Indigenous territories and migrated to places where they could obtain the most furs.

What did George Brown the leader of the Reformers want to see happen to the Canada's?

1) REP BY POP He wanted representation by population to be put into effect in Canada so that Canada West, with its much larger population, would outnumber Canada East in the number of seats it held in the House of Commons. 2) EXPAND SETTLEMENT He also wanted Canada to expand settlement to the West before the US took it over. 3) RAISE MONEY Wanted to raise money in order to develop western land and buy more farmland.

List 4 explorers who worked for the NWC and what famous discoveries are attributed to each ?

1) SIR ALEXANDER MACKENZIE: He is responsible for discovering the Mackenzie River, Fort Alexandria, the town of Mackenzie, Sir Alexander Mackenzie Provincial Park, as well as many other places in British Columbia. 2) SIMON FRASER: Fraser is best known for his discovery of the Fraser River. 3) DAVID THOMPSON: Thompson is best known for mapping almost half of North America between the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes all the way to the Pacific coast. 4) PETER POND: Pond is best known for the map of the North West he made in 1784. It is the earliest map to depict what we now call the Mackenzie Basin.

Explain why George Brown, Sam Tilley and Charles Tupper all argue for a Federal Union. Each as their own reasons.

George Brown was a big advocate for rep by pop and he knew that French Canadians would never agree to it if they didn't have control over their own education. Charles Tupper despite believing that the federal government should be the most powerful, simply thought that Canada was just way too big to be run by a singular government. Samuel Tilley was primarily concerned with the local affairs of New Brunswick and wanted to make sure they had their own government to take care of them. He thought that under a single government, New Brunswick people would lose their identity.

Who wanted to introduce Representation by Population the Canadian Colonies ?

George Brown.

List and explain four events that caused the relationship between the Newcomers and Indigenous People to go downhill as suggested in the video 8th Fire.

1) THE INDIAN ACT OF 1876: The Indian Act served as a way for Canada to approach Indian policy in a coordinated matter. However, it ended up being used as a vehicle for giving most if not all power to the federal government and its representatives. This act was used to enforce policies that banned natives from hiring lawyers, holding traditional ceremonies, voting, and much more. 2) THE TREATIES: In 1764, there was a meeting held in Niagara where representatives from 22 different First Nation bands came and met with the British crown. This is where the first treaty was signed between the First Nations and the settlers, with many more to follow. The First Nations saw this as a partnership between two equal parties and made negotiations with the crown under this pretense, asking for things such as healthcare, education, and housing. However, it has become very apparent that the promises made in these treaties have not been sufficiently upheld, as even today healthcare, housing, and education on the reserves are completely and totally underfunded. 3) RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS: Residential schools were a thinly veiled attempt by our government to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture and "Kill the Indian in the child". They nearly wiped out the entirety of Indigenous language, and severed the ties between countless First Nations and their culture, language, and identity. 4) OTHER INJUSTICES: In our nation's history there have been numerous events that have only served to deepen the distrust between our First Nations and Canadian populations. Events like the flooding out of the Cheslatta, a local band who were ran out of their homes in 1953, forced into living on nothing but welfare, and whose culture and people were ultimately wiped out by a great flood.

List three main views that Macdonald and Cartier held in common.

1) They wanted a railroad to be built across all of Canada to increase trade. 2) They were both united in their disdain for the idea of representation by population. They felt that if it were put into effect, it would be used to pass laws against the French-speaking people of Canada East that would result in assimilation. 3) They were both for confederation, they wanted to create a new country with a strong central government.

Explain why the population of Canada West agreed to the Quebec Resolutions. (4 reasons)

1. Canada West would have a greater number of representatives in the federal government since rep by pop would be in effect. 2. It would end the political deadlock so that Canada West would not feel bullied by the people of Canada East. 3. If the country united they would be much more equipped to defend themselves from possible attacks. 4. A new, bigger country would allow for expansion and development in the West.

Cartier disagrees with his friend Macdonald. He argues for a Federal Union. List three reasons as to why he feels a Federal Union would work much better.

1. He thought that the federal government should be responsible for making laws that affect all Canadians like trade and defence, but that there should be provincial governments that would be responsible for making laws for things that only affected their subjects like education and local concerns. 2. He feared that if Quebec didn't have their own provincial government, that the French Canadians would end up being assimilated. 3. Not only that, but the French Canadians would be a minority and therefore would have much less elected representatives compared to the English Canadians. This would enable them to pass laws that were not in the best interest of the French Canadians.

List 10 areas which the Provincial Government has responsibility for under Section 92 of the BNA act.

1. The Administration of Justice in the Province 2. Direct Taxation within the Province in order to the raising of a Revenue for Provincial Purposes 3. The Borrowing of Money on the sole Credit of the Province 4. The Establishment and Tenure of Provincial Offices and the Appointment and Payment of Provincial Officers 5. The Management and Sale of the Public Lands belonging to the Province and of the Timber and Wood thereon 6. The Establishment, Maintenance, and Management of Public and Reformatory Prisons in and for the Province 7. The Establishment, Maintenance, and Management of Hospitals, Asylums, Charities, and Eleemosynary Institutions in and for the Province, other than Marine Hospitals 8. Municipal Institutions in the Province 9. Shop, Saloon, Tavern, Auctioneer, and other Licences in order to the raising of a Revenue for Provincial, Local, or Municipal Purposes 10. The Solemnization of Marriage in the Province

List 10 areas which the federal Government has responsibility for under Section 91 of the BNA act.

1. The Public Debt and Property 2. The Regulation of Trade and Commerce 3. The Raising of Money by any Mode or System of Taxation 4. The Borrowing of Money on the Public Credit 5. Postal Service 6. The Census and Statistics 7. Militia, Military and Naval Service, and Defence 8. The fixing of and providing for the Salaries and Allowances of Civil and other Officers of the Government of Canada 9. Beacons, Buoys, Lighthouses, and Sable Island 10. Navigation and Shipping

According to Macdonald, Cartier, and Brown what would be the benefits of Confederation ? (4)

1. There would be a single united army that would defend Canada from attacks 2. A singular country under one name (Canada) would be considered much more important than a bunch of separate colonies 3. Uniting would make it so they could trade freely in between the different parts of the country so they would have less of a dependency on foreign countries 4. It would enable them to build more railroads and canals, enabling them to send people to the West to claim more land for Canada

Explain why the people of Canada East (Quebec) agree to the Quebec Resolutions. (3 reasons)

1. They thought that it would be better overall for Canada East to be apart of a federal union instead of by itself or become part of the US. 2. They thought that they would stand to benefit from it as it would increase trade and would allow them to defend themselves better. 3. Quebec would have a provincial government, so it would have control over its education and would be able to preserve the French Canadian way of life.

Macdonald at Quebec argues that a Legislative Union instead of a Federal Union would be much better for the new nation. Explain the difference between the two terms.

A Federal Union is one in which there are two or more levels of government. A Legislative Union is one in which there is one central government that makes laws for the entire country.

Explain the position of A.A. Dorion toward the Quebec Resolutions.

A.A. Dorion was against the Quebec Resolutions. He didn't like how much power the federal government had and thought that it would lead to French Canadian assimilation. He also thought that uniting wouldn't in fact allow them to defend themselves easier but would instead leave them more open to attack due to the long borders that would created. Additionally, he thought that big businesses would be the only ones to benefit from Confederation.

Explain the effect the Fenian Raids had on the colonies.

Although they did not achieve much in the way of Irish independence, the raids and the government inept response to them helped jumpstart support for the Confederation of Canada. The raids greatest impact however was that they showed Canadians that "safety lay in unity". They caused a great surge of nationalism within Canada, which would subsequently lead provinces towards Confederation.

List and explain the differences between Canadian and American Language government systems.

Canada has two official languages, those being, French and English. However, America has only one, English.

List and explain the differences between Canadian and American Systems of Government.

Canada is a Constitutional Monarchy whereas America is a Republic. Meaning, Canada's head of state is the Queen, who is represented by the Governor General and our head of government is the Prime Minister. In America, on the other hand, the President is both the head of state and the head of government.

Explain the effect the St. Albans Raid had on the colonies.

Canada's release of the confederates greatly enraged the people of the US. Like all the other events, this event created tension between the British and America, causing a climate within the British colonies that was instrumental in the formation of confederation. However, this didn't apply to all citizens as many Canadians ended up rejecting the idea of confederacy because of these raids. Many thought that the raids were drawing Canada and it's people into conflict without their permission.

In your view explain one Canadian governmental system you prefer over the American system.

I prefer that in Canada, disagreement between the Government and the House of Commons can result in a new Government or House of Commons. I think that helps to foster a relationship between the two that is more of a partnership than a struggle for power. It also forces the Government to really take the House of Commons opinions into account, and not just ignore them in favour of pursuing their own wants and goals. In America, disagreement between the President and Congress doesn't matter as the President will remain in power until their term is complete. I feel like this leads to a more self serving attitude, and doesn't make for a responsible and more importantly, accountable government.

In you view explain one American Governmental system you prefer over the Canadian system.

I think it's better to have a clearly outlined list of powers for the Federal Government like they do in America. Leaving the designation of federal powers to precedent and just giving them power over everything that is not under the jurisdiction of the provinces and territories seems off to me. I feel like it leaves lines too hazy and could allow for misuse of power within the Canadian Government. I think it's best to have everything clearly outlined so there is no room for confusion.

List and explain the differences between Canadian and American Senators.

In Canada, Senators are appointed on advice of the Prime Minister by the Governor General and serve until age 75. In America, Senators serve fixed terms and are elected.

List and explain the differences between Canadian and American Support of The House.

In Canada, if the Government and the House of Commons continuously disagree, this may result in a new Government or House of Commons. This makes it so the Government has to maintain the support of the majority in the House of Commons. In America, it doesn't matter if the President and Congress disagree constantly, the President will stay in power until their term is complete.

List and explain the differences between Canadian and American Division of Powers.

In Canada, in a process known as "decentralization", the courts have increased provincial power and decreased federal power. In America, in a process known as "centralization", the courts have increased federal power and decreased state powers.

List and explain the differences between Canadian and American Legislation.

In Canada, legislation is introduced in the form of Government bills by Cabinet Members (or someone speaking on their behalf). In America, it is not the Presidents or the Cabinets responsibility to introduce legislation.

List and explain the differences between Canadian and American Membership of Houses.

In Canada, the Prime Minister and Cabinet members are expected to belong to one of Canada's two parliamentary houses, those being the House of Commons and the Senate. In America however, the President and the Cabinet members can't belong to the two houses of Congress, those being the House of Representatives or the Senate. This is to ensure a separation of powers.

List and explain the differences between Canadian and Americans Role of The Leader.

In Canada, the Prime Minister's position and powers are based on unwritten conventions as they are not outlined in Canada's constitution. In America, the President's position and bowers are outlined in the American constitution.

List and explain the differences between Canadian and American Federal Authority.

In Canada, the federal government has power over everything that isn't distinctly under the jurisdiction of the provincial governments. In America, the federal government has a specific list of powers, and everything else falls to the individual states.

List and explain the differences between Canadian and American Frequency of Elections.

In Canada, there is no fixed term for the Prime Minister and MPs, but an election has to be held at least once every five years. In America, there are fixed terms for the President and members of both Houses, but the President can be elected for a maximum of two terms.

Explain one traditional teaching from the Cree

In Cree culture, each Tipi Pole has a specific teaching associated with it. For example: 1) OBEDIENCE Accept the guidance and wisdom that comes from others and listen before you speak. 2) RESPECT You should always honor the rights of those around you, no matter who or what they are. All life deserves respect. 3) HUMILITY No one is below or above any other person, creature, plant, or object. Etc.

Describe the term Deadlock as it applied to the Canadian colonies in the 1860's.

In the 1860s, both the Reformers and the Rouge and the Bleus and the Conservative elected the same number of representatives to the assembly in numerous elections. Both sides would obviously vote against one another and therefore there was a deadlock. This made it so it was incredibly hard to pass any sort of law.

Explain Plains First Nations Modes of Transportation

In the beginning, the Plains First Nation traveled solely on foot. They even did so in Winter by utilizing snowshoes so that they could walk on top of the snow. They also used sled dogs in the winter, in order to help with transportation. They did so by placing Travois, a type of sledge, on the dogs. Transportation stayed this way for quite a long while until the early 1700s when horses were brought to the Canadian Prairies. This was a big deal as horses were able to carry five times more than a dog could. They found by using horses they could travel further distances, hunt easier, and carry a lot more materials and gear.

Explain who attends the Quebec conference and who doesn't.

In total there were thirty three delegates who attended. Twelve from Canada, seven from New Brunswick, five from Nova Scotia, seven from PEI, and two from Newfoundland. No representatives came from British Columbia.

Explain why Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island say no to Confederation.

Newfoundland said no to Confederation as it was very loyal to Britain and did not want their way of life to change. Prince Edward Island said no because, they wanted to maintain their independence and, due to their small population, they would hold only be able to elect five representatives and therefore they would have very little power in the federal government.

Explain one traditional teaching from the Blackfoot

One Blackfoot teaching is that of equality. They believed that you as an individual are equal to every other human, animal, and plant, the air, the water, and even the stars. Everyone is sacred and everyone is created equal. This concept of equality to all life was the foundation of which all blackfoot practices were built on. Their governance and social relations were all based around this ideology.

List the four main parties, and their leaders,that could be found in the Canada's in the 1860's.

Parti rouge - A.A. Dorion Parti bleu - George-Étienne Cartier The Reformers - George Brown The Conservatives - John A MacDonald

Explain Plains First Nations Food Resources

Plains First Nations main source of food was Buffalo, as their bands followed the animals migration in order to ensure they always had food. They chose the buffalo as they were plentiful and provided a large quantity of meat. They often roasted the buffalo meat on a spit or boiled it within a skin bag to create soup. They were also known to dry the meat, creating jerky or pemmican by pounding it into a powder, and then mixing it with melted buffalo fat and berries. Bannock, a fire cooked bread, was also common.

Explain Plains First Nations Social Organization

Plains First Nations settlements were made up of bands, each containing around 50 to 100 individuals. Each had a male chief, who guided their respective band. This chiefs duty was to advise, but all decisions were ultimately made by a council of elders. The other men in the band's main duty was to hunt and the women's was to cook, sew, make tools, and tend to the children.

Explain who attends the Charlottetown conference in 1864.

Political leaders of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were planning a meeting at Charlottetown, PEI to discuss joining their colonies into a Maritime union. Canadian politicians saw this as an opportunity to discuss Confederation so they asked if they could come. John A Macdonald, George-Etienne Cartier, and George Brown were among those who went.

National Event

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and his political allies have been accused of pressuring Canada's now former minister of justice and attorney general, Jody Wilson-Raybould to drop criminal corruption charges against the Quebec based engineering company SNC-Lavalin. They wanted her to instead, merely issue a financial penalty, which would allow the company to avoid a 10 year ban on bidding on federal contracts. SNC-Lavalin is accused of bribing the Libyan government during the regime of Muammar Gaddafi. This scandal went mainstream after the Globe and Mail published a report of Trudeau's office trying to pressure Wilson-Raybould to meddle in the case, and further exploded when Wilson-Raybould testified before the judiciary committee in Canada's House of Commons. Trudeau, has denied any wrongdoing and blamed the incident on an "erosion of trust" between his office and Wilson-Raybould, and said he believed at the time that she was looking for advice on the SNC-Lavalin case although the decision was ultimately hers to make.

Describe the term Representation By Population.

Representation by Population is a political system that is based around the seats in the House of Commons being allocated based on population.

Explain the Fenian Raids, an event that occurred during the American Civil War.

The Fenian Raids were where an Irish Republican organization known as the Fenian Brotherhood launched a series of raids in Canada with the hopes of pressuring the UK to withdraw from Ireland. The raids caused quite a big stir due to the Canadian Government's knowledge that the Fenian Brotherhood were planning these attacks and their lack of preventative action against them. There were five Fenian raids in total, each of which failed and resulted in the deaths and injuries to members of both the Fenian Brotherhood and the Canadian Government's forces.

Local Event

Saskatchewan's Scotty has officially dethroned Chicago's Sue as largest T-Rex skeleton discovered. Scotty was found in 1991 in the Saskatchewan badlands by a highschool teacher and a group of paleontologists. It turned out to be one of the most complete t-rex skeletons ever, being almost 65% in tact. Now, she has another claim to fame as she has officially been deemed the largest T-Rex skeleton, a title previously held by Chicago's Sue. The difference between them is only about 400 kg, but Scotty is 13 meters long whereas Sue is 12.3 meters long. Scotty got his name from the crew responsible for finding him wanting to raise a glass in his honor after his discovery, and the only suitable spirit around was a bottle of Scotch.

Explain the Chesapeake Incident, an event that occurred during the American Civil War.

The Chesapeake Affair was an incident that occurred on December 7th, 1893 during the American Civil War. On this date, several confederates took hold of the ship known as "Chesapeake". They took the ship to British waters near the coast of Nova Scotia with the hoped of selling the ship's cargo there, buying arms, and then subsequently turn it into a privateer that they would use to attack Northern merchant ships. Northerners then went on to capture the Chesapeake on the 16th. This was an issue as both the Confederates and the Northerners had now violated British neutrality.

Explain the effect the Chesapeake Incident had on the colonies.

The Chesapeake Incident more than anything else, was just adding fuel to an already existing fire. It, along with the build up of many other events was responsible for the steadily increasing tensions that existed between the British and the US. Tensions that would come to head in 1812, when war was officially declared between the two nations.

Explain Plains First Nations Spiritual Beliefs

The First Nations of Canada all believed in a "Creator", and that all their values and traditions were gifts from them. The Plains First Nations specifically, believed in a god known as "Wakan Tanka" or "The Great Spirit". They also placed a great importance on nature and believed that all animals, plants, trees, stones, and clouds possessed spirits. They prayed to these spirits and believed that the Earth was their mother. Because of this, it was commonly taught that the Plains People should live in harmony with the natural world and all that it contained. They treated their surroundings, and all that surrounded them whether living or not living, with great respect.

Explain the intended purpose of the House of Commons

The House of Commons purpose was to be the most powerful part of Parliament. This was because it was supposed to contain elected representatives (Members of Parliament) from each province, the amount of which were based on the provinces population.

The Hudson Bay Company (the company you know today) was established when and how large was Rupert's Land?

The Hudson's Bay Company was established on May 2nd, 1670. Rupert's land covered all land that had rivers and streams flowing into the Hudson's Bay. This area covered a total of 3.9 million km2.

Explain one traditional teaching from the Mi'kmaq

The Mi'kmaq teach that there are seven levels of creation, I am going to focus on the second one. The Mi'kmaq believe that the second level of creation is the sun. They teach that their Grandfather sun is who gives people their shadows: the spirits of our ancestors. Our ancestors follow us through all stages of our life and are tied to us inextricably. They are reflected in us and the way we talk, our mannerisms and movements, and the blood that runs through our veins.

Explain one traditional teaching from the Mohawk

The Mohawk teach of a creation story that centers around humanities great, great Grandmother: Sky-woman. She came to earth from another world and when she first arrived here, the planet had no land or water. Because of this she, with the help of some birds, had to seek refuge on the back of a turtle. While on the turtle, animals brought dirt to place on the turtle and Sky-woman brought all sorts of things from her other world like strawberries, peaches, and much more. It was then that Sky-woman walked counter-clockwise around the turtles back, chanting songs from the other world, which turned seeds into humans. She continued on like this, creating more humans and the turtle with the dirt on its back became the earth that we now inhabit.

Explain why the North West Company was started.

The NWC was started in 1779 after the governor of Quebec refused to give trading licenses to Montreal traders. He eventually changed his mind, but by that time it was too late in the year for goods to reach the farthest regions of Canada. This caused many merchants to suffer great losses. This inspired one of said merchants, Simon McTavish. He believed that if the traders could work together, their influence would be much greater and they could avoid something like this happening again. From that idea, the NWC was created.

Describe the makeup of the North West Company. (Who were the employees and what positions did they hold)

The North West Company, headed by the Simon McTavish and the Frobisher brothers was structured in the following way. At the top of the food chain were the "Bourgeois" or "Masters" of the NWC, that were comprised of three different levels: the Montreal Merchants, the Wintering Partners, and the Clerks. The Montreal Merchants were those who owned trading companies and held shares in the NWC. They would hire staff, export furs, acquire supplies, and organize shipments to the inland trading posts. Then you had the Wintering Partners, each of which owned one or two shares. Unlike the Montreal Merchants, they were not paid commission, instead having their income solely come from the profits obtained from their shares. They each managed a district which contained several trading posts and were in charge of the actual trade itself, between the First Nations and the Europeans. Then there was the Clerks, who were salaried employees, each of whom began as apprentices before eventually advancing to the position of Clerks, all with the hopes of eventually becoming a shareholder. They were mainly tasked with bookkeeping and administrative tasks. Below these three groups were the engagés/servants, an umbrella term that covered many different kinds of workers. At the bottom was the Voyageurs (those who canoed between Montreal and the Great Lakes trading posts) and right above them were the the Hivernants (those who canoed between the Great Lakes and the interior trading posts, where they would work during the winter). Their actual status and amount they were paid varied based on the person's role within the canoe.

Explain one traditional teaching from the Ojibwe

The Ojibwe believe there are seven stages of life. 1) THE GOOD LIFE - This is when the child is taken care of by all those that surround them and they are provided with unconditional love, discipline, and all their needs are met. 2) THE FAST LIFE - Centers around the child getting prepared for a four day vision quest which will take place during puberty. 3) THE WANDERING LIFE - Those in this stage of life begin to question life and shall seek out teachers and new experiences. 4) THE TRUTH STAGE - During this stage, one reflects on all the things they've learned during their wandering and wondering and come to an understanding of themselves and their world. 5) THE PLANNING STAGE - Where they must look at all they've learned and figure out what they are going to do with the knowledge they've acquired. 6) THE DOING STAGE - In which their previous plans come to fruition, and their knowledge turns into action. 7) THE ELDER STAGE - This is when they are inducted into the elders circles and teach those younger than them the lessons they have learned during their life.

Explain The Peace Order and Good Government Clause.

The Peace Order and Good Government clause meant the Federal Government could over rule any Provincial law it felt was not in the best interests of the people in that province.

Explain the intended purpose of the Governor General

The third most powerful Parliament was to be the Governor General. His role was to represent the British government and the Queen. Once a bill made it past the House of Commons and the Senate, he would sign the bill, turning it into a law officially.

Explain Plains First Nations Homes

The Plains First Nations were a nomadic people. Because of this, they had to have easily erected or portable homes. This is why they lived in Tipis, cone-like structures crafted from hides and wood. To create a tipi, one had to tie three or four tall pine poles together with a piece of rawhide. These poles were then erected and a buffalo hide cover was then placed over these poles and stones were placed on the bottom edge of the Tipi to keep it in place. The ground was covered with a fur lined hide and there was a fire pit in the center. A hole was also left at the top of the tipi so that smoke from the fire was able to escape.

Describe the Reciprocity agreement of 1854. Who was it with and what did it do ?

The Reciprocity agreement of 1854 was an agreement between Canada and the United States. It was a free trade agreement that allowed there to be little to no importation taxes for goods, gave Americans fishing rights off the east coast, and granted some navigation rights in both parties lakes and rivers.

Explain the St. Albans Raid, an event that occurred during the American Civil War.

The St. Albans Raid was a raid by Canadian Confederate soldiers that occured on October 19th, 1864 in St. Albans, Vermont. Their goal was to rob banks in St. Albans in order to both raise money and make the Union Army divert their troops to the northern border in the hopes of preventing additional raids. 21 Confederate cavalryman robbed three of the cities banks, taking a grand total of $208,000. After fleeing, the US demanded Canada arrest the guilty parties. They did just that and managed to recover $88,000 worth of the stolen money. They refused to extradite them however, letting the raiders free and sending the $88,000 dollars they had found to St. Albans.

Explain the Trent Affair, an event that occurred during the American Civil War.

The Trent Affair was an incident that occurred in 1861 in which the U.S. Navy captured two diplomats from a British ship illegally. This was known as the Trent Affair as the ship from which the two were abducted from was named "Trent". Britain was obviously not happy about this at all, and the incident almost resulted in a full out war between the US and the UK. The US eventually let the two diplomats go and therefore brought an end to the issue.

Explain the effect the Trent Affair had on the colonies.

The Trent affair and it's resolution greatly impacted Confederate diplomatic efforts for the worse. It led to Britain realizing that the US would be able to defend themselves if need be. However, it also made them realize that the US understood that they had to comply with international law. Because of these realizations, Britain and France came to the conclusion that peace could be maintained between the colonies so long as they maintained neutrality when it came to the Americans.

What decisions come out of the Charlottetown conference ?

The biggest decision to come out of the Charlottetown conference was the Maritime delegates agreement to give up on the Maritime union. They also agreed to come to a meeting in Quebec City in October where they could all further discuss the idea of Confederation and uniting the colonies.

Explain the biggest problem the NWC had to deal with.

The biggest problem the NWC had to deal with was the HBC's sea route. This sea route enabled the HBC to have a much shorter business cycle since ships could leave England, travel to Hudson Bay, deliver goods for trade, pick up furs, and return to England all in the span of around five months, with a complete business cycle taking somewhere around fourteen. On the other hand, the NWC, who didn't have the liberties of the Hudson Bay sea route, had a business cycle that was much longer and that cost a whole lot more money. The complete cycle took two to three years. Additionally, they had to travel much further distances, which meant much further costs and much lower profit.

Explain why Nova Scotia supported the idea of Confederation.

The main reason for this was the Reciprocity Agreement of 1854 ending in 1866. This made it so Nova Scotia was no unable to sell raw resources like fish and lumber in the USA and made it so shippers and shipbuilders lost a lot of money and business.

Explain the intended purpose of the Senate

The second most powerful part of Parliament was to be the Senate. Its members were to be appointed instead of elected, and were called Senators. Twenty four members were to be from the Maritimes, twenty four members were to be from Ontario, and twenty four members were to be from Quebec. This was to ensure that all parts of the country were represented and each of their interests would be addressed. There role was to inspect and vote on every bill that the House of Commons passed. There approval was needed in order to turn a bill into a law.

Explain the term Indigenous People

The term "Indigenous People" is one of many terms used to describe aboriginal peoples. This one in particular however is not simply defined as the group of people who first inhabited a land but instead is used to refer to groups of people who inhabited a territory for a long period of time and who are now minorities due to colonialism.

International Event

The united nations is making an emergency appeal for US$282 million in the next three months in order to help relief efforts following the devastation brought about by Cyclone Idai in Mozambique. The UN plans to use these funds to provide sanitation, water, education, and restoring the livelihoods of the hundreds of thousands of displaced people. Ida's death toll has risen above 750 in the countries hit by the storm, as workers rush to restore electricity, water, and prevent an outbreak of cholera. Some 228,000 displaced people are now in camps across the flooded area of Mozambique. It is expected to take three years to rebuild the city of Beira.

What is the position of the Catholic Church in Quebec at toward this idea of Confederation?

They supported Cartier's stance on the matter. They thought that French Canadians would benefit from Confederation.

Why does Samuel Tilley and the people of N.B. consider Confederation in the 1860's ?

They too thought that Confederation would makeup for the trade they had lost with US with the end of the Reciprocity agreement in 1866. Not only that, but the people of New Brunswick alongside Samuel Tilley began to support Confederation after the Fenian Raids on New Brunswick. They thought that in pursuing Confederation, New Brunswick would be much better protected as the colonies would now be a united force.

Why is the term "Indigenous People" important?

This distinction is important as it separates those who are simply native to an area from those who have been subject to "colonial incursions". The term establishes a universal way of referring to these groups of people that is internationally understood and isn't only tied to inhabitants of a specific territory. This taxonomy allows Indigenous groups world wide to come together under the same umbrella and fight for common causes/problems that affect them all.

Explain why you think the British government granted these revolutionary rights to the people of Quebec in 1774.

Unrest was growing in the Southern colonies and the British became concerned that the Canadiens, who made up the vast majority of the settler population in Quebec, would support this growing rebellion. So, in order to ensure the Canadiens allegiance, the British government decided they would create the Quebec Act in order to garner favour and consolidate the wants of Quebec's Canadien and British subjects.