Unit Exam 2

Which of the following would not be a correct characteristic of melanoma? 1. Border regularity 2. Diameter of 12 mm 3. Color that is dark black or brown 4. Asymmetry

1. Border regularity

What is the correct order for the standard preparation of a histological specimen?

1. Fixation, 2. Sectioning, 3. Staining

What is the correct statement regarding adipose tissue? 1. Its primary function is nutrient storage. 2. It is composed mostly of extracellular matrix. 3. Mature adipose cells are highly mitotic. 4. Most of the cell volume is occupied by the nucleus.

1. Its primary function is nutrient storage

What is the correct statement concerning skin cancer? 1. Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing. 2. Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant. 3.Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant. 4. Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum.

1. Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing

Which of the following states is INCORRECT? 1. Tactile cells anchor the skin to the underlying structures of the body. 2. Melanin protects the nuclei of keratinocytes against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. 3. Keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its protective properties. 4. Dendritic cells ingest foreign substances and activate the immune system.

1. Tactile cells anchor the skin to the underlying structures of the body

What of the following does NOT describe a multicellular exocrine gland? 1. a tubular gland 2. a gland that secretes hormones 3. simple glands 4. a gland that secretes sweat

2. A gland that secretes hormones

Which of the following is NOT an immediate threat to the body as a result of a severe burn? 1. Renal failure 2. Bacterial infection 3. Electrolyte imbalance 4. Dehydration

2. Bacterial infection

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of nervous tissue? 1. provides support and insulation 2. creates linings 3. highly branched cells 4. capable of transmitting electricity

2. Create linings

Which of the following does NOT protect the skin from bacteria? 1. Defensins 2. The temperature of the skin 3. The low pH of the skin 4. Dermcidin 5. Cathelicidins

2. The temperature of the skin

What is the correct statement regarding the stem cells of connective tissue? 1. Chondroblasts are the main cell type of connective tissue proper. 2. Connective tissue cells are nondividing. 3. "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells. 4. Connective tissue does not contain cells.

3. "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells

What tissue is correctly paired with its primary immature cell type? 1. connective tissue proper; chondrocyte 2. bone; osteoblast 3. bone; fibrocyte 4. cartilage; fibroblast

3. Bone; osteoblast

What statement is correct regarding epithelia? 1. Simple epithelia form impermeable barriers. 2. Stratified epithelia are tall, narrow cells. 3. Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important. 4. Pseudostratified epithelia consist of at least two layers of cells stacked on top of one another.

3. Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important

What of the following epithelial tissue types is NOT correctly matched to its function? 1. simple cuboidal epithelium; secretion 2. simple squamous epithelium; filtration 3. stratified squamous epithelium; absorption 4. simple columnar epithelium with microvilli; absorption

3. Stratified squamous epithelium; absorption

Which stratum of the epidermis contains the stem cells responsible for regenerating the more superficial layers? 1. Stratum corneum 2. Stratum spinosum 3. Stratum basale 4. Stratum granulsum

3. Stratum Basale

Which skin function is not correctly matched with the structure that accounts for that function? 1. tactile corpuscles; cutaneous sensation 2. eccrine glands; excretion 3. keratinocytes; physical barrier 4. apocrine gland; thermoregulation

4. Aprocrine gland; thermoregulation

Which of the following is a layer of the epidermis found in thin skin? 1. Clear layer 2. Reticular layer 3. Papillary layer 4. Granular Layer

4. Granular layer

Which of the following is NOT a function of sebum? 1. Protection from bacteria 2. Prevention of water loss 3. Lubrication of the skin 4. Protection from UV radiation

4. Protection from UV radiation

Which of the following is a metabolic function of skin? 1. Elimination of nitrogenous wastes 2. Cutaneous sensation 3. Body temperature regulation 4. Synthesis of a Vitamin D receptor

4. Synthesis of a Vitamin D receptor

What are the signs of melanoma?

ABCD Rule: A: asymmetric B: border irregularity C: color D: diameter

What connective tissue is richly vascularized and consists of more cells than extracellular matrix?

Adipose

What tissue type would likely function to hold the kidneys in place?

Adipose

In connective tissue, the role of elastic fibers is to _______

Allow the tissue to stretch and recoil

A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot, almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured?

Basale

What is the most atypical connective tissue since it neither connects structures nor provides structural support?

Blood

What tissues have little to no functional regenerative capacity?

Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue

Earwax is made by?

Ceruminous glands

The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess ________.

Collagen fibers

Connective tissues are made of different combinations of ground substance and fibers. As you compare slides of connective tissues, which would most likely be the strongest (toughest) type of connective tissue based on the composition of ground substance and fibers?

Connective tissues high in collagen fibers

What is a dry membrane exposed to the air?

Cutaneous Membrane

You are asked to classify an exocrine gland found in the skin based solely on the chemical analysis of its product, which turns out to be a hypotonic fluid consisting of about 99% water with a pH of 5. It contains NaCl, traces of urea and ammonia, and a peptide called dermcidin, but lacks fats and proteins. How would you classify this gland?

Eccrine gland

The shape of the external ear is maintained by _______

Elastic cartilage

How do endocrine and exocrine glands differ?

Endocrine glands do not use ducts

What tissue type consists of a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity?

Epithelial tissue

What is a property of epithelial tissue?

Epithelial tissue is innervated

What tissue type has polarity and is avascular?

Epithelium

True or False? All muscle cells contain striations

False

True or False? Connective tissues that possess a large quantity of collagen fibers often provide the framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes.

False

True or False? Epithelial cells contain both blood vessels and nerve fibers

False

True or False? Merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally until the cell ruptures.

False

True or False? Pseudostratified epithelia are well adapted to the digestive system because the cilia increase the surface area of absorption

False

True or False? The basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues is in the amount of elastic fibers and adipose cells present.

False

True or False? New portions of a nail are produced at the cuticle

False

True or False? Sweating and shivering are two ways in which the skin contributes to regulation of body temperature.

False

True or False? The biggest risk factor for the development of skin cancer is excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. Exposure to the type of UV light emitted from a tanning bed is far less dangerous.

False

True or False? The eccrine sweat glands are not the primary gland involved in the thermoregulation

False

True or False? The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis.

False

True or False? Thick skin has a more extensive dermal layer than thin skin.

False

True or False? Vitamin D precursors are produced in the skin in the presence of sunlight. These chemicals are important for the transport of sodium to our intestines

False

A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be ________.

Giving the patient supplemental oxygen by mask

What is of the most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelia?

Golgi apparatus

What property is most consistent in all connective tissues?

Greater amount of extracellular matrix compared to cellular content

What does not help the skin to fight infection?

Greater production of melanin

Respiratory failure can lead to a change in the color of the skin, which is more evident in light-skinned individuals. Which pigmentation factor is affecting this change?

Hemoglobin

What tissue type function likely adds support to an organ?

Hyaline cartilage

What event must precede all others during tissue repair?

Inflammation occurs in the damaged area

Heart muscle cells would tend to separate without ________.

Intercalated discs

Why does hair appear the way it does?

Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.

A ciliated version of pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing mucus-secreting goblet cells ________

Lines most of the respiratory tract

What is not a manner in which any epithelial tissues or glands are classified?

Location

What skin pigment is made in the skin as a natural defense against UV radiation?

Melanin

The most dangerous type of skin cancer is ?

Melanoma

Which type of skin cancer is the most dangerous because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy?

Melanoma

The skin is NOT a _______ barrier?

Metabolic

________ are water-soluble, complex glycoproteins that are secreted by goblet cells

Mucin

An exocine gland that has an unbranched duct would be classified as a ______

Multicellular simple gland

The primary blast cell for bone is the ________.

Osteoblast

The single most important risk for skin caner is?

Overexposure to UV radiation

What cell type or cellular structure is NOT found in the epidermis?

Pain receptors

________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.

Pseudostratified columnar

What dermal layer is responsible for the dermal properties of skin that are evident as cleavage lines?

Reticular layer

What glands secrete an oily product that softens the skin and hair?

Sebaceous glands

Susan sat out in the sun watching a baseball game. She developed small blisters on her unprotected shoulders and neck. What type of burn is represented by the formation of the blisters?

Second-degree burn

You observe a tissue under a microscope. There appears to be a lumen on one side of the tissue. Lining this lumen is a single layer of epithelial cells that seem to have long, fingerlike projections. Beneath the projections, the cells seem to have the shape of shoeboxes and are packed tightly together. What type of tissue are you looking at?

Simple columnar epithelium

Under a microscope you observe a tissue that appears to have long fibers that appear striated. The nuclei are pushed off to the side of the fibers. The tissue looks very vascular. What type of tissue are you observing?

Skeletal muscle tissue

What tissue in the wall of the uterus is required for labor contractions?

Smooth muscle

A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as _________

Stratified squamous

Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layer would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin?

Stratum Basale

What function does transitional epithelia have?

Stretching

A 26-year-old model is concerned about a new scar on her abdomen. She tells her surgeon that there is practically no scar from the appendix operation done when she was 16, but this new scar from the gallbladder operation is "gross." Her appendectomy scar is small, obliquely located on the inferior abdominal surface, and very indistinct. By contrast, the vertical gallbladder scar is large and lumpy. Which of the following best explains why the scars are so different?

The appendectomy incision ran parallel to the "lines of cleavage," which are oriented at an oblique angle in the lower right quadrant. An incision made parallel to the lines of cleavage will gape less and heal more readily. The gallbladder incision cut across these lines, which run in the horizontal plane in the upper right quadrant.

Why do eyebrows NOT grow as long as the hair on the head?

The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive.

What is the role of the hair matrix?

The hair matrix produces hair

Stratum spinosum

The layer of the epidermis that is several layers thick and contains pre-keratin

Stratum corneum

The layer of the epidermis where the cells are considered protective but nonviable

The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of loosely packed connective tissue with numerous peg-like projections that provide a great deal of surface area connecting the dermis to the epidermis. Which of the statements below do NOT represent benefits provided by the papillary layer's anatomy?

The looseness allows for east separation of the dead cell layer of epidermis to be shed

When utilizing a transmission electron microscope, why is it necessary to stain the specimen with heavy metal salts?

The salts provide greater detailing of tissue as electrons bounce off of the tissue

What is the difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?

The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands.

How do you best describe what a holocrine gland is?

The secretory cells release their products by rupturing

William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information, you would predict that the cut has penetrated to ________.

The stratum basale but not the dermal layers

If a person were born without eccrine glands, what skin function would he or she have a hard time completing?

Thermoregulation

Why are adipose tissue, blood, and bone all considered to be connective tissues?

They have a common origin; the embryonic tissue mesenchyme

True or False? A smooth muscle cell has a central nucleus but lacks striations

True

True or False? All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function. This property is called polarity.

True

True or False? Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue

True

True or False? Functions of connective tissues include binding, support, insulation, and protection

True

True or False? Salivary glands exhibit compound tubuloalveolar glandular arrangement?

True

True or False? The shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage?

True

True or False? The action of the arrector pili muscle is very similar in humans as it is in other mammals but its beneficial functions differ

True

True or False? The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the dermis.

True

Your friend is trying to convince you that if the ligaments binding the bones together at your freely movable joints (such as your knee, shoulder, and hip joints) contained a higher percentage of elastic fibers, you would be much more flexible. Is this true? If so, would this present any serious problems?

Yes, ligaments that are more elastic (or stretchy) will provide greater flexibility, but at the expense of joint stability. The joints would be prone to misalignment and dislocation.

Smooth muscle _______

is under involuntary control