Unit Exam 2
Which of the following would not be a correct characteristic of melanoma? 1. Border regularity 2. Diameter of 12 mm 3. Color that is dark black or brown 4. Asymmetry
1. Border regularity
What is the correct order for the standard preparation of a histological specimen?
1. Fixation, 2. Sectioning, 3. Staining
What is the correct statement regarding adipose tissue? 1. Its primary function is nutrient storage. 2. It is composed mostly of extracellular matrix. 3. Mature adipose cells are highly mitotic. 4. Most of the cell volume is occupied by the nucleus.
1. Its primary function is nutrient storage
What is the correct statement concerning skin cancer? 1. Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing. 2. Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant. 3.Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant. 4. Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum.
1. Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing
Which of the following states is INCORRECT? 1. Tactile cells anchor the skin to the underlying structures of the body. 2. Melanin protects the nuclei of keratinocytes against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. 3. Keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its protective properties. 4. Dendritic cells ingest foreign substances and activate the immune system.
1. Tactile cells anchor the skin to the underlying structures of the body
What of the following does NOT describe a multicellular exocrine gland? 1. a tubular gland 2. a gland that secretes hormones 3. simple glands 4. a gland that secretes sweat
2. A gland that secretes hormones
Which of the following is NOT an immediate threat to the body as a result of a severe burn? 1. Renal failure 2. Bacterial infection 3. Electrolyte imbalance 4. Dehydration
2. Bacterial infection
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of nervous tissue? 1. provides support and insulation 2. creates linings 3. highly branched cells 4. capable of transmitting electricity
2. Create linings
Which of the following does NOT protect the skin from bacteria? 1. Defensins 2. The temperature of the skin 3. The low pH of the skin 4. Dermcidin 5. Cathelicidins
2. The temperature of the skin
What is the correct statement regarding the stem cells of connective tissue? 1. Chondroblasts are the main cell type of connective tissue proper. 2. Connective tissue cells are nondividing. 3. "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells. 4. Connective tissue does not contain cells.
3. "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells
What tissue is correctly paired with its primary immature cell type? 1. connective tissue proper; chondrocyte 2. bone; osteoblast 3. bone; fibrocyte 4. cartilage; fibroblast
3. Bone; osteoblast
What statement is correct regarding epithelia? 1. Simple epithelia form impermeable barriers. 2. Stratified epithelia are tall, narrow cells. 3. Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important. 4. Pseudostratified epithelia consist of at least two layers of cells stacked on top of one another.
3. Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important
What of the following epithelial tissue types is NOT correctly matched to its function? 1. simple cuboidal epithelium; secretion 2. simple squamous epithelium; filtration 3. stratified squamous epithelium; absorption 4. simple columnar epithelium with microvilli; absorption
3. Stratified squamous epithelium; absorption
Which stratum of the epidermis contains the stem cells responsible for regenerating the more superficial layers? 1. Stratum corneum 2. Stratum spinosum 3. Stratum basale 4. Stratum granulsum
3. Stratum Basale
Which skin function is not correctly matched with the structure that accounts for that function? 1. tactile corpuscles; cutaneous sensation 2. eccrine glands; excretion 3. keratinocytes; physical barrier 4. apocrine gland; thermoregulation
4. Aprocrine gland; thermoregulation
Which of the following is a layer of the epidermis found in thin skin? 1. Clear layer 2. Reticular layer 3. Papillary layer 4. Granular Layer
4. Granular layer
Which of the following is NOT a function of sebum? 1. Protection from bacteria 2. Prevention of water loss 3. Lubrication of the skin 4. Protection from UV radiation
4. Protection from UV radiation
Which of the following is a metabolic function of skin? 1. Elimination of nitrogenous wastes 2. Cutaneous sensation 3. Body temperature regulation 4. Synthesis of a Vitamin D receptor
4. Synthesis of a Vitamin D receptor
What are the signs of melanoma?
ABCD Rule: A: asymmetric B: border irregularity C: color D: diameter
What connective tissue is richly vascularized and consists of more cells than extracellular matrix?
Adipose
What tissue type would likely function to hold the kidneys in place?
Adipose
In connective tissue, the role of elastic fibers is to _______
Allow the tissue to stretch and recoil
A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot, almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured?
Basale
What is the most atypical connective tissue since it neither connects structures nor provides structural support?
Blood
What tissues have little to no functional regenerative capacity?
Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue
Earwax is made by?
Ceruminous glands
The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess ________.
Collagen fibers
Connective tissues are made of different combinations of ground substance and fibers. As you compare slides of connective tissues, which would most likely be the strongest (toughest) type of connective tissue based on the composition of ground substance and fibers?
Connective tissues high in collagen fibers
What is a dry membrane exposed to the air?
Cutaneous Membrane
You are asked to classify an exocrine gland found in the skin based solely on the chemical analysis of its product, which turns out to be a hypotonic fluid consisting of about 99% water with a pH of 5. It contains NaCl, traces of urea and ammonia, and a peptide called dermcidin, but lacks fats and proteins. How would you classify this gland?
Eccrine gland
The shape of the external ear is maintained by _______
Elastic cartilage
How do endocrine and exocrine glands differ?
Endocrine glands do not use ducts
What tissue type consists of a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity?
Epithelial tissue
What is a property of epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissue is innervated
What tissue type has polarity and is avascular?
Epithelium
True or False? All muscle cells contain striations
False
True or False? Connective tissues that possess a large quantity of collagen fibers often provide the framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes.
False
True or False? Epithelial cells contain both blood vessels and nerve fibers
False
True or False? Merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally until the cell ruptures.
False
True or False? Pseudostratified epithelia are well adapted to the digestive system because the cilia increase the surface area of absorption
False
True or False? The basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues is in the amount of elastic fibers and adipose cells present.
False
True or False? New portions of a nail are produced at the cuticle
False
True or False? Sweating and shivering are two ways in which the skin contributes to regulation of body temperature.
False
True or False? The biggest risk factor for the development of skin cancer is excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. Exposure to the type of UV light emitted from a tanning bed is far less dangerous.
False
True or False? The eccrine sweat glands are not the primary gland involved in the thermoregulation
False
True or False? The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis.
False
True or False? Thick skin has a more extensive dermal layer than thin skin.
False
True or False? Vitamin D precursors are produced in the skin in the presence of sunlight. These chemicals are important for the transport of sodium to our intestines
False
A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be ________.
Giving the patient supplemental oxygen by mask
What is of the most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelia?
Golgi apparatus
What property is most consistent in all connective tissues?
Greater amount of extracellular matrix compared to cellular content
What does not help the skin to fight infection?
Greater production of melanin
Respiratory failure can lead to a change in the color of the skin, which is more evident in light-skinned individuals. Which pigmentation factor is affecting this change?
Hemoglobin
What tissue type function likely adds support to an organ?
Hyaline cartilage
What event must precede all others during tissue repair?
Inflammation occurs in the damaged area
Heart muscle cells would tend to separate without ________.
Intercalated discs
Why does hair appear the way it does?
Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.
A ciliated version of pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing mucus-secreting goblet cells ________
Lines most of the respiratory tract
What is not a manner in which any epithelial tissues or glands are classified?
Location
What skin pigment is made in the skin as a natural defense against UV radiation?
Melanin
The most dangerous type of skin cancer is ?
Melanoma
Which type of skin cancer is the most dangerous because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy?
Melanoma
The skin is NOT a _______ barrier?
Metabolic
________ are water-soluble, complex glycoproteins that are secreted by goblet cells
Mucin
An exocine gland that has an unbranched duct would be classified as a ______
Multicellular simple gland
The primary blast cell for bone is the ________.
Osteoblast
The single most important risk for skin caner is?
Overexposure to UV radiation
What cell type or cellular structure is NOT found in the epidermis?
Pain receptors
________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.
Pseudostratified columnar
What dermal layer is responsible for the dermal properties of skin that are evident as cleavage lines?
Reticular layer
What glands secrete an oily product that softens the skin and hair?
Sebaceous glands
Susan sat out in the sun watching a baseball game. She developed small blisters on her unprotected shoulders and neck. What type of burn is represented by the formation of the blisters?
Second-degree burn
You observe a tissue under a microscope. There appears to be a lumen on one side of the tissue. Lining this lumen is a single layer of epithelial cells that seem to have long, fingerlike projections. Beneath the projections, the cells seem to have the shape of shoeboxes and are packed tightly together. What type of tissue are you looking at?
Simple columnar epithelium
Under a microscope you observe a tissue that appears to have long fibers that appear striated. The nuclei are pushed off to the side of the fibers. The tissue looks very vascular. What type of tissue are you observing?
Skeletal muscle tissue
What tissue in the wall of the uterus is required for labor contractions?
Smooth muscle
A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as _________
Stratified squamous
Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layer would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin?
Stratum Basale
What function does transitional epithelia have?
Stretching
A 26-year-old model is concerned about a new scar on her abdomen. She tells her surgeon that there is practically no scar from the appendix operation done when she was 16, but this new scar from the gallbladder operation is "gross." Her appendectomy scar is small, obliquely located on the inferior abdominal surface, and very indistinct. By contrast, the vertical gallbladder scar is large and lumpy. Which of the following best explains why the scars are so different?
The appendectomy incision ran parallel to the "lines of cleavage," which are oriented at an oblique angle in the lower right quadrant. An incision made parallel to the lines of cleavage will gape less and heal more readily. The gallbladder incision cut across these lines, which run in the horizontal plane in the upper right quadrant.
Why do eyebrows NOT grow as long as the hair on the head?
The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive.
What is the role of the hair matrix?
The hair matrix produces hair
Stratum spinosum
The layer of the epidermis that is several layers thick and contains pre-keratin
Stratum corneum
The layer of the epidermis where the cells are considered protective but nonviable
The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of loosely packed connective tissue with numerous peg-like projections that provide a great deal of surface area connecting the dermis to the epidermis. Which of the statements below do NOT represent benefits provided by the papillary layer's anatomy?
The looseness allows for east separation of the dead cell layer of epidermis to be shed
When utilizing a transmission electron microscope, why is it necessary to stain the specimen with heavy metal salts?
The salts provide greater detailing of tissue as electrons bounce off of the tissue
What is the difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?
The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands.
How do you best describe what a holocrine gland is?
The secretory cells release their products by rupturing
William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information, you would predict that the cut has penetrated to ________.
The stratum basale but not the dermal layers
If a person were born without eccrine glands, what skin function would he or she have a hard time completing?
Thermoregulation
Why are adipose tissue, blood, and bone all considered to be connective tissues?
They have a common origin; the embryonic tissue mesenchyme
True or False? A smooth muscle cell has a central nucleus but lacks striations
True
True or False? All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function. This property is called polarity.
True
True or False? Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue
True
True or False? Functions of connective tissues include binding, support, insulation, and protection
True
True or False? Salivary glands exhibit compound tubuloalveolar glandular arrangement?
True
True or False? The shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage?
True
True or False? The action of the arrector pili muscle is very similar in humans as it is in other mammals but its beneficial functions differ
True
True or False? The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the dermis.
True
Your friend is trying to convince you that if the ligaments binding the bones together at your freely movable joints (such as your knee, shoulder, and hip joints) contained a higher percentage of elastic fibers, you would be much more flexible. Is this true? If so, would this present any serious problems?
Yes, ligaments that are more elastic (or stretchy) will provide greater flexibility, but at the expense of joint stability. The joints would be prone to misalignment and dislocation.
Smooth muscle _______
is under involuntary control