Unity 3 Biology 1. What is the function of the active site of an enzyme?
what are the inputs of the electron transport chain
10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6 O2
what are the inputs of Krebs Cycle
2 acetyl CoA
what are the outputs of link reaction
2 acetyl CoA
What are the outputs of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP
what are the outputs of the Krebs Cycle (per Acetyl CoA)
3 CO2, 1 ATP, 4 NADH, 1 FADH2 (double for per glucose)
Hypothesize how you could overcome competitive inhibition in an enzymatic reaction.
There are many ways to overcome competitive inhibition. For example, increasing the concentration of the substrate so there are more to find the enzymes and binds to it faster than the competitive inhibition. Lowering the concentration of the inhibitor. An increase of enzymes so that the substrate can find the enzyme easier than the competitive inhibition.
What is the photosynthesis equation?
energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
what is the output of the calvin cycle
glucose
where does the calvin cycle occur
stroma
Describe the structure of ATP. Give specific examples of cell processes that use ATP and explain how ATP is used in the processes.
ATP's structure is consisted of 3 parts. These parts include: a nitrogenous base, a carbohydrate, and 3 phosphate groups. When the 3rd phosphate group breaks this creates ATP or ADP.
What is added to the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
An electron is added from electron carriers, which are NADH and NADH2.
Describe the function of Cofactor
Zinc, Iron, Copper are examples of cofactors because they are non-organic helper. Cofactors have the same function as coenzymes.
Describe the function of Competitive inhibitor
a molecule similar to the substrate that competes to bind with the active site.
In plant cells, in what process does ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis occur?
In light dependent reactions, water donates electrons to start chemiosmosis and the electron gradient becomes high to low. Then H+ ions can only move through the ATP synthase channel. When the ions move through this channel essentially a crank is turned and this crank forms ATP, and the electron that moved it through the channel get binded to oxygen.
What is the function of the O2 in cellular respiration?
In the electron transport chain part of cellular respiration, oxygen is essential to bind with the electrons that go through ATP synthase. Then these molecules eventually bind with hydrogen to form water.
What is the source of the O2 by-product of photosynthesis?
In the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis, the light is in an input which gives energy to an enzyme to then water is broken up into H+ ions and O2 as a bi-product.
What types of organisms are always necessary in any type of ecosystem?
Producers are necessary in any type of ecosystem.
Explain the relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis.
The ATP provides the energy while the NADPH provides the electrons for the Calvin cycle, which converts carbon dioxide into sugar. The ADP and NADPH+ that result from the Calvin cycle shuttle back to the light reactions, which regenerate ATP and NADPH.
What causes muscle fatigue and pain during exercise?
You use a lot of oxygen when you exercise and so you don't produce much ATP and so you have to do lactic acid fermentation so that you can make ATP fast
Describe the function of Allosteric inhibitor
binds to something that isn't the active site on an enzyme and then changes the shape of the active site so the substrate cant bind to the enzyme
Where does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm
where does the Electron transport chain occur?
inner membrane of mitochondria
What are the products of the light reactions?
The products of the light reactions are ATP and NADPH.
Explain how CO2 levels, light intensity, O2 levels and photosynthesis are related. For example: What happens to CO2 levels if photosynthesis stops and why? (This is a 2 part explanation: be sure to include both parts in your explanation) or What happens to the O2 levels in the light vs. the dark?
The rate of photosynthesis increases with light intensity, although, very high light intensities may slow the rate of photosynthesis due to bleaching of chlorophyll. When there is an increase in CO2 concentration increases the rate as which carbon is incorporated into carbohydrate in the light-independent reaction and so the rate of photosynthesis increases. Also, qhen there is high light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis increases this results in an increase in the amount of O2 that is being released.
what are the inputs of glycolysis
1 glucose, 2 ATP
what are the inputs of link reaction
2 pyruvate, 1 Coenzyme A (CoA)
what are the outputs of the electron transport chain
34 ATP, 6 H2O
what starts the electron transport chain in cellular respiration? what does the process end with?
starts with NADH and FADH2 because they are electrons donors. this process ends with oxygen as an electron acceptor.
what starts the electron transport chain in photosynthesis? what does the process end with?
starts with water that is broken with the energy from light. This sends electrons into the chain. The process ends with NADP+ that picks up and electron and converts into NADPH
where does light dependent reactions occur
thylakoid membrane
What metabolic pathway is considered to be the first to evolve and why?
Glycolysis because basically all life on earth does glycolysis. Because all life does glycolysis, this reveals that it was the first to evolve because it was the most successful. Really early on in life any organism that didn't do glycolysis went extinct.
Explain how ATP is produced through chemiosmosis.
At the start of chemiosmosis NADH (an electron carrier), drops off an electron at a protein chain which sends a H+ ion against the concentration gradient into the membrane. The H+ ions can't move through the protein channel to move toward the lower concentration because they are charged. So, the only way for the H+ ions move across the membrane is through ATP synthase. When the H+ ion moves through it essentially turns a crank that creates ATP.
What is the cellular respiration equation?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
When and how is CO2 released during cellular respiration?
CO2 is released during the Krebs cycle of cellular respiration. It is released when pyruvate breaks down.
What is the function of the Calvin cycle?
Carbon atoms from CO2 are used to build three-carbon sugars. This process is fueled by ATP and NADPH, and these reactions take place in the stroma. This cycle goes toward making glucose.
Explain what is happening in the process of chemiosmosis.
Chemiosmosis is the process of the electron transport chain. During chemiosmosis, NADH (an electron carrier) drops and electron off, which pushes H+ ions through the concentration gradient. Once there are more H+ ions inside the membrane than outside, the ions want to push through, but can't because they're charged. The only way for the Ions to move through the membrane is through ATP synthase. When the ions do this ATP is formed.
Trace the path of electrons in cellular respiration.
During Glycolysis one of the outputs are 2 NADH electron carriers. During the Krebs Cycle, there are 4 NADH and 1 FADH2 electron carriers. All of these electron carriers are used in the electron transport chain of cellular respiration. These electron carriers in the electron transport chain are used to send H+ ions into the membrane, against the gradient, so the ions can pass through the ATP synthase and crank out ATP as a output, along with water.
Explain what happens during the light reactions.
During light reactions, sunlight is absorbed, and energy is passes inward until it reaches the reaction center boosting an electron to a high energy level. The high-energy electron is passed to an acceptor molecule and replaced with an electron from water. This splitting off water releases O2. The high-energy electron travels down an electron transport chain. Some of the released energy drives pumping of H+ ions from the stroma into the thylakoid interior building a gradient. As the H+ ions flow down their gradient and into the stroma, they pass through ATP synthase, driving ATP production. The high energy electron travels down a short second leg of the electron transport chain. At the end, the electron is passed to NADP to make NADPH.
Compare and contrast endergonic and exergonic reactions. How do catabolic and anabolic reactions relate to these?
Endergonic reactions release free energy and endergonic reactions absorb free energy from the surroundings. Catabolic reactions break down larger molecules, and this relates to endergonic because when the molecule gets broken down it releases free energy. For example, respiration. Anabolic reactions take smaller molecules and make them bigger, and this relates to exergonic reactions because it absorbs energy. For example, photosynthesis.
What supplies the energy for most ATP synthesis?
Glucose and cellular respiration supply the energy for most ATP synthesis.
How does the first law of thermodynamics relate to organisms? How does the 2nd law relate?
The first law relates to organisms because no energy can be created or destroyed, and this can extend to chemical energy stored in the bonds between atoms or a molecule or the light energy that can be absorbed by plant leaves. None of these energies are created or destroyed.
What is the function of the active site of an enzyme?
The function of the active site of an enzyme is where the substrate binds, and this catalyzes the reaction.
Where is most of the potential energy located after glycolysis?
The most potential energy is located in pyruvate after glycolysis because over the course of cellular respiration, pyruvate produces 34 ATP at the end of the course, which is way more than the 4 ATP that is produced after glycolysis.
Describe the function of Coenzyme
assist enzymes in turning substrates into products. They also activate enzymes and act as carriers of electrons
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
matrix of mitochondria
where does the link reaction take place
matrix of mitochondria