Unix Midterm

What command shuts the system down, kills nonessential processes, and executes a sync, waits for filesystem writes to complete, and stops the kernel?

Shutdown

What scheme allows credentials to be more complex for authentication and allows a login to multiple systems from linux to Microsoft?

Single sign-on systems (SSO)

Which Process state indicates the process is waiting for some resource?

Sleeping

Special User Accounts, also known as Pseudo-users, have their password replaced in the /etc/shadow file with a _________ so that their accounts cannot be logged in to.

Star

Which Process state indicates the process is suspended and not allowed to execute?

Stopped

DHCP permits a computer to obtain all the information needed to communicate on a given network including: (Check-all-that-Apply)

Subnet Mask IPv4 Address Default Router

What program can be utilized to allow a user specific commands to be run as a different user, without giving full access to the users account. For example, the ability to cat a file that "root" owns.

Sudo

A systems administrator can also be called the ______________, because a system administrator often has unlimited permission to alter the system as the "root" user.

Super User

Linux uses a logical directory tree to organize files into different folders.

True

Multiple virutal machines can exist on the same server.

True

The more command should not be used on binary files.

True

Internet Protocol defines two major protocols. What are the two major protocols:

UDP TCP

What is the identification number of the person that created or started the process called?

UID

Which commands below would install the "wget" software package on variations of the Linux Operating System: (Check all that Apply)

Ubuntu: apt-get install wget Suse: yast --install wget Wrong

For the Ubuntu operating system, init was replaced with:

Upstart

To display the contents of a text file called data, what command should be used?

cat data

What redhat command helps manage services?

chkconfig

Which command below can be used as an editor in Unix-Linux? (Check all that Apply)

emacs, vi, vim

Which of the following below are process information files in the Linux "/proc" directory? (Check all that Apply)

environ maps stat fd All fd environ maps Wrong

Which find command below would find files only?

find . -type f -name '*.log'

Which find command below would discard "permission denied" error messages only:

find / -name core 2> /dev/null

The ___________ command can be used to loop through a range of values?

for

To create a new process, a process copies itself with the _______ system call.

fork

What is the processing of choosing the path for a packet?

forwarding

Which command below shows which users are actively using a filesystem?

fuser -c

What command can be used to search text in a file and print lines that match a given pattern?

grep

Which commands below can be used to view log files or text files?

grep cat tail

What command reads the beginning of a file?

head

After the kernel is running, the _______ process begins executing startup scripts.

init

During the boostrapping process, what is the first program loaded into memory to be executed?

init

What process defines one single-user and several network-enabled "run levels" to determine which of the system resources are enabled?

init

What command is used to restart the machine. (Click all that Apply)

init 6 reboot shutdown -r

What command is used to load a kernel module?

insmod

Which tool below from Solaris is used for performing automated installations?

jumpstart

Which tool below from Red Hat is used for performing automated installations?

kickstart

Utilizing the kill command, what "number" would be used to send a Kill?

kill -9

Which command below causes syslogd to close its log files, reread its configuration file, and start logging again?

kill -HUP

Utilizing the kill command, what "number" would be used to send a Quit?

kill =9 Kill -1 Kill -3 Wrong

Which daemon handles the kenre's ongoing loggin?

klogd

When doing an ls command, which filetype symbol below indicates a symbolic link?

l

Which command below accesses the log file which contains a record of users logins?

last

What other authentication methods can be used that contain a database-like repository that can store user management data? (Check all that apply)

ldap Microsoft Active Directory

What is the most important characteristic of a good password?

length

Which run level "reboots" the system?

leve 6

Which run level boot the system to single-user mode?

level 1

Which command below is used to create a symbolic link?

ll -s archived/secure /var/log/secure

Which of the following is a user-level command that submits log entries from the shell?

logger

The syslog.conf file contains the following entry: local5.warning /tmp/evi.log Which logger command would send messages to the associated log file?

logger -p local5.warning "error message"

Which utility implements a variety of log management policies and is standard in Linux?

logrotate

Which command below enqueues jobs for printing. (Sends the job to the printer)?

lp

Which command below configures printers and classes?

lpadmin

Which cups command below shows available devices or drivers?

lpinfo

Which command below sets system-wide defaults for printers?

lpotions

Which command below sends a file to be printed?

lpr

Which command below cancels a print job?

lprm

Which of the following below are spoolers that run as stand-alone processes (daemons) to submit print jobs to the printer?

lpsched lpd

Which command below provides information on print jobs?

lpstat

What command is used to determine the ownership of a file?

ls -l filename

What command is used to inspect the currently loaded kernel modules?

lsmod

What command below prints a list of manual pages that have the keyword "translate".

man -k Translate

What command below is used to provide documenation for the "grep" command?

man grep

What command shows the path to manual pages?

manpath

Which command below is used to create a directory?

mkdir

Which command can devices files be created manually with?

mknod

What command is used to pass parameters to a loadable kernel module?

modprobe

What is the command to attach a filesystem to the unix/linux operating system?

mount

Which command below attaches a filesystem to the operating system?

mount

When analyzing a log file that is continuting to receive output from the application, what command can be used to read from the end of the file and wait for new lines to be printed?

tail -f

Which log file attemts to keep a record of each user that is "currently" logged in?

utmp

Which of the following of the two items defines cloud computing?

virtualization abstraction

In order for something to be considered in the "cloud", the primary technology must be:

virtualized

What is the standard name of the kernel file for Linux?

vmlinuz

The ______ statement continues to look and execute commands or statements as long as a given condition or set of conditions is true.

while

Which log files contain a record of users logins?

wtmp wtmpx lastlog

Which elementary bash comparison operator is used to compare to numeric values to see if they are equal?

x -eq y

Which of the followin below is a metapackage manager based on RPM and similiar to apt-get?

yum

Which of the following below are Metapackage management systems:

yum apt

Which files below in the user's home directory is used to set shell environment values?

~/.bash_profile ~/.profile

When doing an ls command, which filetype symbol below indicates a regular file?

-

A user account can be locked with the usermod command using what option

-L

What option can be used with the ps command to display an entire list of processes across all terminals and including daemons?

-e

Which base file evaulation operation is true if file exists only?

-e

What two ps options can be used to display a full list of information about each process, and a long list of information about each process?

-f -e -e -l -e -p -f -l Wrong

What option can be added to the userdel command to remove the home directory of the target user?

-r

Which entry below refer to the directory itself?

.

UNIX/Linux systems interpret ____ to mean the parent directory.

..

Which entry below refer to the parent directory?

..

Which files below are common startup files for bash, when logging in?

.bashrc .bash_profile

Two package formats are in common use to install software packages:

.deb tar Wrong

Which files below are common stratup files for csh when logging in?

.login .cshrc

Where are the core operating system commands located?

/bin

Which command below can be used as a fake shell?

/bin/false

Pseudo-users also have their shells set to: (Check all that apply)

/bin/false /bin/nologin

Which directory contains device files, which have a major and minor number associated with each device?

/dev

Which files below are used to attach filesystems, when the system is booted? (Check all that Apply)

/etc/fstab

What configuration file typically contains a list of groups and associated accounts associated with a group?

/etc/group

Ubuuntu uses job definition files instead of an inittab file to startup processes. The directory is located in:

/etc/init.d

Which file tells the "init" process what to do at each run level?

/etc/inittab

What range of IP networks below are used for private intranet ranges? (Select all that Apply)

10.0.0.0 192.168.0.0 172.16.0.0

How many bits is an IPV6 Address?

128 Bits

From the following list, identify a valid Class B IP address:

129.112.54.6

Which of the following are public IP network IDs? (Choose two.)

172.32.0.0 8.0.0.0

How many bits is an IPV4 Address?

32 Bits

How many bits is a MAC Address?

48 bits

What is a standard protocl from Intel that allows systems to boot from a network interface?

Preboot eXecution Environment (PXE)

What command do you use to delete files in Unix/Linux?

RM

What model assigns intermediate roles to assigned users instead of direct permissions.

Role-based access control (RBAC)

What account on a Unix System is known as the "superuser" account?

Root

Which type of file stops the process for the associated runlevel, when a Unix/Linux Server is shutdown?

S80cups

What kill signal stops a process, then restarts it with the same PID?

SIGHUP

Every process has at leaste three communication channesl available in linux: (Click 3 choices)

STDERR STDOUT STDIN

Which protocol was developed for Unix & Linux systems to provide authentication security for TCP/IP applications when logging in and transferring files?

Secure Shell (SSH)

Solaris revamped the boot process with the introduction of its:

Service Management Facility

What tricks can subvert the usage of sudo? (Check all that Apply)

Shell Escapes sudo su sudo /bin/bash

The variable symbol in a bash script containes the number of command-line arguments?

$#

What directory is the majority of scripts stored for each run level? Each rclevel.d directory, then contains a symbolic link to the primary directory where the scripts are stored.

/etc/int.d

Which file below contains a list of groups recongized by the system?

/etc/passwd

Which file below contains a list of users recongized by the system?

/etc/passwd

Which file below contains the actual user encrypted passwords recongized by the system?

/etc/passwd

What two files on the Unix/Linux systems contain usernames and their passwords.

/etc/passwd /etc/shadow

Which file stores protected passwords for accounts?

/etc/shadow

What file contains a list of permitted shells?

/etc/shells

When sudo is run, which file is consulted and lists the people who are authorized to use sudo and the commands they are allowed to run on each host?

/etc/sudoers

Many of RedHat Linux's configrations during the boot process are located uner which directory:

/etc/sysconfig

Which file below is the configuration file for syslog?

/etc/syslog.conf

Where are the default user directories located?

/home

Where are the main kenel compones located?

/kernel

What directory below is specific to libraries and shared libraries?

/lib

Another method of deploying additional software to a kernel is loadable kernel modules. Where are loadable kernel modules stored under in linux?

/lib/modules

What directory below is used for optional software packages?

/opt

What is the name of the filesystem that "ps" reads process status information from?

/proc

What directory below is the home directory of the superuser account?

/root

What is the primary directory consisting of a hierarchy of secondary files and command to include directories such as sbin, share, src, lib, bin, and include.

/usr

Where are the system-specific data and configuration files located and includes directories like adm, log and spool?

/var

Which directories below contain log files?

/var/adm /var/log

On Linux, the root user always has a UID of what number?​?

0

At the vi command mode prompt, what key combination below will force a quit from the vi editor without saving changes?

:q!

To replace the file's existing content or create a new file, you use:

>

To append output to an existing file, you use ______.

>>

To redirect STDOUT and STDERR, use the following:

>>&

Which special charactoer in regular expression matches one of the preceding element?

?

What is a MAC Address?

A media access control address to identify a unique network interface controller card.

The following operating system below is not a popular Linux Distribution:

AIX

Which fields below are in the /etc/group file? (Check all that Apply)

ALL

Which of the following are characteristics of cloud computer? (Check-all-that-Apply)

ALL

Which of the software packages below are used to create virtual servers? (Check-all-that-apply)

ALL

Which protocol does a router use to obtain the MAC address of a PC host located on a directly connected subnet?

ARP

ARP stands for:?

Address Resolution Protocol

What does the NIST definition of Cloud Computing include: (Check-all-that-apply)

All

Which of the following are deployment models for cloud computing? (Check-all-that-apply)

All

What are the essential duties of a Systems Administrator? (Check All that Apply)

All of them

Which of the following tasks do most administrators perform when it comes to software installation and management? (Check all-that-apply)

Automating mass installations of operating systems. Maintaining custom OS configurations for the local environment. Managing add-on software packages. Keeping systems and applications patched and up to date.

Linux uses the freeware ____ shell as its default command interpreter.

Bash

The _____ shell, when compared to the other shells, has a more powerful programming interface.

Bash

To navigate the UNIX/Linux directory structure, you use the ____ command.

CD

Which two attributes are Clouds defined?

Characteristics Service Models Wrong

What is the definition of CUPS on Linus/Unix?

Common Unix Printing System

Before modifying a file, it is best practices to:

Create a backup revision of the file.

What protocol can be used to automatically assign IP addresses and other parameters to a host or router?

DHCP

Which term can be used as an equivalent to default router?

Default gateway

An IP address consists of a 32-bit binary number. When written like this: 192.168.1.1, it is known as ________ notation.

Dotted-decimal

DHCP protocol is defined as:

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

What is the effective user identification of a process called?

EUID

The follow information below is contained in the password file. (Check all that Apply)

Encrypte password placeholder Login name Home directory Login Shell UID GECOS information GID

In Unix/Linux all shells support the same commands and programing statements. (T/F)

False

It is acceptable to use shell metacharacters when naming files.

False

The command strings /bin/echo displays the raw binary characters inside the /bin/echo binary executable program.

False

When a Unix or Linux Operating System on a PC or proprietary system is first turned on, the boot process begins at which level. (Check all that Apply)

Firmware ROM Bios (PC)

What information is contained in the GECOS field? (Check all that Apply)

Full Name Office Number and Building

A _________ gives a group of users equal access files that they all share.

GID

What is the identification number of the group that created or started the process called?

GID

Which of the following are used to store live versions of files, allowing for checkin and checkout of files while editing?

Git Subversion

What is the default boot loader for most UNIX and Linux system with Intel Processors and loads the unix/linux kernel?

Grand Unifed Boot Loader (GRUB)

In the Unix/Linux Operating System permissions on a files and directories consist of: (Ex... rwxrwxrwx (Check All that Apply)

Group User/Owner Other

What is the main component that enables virtualization a manages virtual machines/

Hypervisor

Which of the following below are the three main sevice models for Cloud Computing?

IaaS SaaS PaaS

Which Desktop printing utility is the primariy printing tool for KDE?

KDEPrint

_________ also deals with authentication similar to PAM, but uses a specific authentication method; unlike PAM which is a framework.

Kerberos

What Layer of the OSI Model describes communication utilizing MAC address communication?

Layer 2

What technology is an authentication technology rather than an access control technology?

Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)

What are the steps in the boot process? (Check all that Apply)

Loading and Initialization of the kernel Device detection and configuration Creation of kernel processes Reading of the boot loader from the master boot record. Execution of system startup scripts

When the BIOS selects the device to boot from, it tries to read the first block of the device, know as the:

MBR

SELinux utilizes an access control system in which all permissions are assigned by administrators and called:

Mandatory Access Control

UNIX and Linux are ____ systems, which allow one user to execute more than one program at a time.

Multitasking

Which layer of the TCP/IP network model specifies how packets travel end to end over a TCP/IP network?

Network

Which of the following platforms are used to control Hypervisor sessions across a large virtualized environment? (Check-all-that-ApplY)

OpenStack

Each Virtual Machine has it's own: (Check-all-that-Apply)

Operating System Librariers and Applications Kernel

What is the unique process number that the kernel assigns to a process called?

PID

Utilizing the "ps" command, the following information can be obtained: (Check all that Apply)

PID USER or UID %CPU Wrong

What is the original process referred to that has cloned a process copy?

PPID

What is a piece of software (or a combination of software and hardware) that stores passwords for your organizatino in a secure fashion.

Password Vault

The ______ statement simplifies the selection of a match when you have a list of choices.

case

What does an ARP Table contain?

The table matches an IP Address with the associated MAC Address

What is the easiest command to utilize to understand wheter a command is available and installed on the system. For example, the Gnu C compiler. (Check All that apply)

Which gcc

Which Process state indicates the process is trying to die?

Zombie

Which Process state indicates the process can be executed?

Zombie Wrong

Which of the following below are process states? (Check all that Apply)

Zombie Sleeping Stopped Wrong

On Linux systems, device drivers are typically distributed in one of three forms:

a loadable module an installation script or package that installs the drive a patch against a specific kernel version

What type of pathnames are interpreted as being the full location of the file or directory?

absolute

Linux has several make targets that let the administrator configure the kernel with different interfaces. Which make targets below have a configuration interface to assist with rebuiling kernels: (Check-all-that-Apply)

all

Log data can become quite large, but also a necessity to keep. Administrators should keep these questions in mind when designing a overall loggin strategy: (Check-all-that-apply)

all

The kernel abstracts everal lower-leve hardware features, including: (Select-all-that-apply)

all

WHich of the following pieces does printing rely on? (Check-all-that-apply)

all

What information should an Administrator consider at the least capturing from log files: (Check-all-that-Apply)

all

Which methods below are used to ocnfigure a Linux Kernel?

all

It's possible to upgrade an entire system full of software with a single ____________ command.

apt-get

What command can be used on most modern PC operating systems to display the contents of the ARP cache from the CLI?

arp -a

Which tool below from SUSE is used for performing automated installations?

autoyast

What command can be used for matching patterns and perform an associated action?

awk

WHich command on Sun hardware boots to single-user mode?

boot -s

What is the standard term for "starting up a computer". During this process, the kernel is loaded into memory and begins executing.

bootstrapping

When doing an ls command, which filetype symbol below indicates a charcter device file?

c

Which chmod command below would change privledge on a file to allow full privledges to owner and group, but only read privledges to everyone else?

chmod 774 file

Which command below provide the ability to modify the group and ownership of a file? (Check all that Apply)

chown chgrp

What command changes the root directory of a process?

chproc

What defines a set of printers that share a print queue?

class

In what mode does the vi editor open by default?​

command mode

A kernel can be modified by modifying which of the files below in the source directory:

config

What command below copies an entire directory and retrains the permissions:

cp -rp

Which of the following are syslog severity levels

crit err emerg

What command can remove sections from each line?

cut

Which command below would produce a list of unique sorted values in the password file :

cut -d: -f7 < /etc/password | sort - u

When doing an ls -ld on /usr/include, which item below indicates the filetype?

d

Which of the following are syslog facillity names?

daemon auth kern

Which of the following sylog.conf entries sends information about daemon and auth to a centralized syslog server on the network?

daemon,auth.info @netloghost

In vi, using command mode, what ​series of key presses below will cause the line on which the cursor is on to be deleted?

dd

Which tool below from Ubuntu is used for performing automated installations?

debian-installer

What command below is used to view the kernel buffer and contains messages that were generated prior to "init" starting.

dmesg

Which command installs, verifies and queries the status of packages in linux; Ubuntu as an example.

dpkg

UNIX/Linux are ____ systems, which let many people simultaneously access and share the resources of a server computer

multiuser

To change the primary group temporarily to another group that is listed in the output of the groups and id commands, you can use which command below?

newgrp

Which command sets the process's nice value at the time of creation?

nice

The _____________ of a process is a numeric hint to the kernel about how the process should be treated in relation to other processes contending for the CPU.

niceness

Which tool below from AIX is used for performing automated installations?

nim

What state with the svcs command in Solaris indicates enabled and successfully started:

online

Which of the following is the library routines that submit messages to syslogd?

openlog

What can be used on a Linux system to trace the lineage of each child process?​?

parent process ID

A function name differs from a variable name because a function name is followed by a set of ____.

parentheses

Regular expressions, also called "regex", are used for:

pattern matching

Which of the following below is the FreeBSD package manager?

pkg

In shell scripts commend lines begin with a(n)______

pound (#) symbol

In the output of the ps -l command, what column is the most valuable to systems administrators because it indicates what the process is currently doing?

process state

Which "ps" command below shows a userful overview of all the processes running on Linux and AIX?

ps aux

Which "ps" command below shows a useful overview of all the processes running on HP & Solaris?

ps aux ps -list wrong

What command can be used to reconcile the contents of the shadow file to those of the passwd file, picking up any new additions and deleting users that ar no longer listed in passwd?

pwconv

What command can be issued to confirm what directory you are in at a command line prompt?

pwd

What type of pathnames are interpreted as starting at the current directory?

relative

Which command adjusts the nice value after initial creation?

renice

Which command below sets the nice value to of process to 5?

renice 5 -u boggs

What is the default boot configuration for GRUB? (Select all that apply)

resolv.conf

Which command below is used to remove a directory?

rmdir

What command is used to remove a loaded kernel module?

rmmod

For security reasons, most Unix/Linux systems allow _________ logins to be disabled on terminals through network access, except on the main console

root

Which comman-line options are available with GRUB? (Check all that apply)

root find kernel reboot

Which command installs, verifies and queries the status of packages in linux; redhat as an example.

rpm

What command below would be utilized to check if the python package was installed on the Red Hat or SUSE Linux Operating Systems?

rpm -q python

With no options, _______ displays the current listing of Bash environment and shell script variables.

set

The _________ command, used to run a shell script, includes several options for debugging.

sh

What command is the safest, most considerate, and most thorough way to halt a system?

shutdown

What is the term traditionally used in unix system to boot the system just enough to run a shell on the system console?

single-user mode

The file below contained in the /etc/apt directory contains a list of universal packages and package source for "main" components of ubuntu.

sources.list

What command in Solaris changes the status of the service? For example, disable ssh.

ssh down

Which commands below shows every system call that a process makes and every signal it receives? (Check All that Apply)

strace truss wrong

What account substitues the user identity, effectively allowing you to login as that user account.

su - username

What is the process name of the integrated systems for logging in Unix/Linux?

syslogd

Which of the following is the logging daemon and it's config file is: /etc/syslog.conf?

syslogd

What command reads from the end of a file?

tail

Which files in the /proc/sys allow tunable kernel parameters (Check-all-that-apply)

tcp-fin-timeout inode-max shmmax

What command is used to split the data stream and send a copy to another output?

tee

A ____ is used to refer to the users' home directory.

tilde (~)

Which command below can show "live" information on the process status, similiar to "ps". This command provides more detailed cpu, memory, swap, and process information.

top

Which deamon listens for messages from the kernel regarding device status changes?

udevd

Which built-in shell command below sets the default permission for a user, when a file is initially created?

umask

Which command below detaches a filesystem to the operating system?

unmount

In order to create user accounts on a Linux system, what command should be utilized?

useradd