UNT: PSYC 4520 - Personality - Chapters 11-13

What is the primary difference between Bandura's social cognitive theory of learning and the other conditioning theories that came before?

Bandura's model considers thinking and symbolic processing of information.

Why has the behavioral/social learning approach endured since the first writings on these issues nearly a century ago?

Because of their solid foundation in empirical research.

Cody has been mowing the lawn for the last 2 hours and it is over 100 degrees Fahrenheit outside. He is not very dehydrated and goes inside to have several glasses of water before continuing his work. Abraham Maslow would say that Cody is currently experiencing a(n) ____ motive.

Deficiency

Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi has done extensive study of happiness and positivity and has concluded that opportunities for happiness ____.

Lie all around us in everyday activites

Dr. Calvetti is a humanistic therapist who feels that he must have a close, open relationship with his clients in order to help them. He sometimes reveals personal information in the sessions to encourage a free flow of communication from his clients. Dr. Calvetti is using ____ as a technique in the counseling he provides.

Self-disclosure

What is the relationship between a person's self-esteem and his or her self-concept?

Self-esteem is one's evaluation of one's own self-concept.

Shaytonyia's philosophy has just returned the class' first exams, and Shaytonyia is dismayed to find that she earned a D, just barely passing the test. According to the text, Shaytonyia is most likely to do poorly in future exams if ____.

She has low self-esteem

How might a personality psychologist distinguish between someone the experience of solitude and the experience of loneliness?

Solitude is something people may choose to seek out, while loneliness is not a voluntary choice.

Which saying encapsulates the psychological construct of self-esteem?

"Do I like myself?"

Which cliché that you might find on an Internet meme or an inspirational poster would be reflective of a key component of the humanistic model?

"Don't sacrifice today just thinking about tomorrow."

After she does not earn a passing grade in her chemistry class, Toya tells her parents that the teacher was totally incomprehensible, that the material made no sense, and that the textbook was too difficult. Which response would her parents give her that would mirror one of the critical components of the humanistic approach?

"It is important for you to accept responsibility for your actions, whether you succeed or fail."

Bernard is a 43-year-old man with a wife, two kids, and a good career. He is happy with his work and his family, he and his wife make enough money so that they have a good standard of living, and he has hobbies that fulfill him. Bernard feels a strong sense of satisfaction with his life. Carl Rogers would describe Bernard as ____.

A fully functioning person

What stimulus was "Little Albert" conditioned to fear by Watson and Rayner in a demonstration of conditioned phobias?

A white rat

In the concept of reciprocal determinism, how do the three factors (behaviors, internal factors, and external factors) interact?

All three factors are believed to impact each other simultaneously.

While playing his violin, Greg closes his eyes and lets his fingers glide over the strings. He knows the music so well that he does not have to look at it, and when he just loses himself in these moments, he feels that the music is speaking to his soul. Csikszentmihalyi refers to an experience such as this as ____.

An optimal experience

Dr. Queensland knows that he cannot directly observe his client as she interacts with others in her college classes, but he suspects that such information could help him treat her anxiety disorder. So he creates a simulated situation that will allow him to watch her behavior in a similar circumstance. This is an example of ____ behavioral observation.

Analogue

Perhaps you've heard the following expression: "Dance like there's nobody watching. Love like you'll never get hurt. Sing like there's nobody listening." The first and last parts of this quotation refer to a positive aspect of solitude called ____.

Anonymity

Before developing what is arguable one of the most influential theories in all of psychology - that of operant conditioning - B.F. Skinner was interested in which career?

Author

Why is it that students in the United States might regard their own academic performance as better than it truly is (i.e., seeing themselves as a top student when they earn C's in most of their classes), while students in Japan might see themselves more poorly than they should?

Because the United States is an individualistic culture, while Japan is a collectivist culture.

What is the relationship between global self-esteem and contingencies of self-worth?

Contingencies of self-worth are more specific and combine to contribute to global self-esteem.

This pioneer of the humanistic model believed in a "person-centered" approach to treatment, and also advocated the value of group therapy.

Carl Rogers

Fully functioning is to ____ as self-actualization is to ____.

Carl Rogers ; Abraham Maslow

Jocelynn has just brought home a new bird who lives in a cage in the family room. The bird tends to squawk endlessly, but when Jocelyn tosses the cover over the cage the bird gets quiet. Jocelyn always turns off the light a few seconds before covering the cage, and now she notices that just turning off the light is enough to silence the bird. This bird has learned through the process of

Classical conditioning

When marriage and family therapists were polled to find out the theoretical approaches that most commonly inform their practice, "________" was the most commonly-cited approach.

Cognitive-behavioral

Ryan is very proud of his son, Shane; however, sometimes he makes Shane feel as if he is very disappointed. Recently, Ryan made Shane feel like a failure because he struck out three times during a little league baseball game. Sane felt that his father is only proud of him when he is successful at various activities. Carl Rogers would state that in these moments, Shane is being raised with ____.

Conditional positive regard

Dr. Montalvo tells his philosophy class "if the entire class averages an A on the first exam, I will reduce the length of your semester writing assignment from 15 to 10 pages. But if even one student gets an F on the test, the deal is off!" Dr. Montalvo is using group ________ to help encourage his students to do well on the test.

Contingency intervention

Rico has just met a new man online and is interested in exploring a romantic relationship with this other gentleman. He immediately begins to share a lot of details about his own life, but after 20 minutes, the other man stops responding and the conversation ends. Rico realizes that he ahs been talking a lot about himself but did not give the other man a chance to share information. Rico has violated the social rule of ____, and this has interfered with his new relationship.

Disclosure reciprocity

When Lakita told her friend Jamie about how she's been struggling to decide if she wants to stay in school or drop out, she expected Jamie to share her own feelings on education. Lakita was surprised and a little insulted when Jamie didn't talk at all about her experience in school. Lakita was counting on ____ to make the conversation feel even.

Disclosure reciprocity

According to Maslow, the need for ____ (which is the fourth level of his hierarchy of needs) can be divided into two basic processes. They include the need to perceive oneself as competent and the need to have the admiration and respect of others.

Esteem

On Maslow's hierarchy, ____ would be considered the highest level of need that appears just below the need for self-actualization.

Esteem needs

What procedure might researchers use to study individual preferences for solitude?

Experience sampling method

Chapters 11 - 13

Extra Questions

In a terrible car accident, Velma has landed her vehicle in a pond and it is sinking to the bottom. Velma is trying to stay calm but knows that in just a few minutes, there will not be any air left inside, so she is going to have to get out and swim for the surface. According to Abraham Maslow's theory, Velma is about to have a very big problem at the ____ level of hierarchy of needs.

First

A martial arts instructor is asked by a student, "when will I earn my black belt?" The sensei smiles at the student's impatience and cryptically responds, "focus not on the destination but rather on the journey." The student nods and walks away scratching his head, not understanding that the wise teacher was encouraging him to focus on the experience of ____.

Flow

Charlene is training for her first "Iron Man" triathlon. She exercises several hours a day, and often says that during the moments of intense exertion, she almost loses herself in the effort. "I love exercising so much that it becomes more fun than work." How would Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi describe these moments for Charlene?

Flow

With regard to the concept of free will, what argument is forwarded by critics of the humanistic approach?

Free will may, in fact, exist, but it cannot be explored in a truly scientific manner.

In which way did the theory of Carl Rogers bear a resemblance to that of Sigmund Freud?

He did feel that we use defense mechanisms to keep unpleasant information below the level of consciousness.

For what reason does the assessment technique noted in this section of the chapter fit so well with Rogers' theory of client-centered therapy?

It is based on the principle that the client is the expert on the client's life.

In a study conducted by AARP, more than half of those polled who had ____ fell into the chronically lonely category.

Never been married

In a research study that asked people in 2005 about the number of confidantes they had, approximately ____ of the population reported that they felt they had no one with whom they could discuss important matters.

One-quarter

Erika's mother notices that Erika has a rather small circle of friends, and when she asks, Erika says, "I just like having fewer people who I spend time with, Mom." Erika's mother tells her, "I'm afraid that you are lonely too much." Is Erika's mother correct in her concern?

Probably not, since Erika has the number of social relationships that she wants rather than wanting more and not having them.

Dr. Garcia is working with a client, Dennis, to help him figure out some relationship problems that he has been having. Dr. Garcia asks Dennis to take a deck of cards that has various self-descriptive terms on them, and to arrange them into piles ranging from "doesn't describe me at all" all the way to "describes me completely." When he is done there will be such such piles. This assessment technique is called a(n) ____.

Q-sort

The assessment technique associated with person-centered therapy helps to gauge the similarity between a client's ____ self and his or her ____ self.

Real ; Ideal

Martavis has two choices for his Friday evening activity. He can either go to a party with some friends, or he can stay home and study for an important exam on Monday. The first option offers a lot of immediate fun, but the second option means he won't have to waste his entire Saturday and Sunday studying. In deciding which outcome he will prefer, Martavis is weighing the ________ of each of his options.

Reinforcement values

Arguable the most important part of person-centered therapy is the ____.

Relationship between the client and therapist

According to Larson (1990), the group of participants who reported spending the highest percentage of each day alone - around 50% - was ____.

Retired adults

Dr. Pelfrey's therapy client has just asked her a question to which the honest answer could be hurtful. She does not want to be mean, and worries that if she is honest, it could damage the relationship with her client. How would Carl Rogers advise Dr. Pelfrey to respond to this questions?

Rogers would advise her to be honest and firm, without being unnecessarily harsh or creul.

Mitzi is terrified of bugs. Ants, spiders, flies.... it makes no difference. Any bug will cause her to jump, scream, and run to a different seat or room. Her therapist helps her to create a list of stimuli related to bugs, each of which is slightly more threatening than the last. He then instructs her in relaxation training. Finally they work together to expose her to each step on her list, attempting to replace her fear response with one of calm. This form of therapy is called _________ and it is based on the principles of _________.

Systematic desensitization ; Classical conditioning

Chapter 13

The Behavioral/Social Learning Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment

What two perspectives in psychology gave rise to the development of the "third force" of humanistic approach?

The Freudian view and the behavioral view.

Chapter 12

The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research

Chapter 11

The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment

Why would Carl Rogers support the idea that the Q-sort technique s an effective way for a client to be assessed within a humanistic approach to personality?

The Q-sort is based on the notion that the client knows him- or herself the best.

Carl Rogers was the founder of person-centered therapy, which differed in important ways from the psychotherapy systems that had come before. Which was a main principle of this therapy approach?

The client is capable of helping him- or herself, and the therapist's job is to facilitate this process.

How did the field of psychology respond to the emergence of the humanistic approach in the 1960s?

The field was fiercely impacted, as therapists from different orientations "converted" to a humanistic orientation.

In examining the wide-ranging application of ____, a search of the Internet conducted in 2010 found that there were more images available for this concept than there were for Da Vinci's famous paintings the Mona Lisa or The Last Supper.

The hierarchy of needs

In one study, people gave permission for researchers to intentionally expose them to a cold virus. Those who reported higher levels of loneliness were more likely than those with lower levels to actually develop cold symptoms. Your authors suggest five possible explanations for the relationship between loneliness and physical health. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

Trait optimism

In classical conditioning, the conditioned response response are actually the same behavior. What is the difference between them?

Which stimulus elicits the response.

Research studies, including one by Dindia and Allen (1992), have found what tendency with regard to self-disclosure among men and women?

Women tend to disclose more intimately and to more people than men do.

Which formula is used by Rotter to describe the ability to predict a given person's behavior when faced with a variety of action options?

a. A = RV/(P+E) b. B = (P + E) * RV c. E = BP - RV d. BP = E + RV

This theorist, arguably one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th century, was important in developing both social cognitive theory and exploring the concept of observational learning.

a. Julian Rotter b. James Marcia c. Albert Bandura d. John B. Watson

What did behaviorist B.F. Skinner have to say about the concept of personal freedom?

a. Personal freedom, he said, has to combine with environmental demands to help us determine our individual behaviors. b. He referred to it as an illusion and noted that our actions are just a response to environmental demands. c. He noted that personal freedom is the hallmark of the human condition, separating us from lower animals. d. He argued that we are born with personal freedom, but that by adolescence it is reduced by cultural factors.

Danielle is a therapist who is working with a client who has anger management issues. She asks him to imagine a situation that would normally get him very angry and to practice using more adaptive responses to these situations. He tries several times before finding a response that feels normal and natural to him. Then he is encouraged to put these new strategies into effect in his daily life. Danielle and her client have been working using a technique called

a. aversive counterconditioning. b. self-regulation. c. self-monitoring. d. role playing.

From a(n) ________ perspective, the study of psychology should focus only on observable and measurable phenomena. Attempting to study other, non-visible aspects of the human condition is not something that should be included in a scientific endeavor.

a. humanistic b. social learning c. behavioral d. gestalt

If you were to summarize several of the criticisms of the behavioral/social learning approach to psychology, you might argue that it is too

a. multi-faceted. b. reductionistic. c. optimistic and naïve. d. rooted in the unconscious.

Mauricio has been told by some people that he tends to be thoughtless and rude, often making comments without stopping to think about how others will react. His therapist, Dr. Eichelbaum, encourages him to use an app on his cell phone where he records instances where others react negatively to his comments. He is to record the day, time, topic of discussion, and his own words as well as his perception of the ways in which others react to him. Mauricio is using ________ to help improve his social behaviors.

a. self-monitoring b. aversion therapy c. contingency management d. analogue observation

Sharon has been doing very poorly in her psychology class, even though she is trying hard. Between being a single mother, working full-time, and taking 3 classes, she just has not had time to study. Her professor is very understanding, and offers to allow her to withdraw from the class, but Sharon decides to stay in the class and take the final exam even though there is very little chance she can pass the course. Sharon is demonstrating a high level of

a. self-regulation. b. negative reinforcement. c. reciprocal determinism. d. locus of control.