Urban Studies Final Exam
Timothy Beatley
"Meaningful places are essential for meaningful lives"
Kazuo Matsubayashi
"caring evolves through attachment to a place. As one puts down roots in a certain location and becomes familiar with the surroundings, one begins to distinguish subtle differences in even the most ordinary landscapes"
Climate Planning strategies are generally classified as mitigation or adaptation approaches. Mitigation strategies are efforts oriented towards reducing greenhouse gases, while adaptation strategies are oriented towards adapting to new climate conditions. Classify each of the strategies below as either an Adaptation Strategy or a Mitigation Strategy. __1__Ensure that all new development is located in areas that are not likely to flood. __2__Encourage and support property owners to install solar panels. __2__Plant more trees to try to absorb more carbon dioxide. __1__Encourage property owners to build rain gardens on their properties. __2__Provide additional charging stations in all parking lots for electric vehicles. __2__Permit higher density development close to train stations to encourage more people to use public transportation and drive less. __1__Build more green infrastructure to absorb and managing an increased amount of stormwater runoff. __1__Provide community cooling centers for residents without air conditioning to seek relief during periods of extreme heat.
1. Adaptation Strategy 2. Mitigation Strategy
Urban Resilience strategies fall into two categories - anticipatory and reactive. Match the following strategies to its appropriate category. __1__ Planning a city to encourage more social cohesion by strengthening neighborhood organizations __2__ Creating a new source of funding to enable a city to recover quickly after a major storm event __1__ Planning a city to support more affordable housing __2__ Creating a new government office to provide recovery management support for post-disaster events __1__ Planning a city to become more energy efficient __1__ Planning a city to be more environmentally sensitive
1. Anticipatory 2. Reactive
Six approaches to Sustainable Development
1. Design with Nature 2. Preservation of green infrastructure 3. Urban containment strategies 4. Encourage renewable energy use 5. Better coordination between transportation, land use and open space planning 6. Green Building Technologies
Match the following local planning and development strategies to their closest sustainability goal (environment, economy, equity): __3__Change land use regulations to ensure the provision of affordable housing. __2__Create a new local funding program to enable locally-owned businesses to recover and rebuild after a major storm event. __2__Provide a shuttle service to transport residents from their homes to major employment centers in the region. __1__Create a greenbelt around the town that restricts development but incorporates walking and biking trails. __1__Redevelop an abandoned property into a community garden. __3__Ensure that residents of all backgrounds are active on local committees and participate in decisions about land use and development. __1__Encourage and support local property owners to build rain gardens on their properties. __2__Development a community-based career development center where residents can get assistance with resume development and interviewing skills.
1. Environment 2. Economy 3. Equity
Ten ways to improve cities: fundamental principles
1. Improve streets as public spaces 2. Create squares and parks as multiple use destinations 3. Build local economies through markets 4. Design buildings to support places 5. Link a public health agenda to a public space agenda 6. Reinvent community planning 7. The power of 10 8. Create a comprehensive public space agenda 9. Lighter, Quicker, Cheaper: Start small, Experiment 10. Restructure Government to support public spaces
Ten Principles of Smart Growth
1. Mix land uses 2. Take advantage of compact building design 3. Create a range of housing opportunities and choices 4. Create walkable neighborhoods 5. Foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place 6. Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty, and critical environmental areas. 7. Strengthen and direct development towards existing communities 8. Provide a variety of transportation choices 9. Make development decisions predictable, fair, and cost effective 10. Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration in development decisions
Match each of the following "intangible" elements to the major characteristic of a Place, for which it is most closely associated. __4__ and __3__ walkable __4__connected __1__friendly __1__neighborly __3__sit-able __2__useful __1__welcoming __3__clean __4__accessible __3__attractive __2__celebratory __2__active
1. Sociability 2. Uses & Activities 3. Comfort & Image 4. Access & Linkages
Four Propositions to support the making room paradigm
1. The expansion of cities that urban population growth entails cannot be contained, Instead we must make adequate room to accommodate it 2. City densities must remain within a sustainable range. If density is too low, it must be allowed to increase, and if it is too high, it must be allowed to decline. 3. Strict containment of urban expansion destroys the homes of the poor and puts new housing out of reach for most people. Decent housing for all can be ensured only if urban land is an ample supply. 4. As cities expand, the necessary land for public streets, public infrastructure networks, and public open spaces must be secured in advance of development.
Global Urban Population Projections
54% of worlds population now lives in urban settings Expected to grow to 70% by 2050 Rise in megacities (Tokyo, Mumbai, Shanghai already have populations over 30 millions)
Relationship between Urban Form and Auto Trips
A denser mixed-use environment results in fewer automobile trips
Elements of Traditional Urbanism
A diverse population and range of activities A rich array of public spaces and institutions Human scale in its buildings, streets and neighborhoods Remember Jane Jacobs?
Which of the following is a good example of a planning strategy that follows the Containment Paradigm?
A green belt around a city where no development can occur
The land use planning process
A public process A participatory process a. Have to include multiple stakeholders: residents, developers, governments, interest groups, etc Trading off the 3 E's a. Conflicts over values
Shlomo (Solly) Angel
Adjunct instructor at NYU Focuses on documenting and planning for expansion of cities in developing regions Leads to Urban Expansion Initiative a. Works with rapidly growing cities to make room for expansion b. Monitors urban expansion in 200 global cities Making Room for a Planet of Cities
Making Room Paradigm
An alternative to the Containment Paradigm a. Containment was a response to urban sprawl b. Containment doesn't work in cities outside the US and Europe Need to accommodate significate growth of cities in developing regions Remember Kingsley Davis? We're still in the midst of an urbanization project We need to prepare for urbanization now
Green roofs are an example of:
An element of green infrastructure
Urban Resilience: Two Parts
Anticipatory: Stregnthen a city to anticipate future problems Energy efficient Affordable Environmentally sensitive Socially cohesive Able to withstand climate change Reactive: Recover from a disaster Retrofit Recovery management
Peter Calthorpe
Architect Urban Designer Urban Planner Based in San Francisco One of the first to introduce the concept of sustainable development Developed the concept of Transit-Oriented Development
Resilient Cities
Cities represent a complex social ecology What is resilience and what's a city? Physical elements? Social elements? Resilience used to link community development and disaster preparation to threats from global climate change
Urban Sprawl: Negative Consequences
Consumption of land, loss of agricultural land and open space Destruction of habitat and fragmentation of ecosystems Higher cost of public services, especially transport Increase of the use of private car, traffic congestion Increase in fuel consumption and air pollution Decay of downtown areas Social segregation and reduction of social interaction Poor access to services for those with limited mobility
After Mid-Century: New Growth Influences
Context: Surge in population and investment in infrastructure Planning now a function of local government Section 701 of US Housing Act required communities to create plans and provide grants Included physical elements: Locations for residential, commercial, industrial, transportation and public uses Circulation facilities Public utilities Community facilities Added a Policy element: a way to communicate future development goals for the community
Other Successes
Dead mall redevelopment: Malls built in the 1960's, 70's, and even 80's are already failing in cities and older suburbs. But with the help of new urbanists, some are being converted into real neighborhoods
The Neighborhood
Diverse, walkable neighborhoods are what distinguish New Urbanism from other modern development styles. People within a quarter-mile radius will walk to a major transit stop. Those who live further from a transit node are less likely to bother with the train or bus.
Three E's of Sustainable Development
Economy(or market) Environment (or natural resources) Equity (or social) Lance use is central to achieving sustainability "When land uses and development are well-designed and built in appropriate locations, everyone benefits." - Montgomery County, Pennsylvania land use plan
Sustainable Development is the ability to make development choices which respect the relationship between the three "E's" - economy, environment, equity
Economy: Economic activity should serve the common good, be self renewing, and build local assets and self-reliance Environment: Humans are part of nature, nature has limits, and communities are responsible for protecting and building natural assets Equity: The opportunity for full participation in all activities, benefits, and decision making of a society.
Urban Land Use Planning
Edward Kaiser Professor of Planning University of North Carolina David Godshalk Professor of Planning University of North Carolina
Why does smart growth work better?
Environment: Consumes less land and water, causes less pollution, and preserves farms and wildlife habitats Economy: Succeeds economically and attracts businesses and a skilled workforce Equity: Creates more choices in transportation, affordable housing, and jobs for all residents Engagement: Encourages greater participation in community planning and civic life
Summary
Environmentalists, businesspeople, politicians, developers, and citizens are coming together to support the development strategy called New Urbanism, and the policies of Smart Growth. Together, we will create better cities and towns.
Green Cities
European Green Capitals Stockholm, Sweden 2010 Hamburg, Germany 2011 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain 2012 Nantes, France 2013 Copenhagen, Denmark 2014 Bristol, England 2015 Ljubljana, Slovenis 2016 Essen, Germany 2017 Nijmegen, Netherlands 2018
What can we learn from Europe?
European cities and towns show a high commitment to environmental and sustainability values Cities much more compact and dense Investments in transit are coordinated with land use Walkable, pedestrian urban environments a. Public and pedestrian spaces "living rooms" b. Walking culture
According to Timothy Beatley, European Cities are more sustainable than American Cities for the following reason(s) (select all that apply):
European cities are more compact and dense European cities routinely coordinate land use decisions with transit and investments Europeans have a stronger walking culture
Mapping Land Use Information
Existing and Proposed Land Use Maps are common An Existing Land Use Map is standard - and usually required - component of a comprehensive plan. a. An inventory of existing land use b. Usually includes infrastructure c. Provides a baseline for land use conditions Future Land Use maps or graphic records of communities land use policy a. Show potential locations for urban change
Transportation
Focus on transit options and ease of movement Public transportation: Efficient networks
Resilience - What is it?
For Whom? -Individuals -Communities -Governments -Corporations Against What? -Loss of key employer -Natural hazard -Traumatic event -Power failure -Pandemics
The Region
For new urbanists, the region is the overall context for all planning. That means planning must often cross traditional jurisdictional lines in order to create a healthy region. Towns within a region need comprehensive metropolitan strategy in order to prosper. Each town should have both homes for people of all incomes and jobs. That way, residents aren't forced to travel far to work. Each town also needs a discrete sense of place. New Urbanism calls for towns to develop in the appropriate style for their surroundings, while respecting their neighbors
Jan Gehl
From Denmark Architect and Urban Designer, practices in Copenhagen Married to a psychologist Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space Cities for People Focused on reorienting city design to the pedestrian and cyclist
Geographic Information System(GIS)
GIS combines multiple sources of data that can be used in spatial decision making: tables maps imagery
The world city network
Globalization actually enhances the role of cities. Cities are nodes through which global systems of capital production and exchange are organized(E.g. Headquarters of Multi-National Corporations) All cities operate in a global system A global perspective reveals how a city cannot just be studied in isolation but has to be understood as belonging to a network of cities that stretches across the world.
Green Building Technologies
Green Building Council established in 1993 Design and building industry professionals who set voluntary standards on architecture and construction techniques to ensure clean and efficient building practices
Green Intiatives
Greenbelts Extensive protected greenspaces Linkages between green spaces Green roofs
The rise of Pacific Asia
Hong Kong3 the economic Gateway to China supported and challenged by Shanghai5 and Beijing6 Singapore4, Tokyo8, Sydney9
Enivironment
How land is used affects the natural environment a. Impacts air and water quality b. Impacts energy consumption and carbon emissions c. Impacts stormwater d. Disturbs natural features(trees, for example) Good development design can minimize negative impacts Overcoming a legacy of sprawl in the suburbs
Land use plan uses
Identify potential conflicts identity inefficiencies engage stake holders and residence in making decisions about future growth of the community
The block, street, and building
If there is one thing that reduces the livability of most postwar suburbs, it is the fact that streets do not feel like pleasant, shared spaces In New Urbanism, streets are safe, uncomfortable, interesting places for people to walk and meet. Building open onto sidewalks, rather than parking lots. Windows and doors facing the sidewalk make streets safer, and more interesting for everyone New urbanists streets use building to provide a consistent and understandable edge. This accommodates buildings of all styles and functions. Important locations are reserved for grand, attention-getting buildings; other sites require buildings to respect their context. New urbanist streets can accommodate cars while also providing comfort and convenience for pedestrians, bicyclists, and wheelchair users.
Contemporary Land Use Plans: 1980's - Today
Integrate four primary elements: a. Land Use Design - Detailed mapping of future land uses b. Land Classification Plan - General map of growth policy areas c. Verbal Policy Plan - Verbal action policy statements d. Development Management Plan - A program of actions to guide development
Major Lines of Investigation
Internal socio-spatial divisions within cities a. New forms of ghettoization and exclusivity b. Gentrification and gated communities Challenges related to the growing slums How can planners through public policy reduce the sufferings of global working classes and immigrant populations
Green Urbanism critical to addressing climate change
Key urban values: civic space, human scale, and diversity Calthorpe adds a fourth element of conservation Traditional urbanism and sustainable development can: a. Reduce our dependence on oil b. Limit pollution and greenhouse gases c. Create socially robust places Conservation includes: a. Protecting critical environmental assets in urban areas ( streams, wetlands, key habitat) b. Energy Conservation c. Reducing carbon emissions d. Preserving and repairing cultural and historic resources
Equity
Land uses shape communities and social life a. Neighborhoods b. Social Networks Who wins and who loses in land use decisions? a. Access/proximity to community and public services b. Proximity to desirable/undesirable land uses c. Affordable housing provisions Opportunities for social interaction a. Opportunities to build social capital
Life Between Buildings
Life between buildings enable opportunities for people to meet and interact with others in a relaced and undemanding way(low-intensity contact) a. Taking a walk b. Shopping c. People watching Minimizes social isolation Spontaneous social events can form Allows strong social connections to form People most attracted to observing other people
Evolution of the Practice of Land Use Planning
Like the growth of a tree Started with the General Plan elements of 1950's and added new elements including: land classification, verbal policy, development management
Researchers of global cities and the world cities network have determined that the three most connected cities are:
London, New York, Hong Kong
Strict Development Controls
Low and now-emission zones Strict policy and laws to ensure sustainability
Each of the following is an equity consideration in sustainable land us, EXCEPT:
Managing stormwater so that it doesn't pollute the streams
What's old in new urbanism
Many of the planning ideas behind New Urbanism are not new. Urban Design has been art for millennia Since America was founded, many of our best loved towns and cities have been carefully planned
First 50 Years: 1900-1950
Master plan for phsyical development Streets Parks Locations for public buildings Utilities Created by and for independent commissions(not local government) Elitist Architecturally based Unrealistic Separate from local government Taken over by local governments in the 1950's
What Smart Growth is and Is Not
Most transportation choices and less traffic Vibrant cities, suburbs and towns Wider variety of housing choices Well-planned growth that improves quality of life Not against cars and roads not anti-suburban Not about telling people where or how to live Not against growth
Economy
Nature of development (land use) creates the tax base a. Property tax are primary source of local government revenue. Land use guides infrastructure a. Roads, sewers, water, electricity, etc. Land use impacts property values.
Three types of activities
Necessary activities: a. Take place throughout the year under all conditions Optional activities: a. Take place more often with better physical conditions b. More auto use now then in 1960 so i think people can do more optional activities now Social activities: a. Depend on the presence of others
Jan Gehl identified three types of human activities that take place in public spaces, what are they?
Necessary, optional, and social
Where its needed
New Urbanism is often associated with new towns such as Seaside, Florida. In fact, New Urbanism guides development at all scales, from the building to the region. It includes sizable infill projects within existing cities and towns. Like Bethesda, Maryland. Or New Urbanism can be small projects on individual blocks, like the block on 8th and pearl in boulder, colorado New Urbanism includes greenfield projects, also called traditional neighborhood developments(TNDs). Markland's Kentlands and Lakelands are among the best-known.
Urbanization rates more rapid than ever before
New global urban revolution What is the global urban reality How do global economic forces shape cities? Uneven spatial development Increasing socio-spatial polarization Territorial inequality
Giving physical shape to community
New urbanist developments are walkable neighborhoods, rather than large, single-use places with streets hostile to pedestrians. Across North America, and around the world, an urban design movement called new urbanism is changing the way our cities and towns are built. New Urbanism provides a range of housing choices, from apartments over storefronts to single-family homes with yards. Careful, participatory planning ensures that everyone in the neighborhood has easy access to the necessities of life, making life easier for kids, the elderly, and people who don't want to drive
Cities Get it
New urbanists have been taking part in urban redevelopment for years, and are now apart of the comprehensive movement for livable cities. Projects include neighborhood plans, loft redevelopment, transit villages, and the revival of aging Main Streets.
We're driving ourselves crazy
Number of miles we drive: 25% increase in last 10 years Time we spend in traffic: 236% increase since 1982 Money lost in time and fuel: $94 billion in 2017
Models of Urbanization in a globalizing world
Old models no longer apply a. remember the concentric ring model? (Chicago school) Need to account for new forms of global connectivity a. Cities no longer neatly enclosed within a region or a nation-state Focus on socio-spatial transformations related to capitalist processes a. Remember Friedrich Engels?
Future of Land Use Planning
Participatory a. A way to engage community residents in making decisions about their community b. Consensus building and managing conflict Increased use of technologies including computers and electronic media a. Information management b. Communication Diverse and sustainable communities a. Land use planning as a tool to analyze and seek creative solution to complex and interdependent problems
Outdoor activities and the quality of outdoor space
Physical planning can influence the quality of outdoor activities Influence patterns of activity to create lively or lifeless cities Seating is key!
Three resilience Domains
Physical restoration of the built environment Restoration of the economy Emotional restoration of individuals and families
Place Identity and Place Attachment
Place attachment and cultural meaning Community ownership and pride Community character protection
According to the project for public spaces
Placemaking is about reimagining and reinventing public spaces as the heart of the community
Place Making Definition
Placemaking is the process of creating squares, plazas, parks, streets, and waterfronts that will enrich the quality of life in your community.
Land use planning vs. land use controls
Planning is an ecosystem-based tool that can link the environment, the community and the economy in ways that help ensure the sustainability of resources. Planning is expected to integrate environmental, social and economic values, resolve conflicts, build common land use objectives, ensure openness and inclusiveness as well as adapt to global, national and local needs and preferences Land use controls are public or private rules that influence or restrict the use of land to protect or promote the health, safety, or welfare of the community Public rules: laws, ordinances and regulations imposed by federal, state or local government. Private rules: deed restrictions and covenants Influence or Restrict the use of land: by setting forth what we can and cannot do with land 0 certain rules like tax benefits and subsidies influence use of land
Place Making
Planning to enhance experience of people Designing places for living, working and playing Creating lively and attractive places that express unique cultural and physical assets Safer, livable and meaningful
Roger Keil
Professor of Environmental studies at York University I think these two guys from The Global Cities Reader book
Timothy Beatley
Professor of Sustainable Communities Department of Urban and Environmental Planning School of Architecture, University of Virginia
Lawrence Vale
Professor of Urban Design Massachusetts Institutes of Technology Director of Resilient Cities Housing Initiative
Neil Brenner
Professor of Urban Theory at the Harvard Graduate School of Design
Emily Talen
Professor, School of Sustainability Arizona State University
Gerrit Knaap
Professor, Urban Studies & Planning University of Maryland Director, National Center for Smart Growth Research & Education
Planner's Role
Provide information communicate information mediate between different interests provide professional opinions
Which of the following is NOT one of the resilience domains(according to Lawrence Vale)?
Re-electing the local politicians
Energy Efficiency
Renewable energy a. Closed loop systems (waste, water, energy) Maximum energy consumption standards a. Energy balanced housing b. Solar installations
According to Lawrence Vale, a resilient community has to consider which of the following "domains" as part of a comprehensive resilience strategy?
Restoration of the economy Restoration of the built environment Emotional restoration of individuals Emotional restoration of families (THESE ARE ALL RIGHT)
Global Issues Impacting Cities
Rising Inequality Global climate change Uneven growth Impacts of global pandemics
Response to a problem
Since WWII, cities have been spreading every-outward. Strip malls, parking lots, highways, and housing tracts have sprawled over the landscape. Too many urban neighborhoods have been blighted by oversized housing projects and centralized redevelopment schemes Even older suburbs have suffered as new ones continue to spring up, skimming off tax base.
Smart Growth vs New Urbanism
Smart Growth Originated with Environmental Organizations and Policy Planners Focus on transportation Focus on policy New Urbanism Originated with Landscape Architects and Physical Planners Focus on physical form
Why do people prefer smarter growth?
Smart growth provides more transportation choices
Renewable Energies
Solar Geothermal Wind
Why do people prefer smart growth?
Sprawl generates more traffic, longer trips and more dependence on automobiles Sprawl Provides few options for pedestrians and cyclists Sprawl Consumes Open Space Smart Growth creates Parks and Preserves open spaces(But, impacts on eco-system health are not entirely clear) Smart Growth Costs Less Roads: 25% less Utilities: 15% less Schools 5% less Sprawl Pollutes the Environment and Harms Public Health (In 1997, approximately 113 million people lived in counties that had unhealthy air quality) Smart Growth Protects the Health of People and the Environment Smart Growth Enhances our Communities
Each of the following is an example of how sustainable land use planning can minimize negative environmental impacts in a community, EXCEPT
Spreading new development evenly over a large tract of land, with every house having a large lot.
Progress in the suburbs
Suburbs have not been immune to decline. As places they often engender even less loyalty than older cities. Today's suburbs can be as impersonal as the large gray cities of the past, and traffic has proved worse. Suburbs provide fertile ground for new urbanists, who are increasingly interested in infill projects, housing project redevelopment, and retrofitting town centers into existing suburbs
How do we make smart growth happen?
Support well designed developments Conduct Community vision exercises Implement participatory regional, citywide, and neighborhood planning Build coalitions that include the entire community: businesses, schools, social equity groups, environmental organizations, elected officials Encourage the public to vote for Smart Growth candidates
Containment Paradigm: Popular in developed regions; problematic in developing regions
Surrey, England Dhaka, Bangladesh
Design with nature
Sustainable development as environmentally sensitive planning Background: Development that is solely driven by economics tends to be unattractive and disordered a. Need to incorporate "social values" and "natural values" b. Creator: Ian McHard - in 1960's Social values include: historic, recreation, residential and institution values. Natural values include: water, forest, wildlife, scenic views. Linked natural and social value
Preservation of Green Infrastructure
Sustainable development as regenerative urban systems Sustainability will only be achieved when society incorporates regenerative energy and water flow systems of nature into its city. a. Multifaceted: rain gardens to street trees to naturalized stormwater basins to bike trails
Early efforts
The first New urbanist town to get built from the ground up was Seaside, on the Florida coast Between 1985 and 1993, several more large-scale projects were undertaken in America's fast-growing suburbs. Kentlands and Laguna West were two of the best-known and most ambitious efforts
The world city network
The globalization and world cities (GaWC) network - a network of researchers who have attempted to measure how connected cities are to each other Cities are more or less integrated into the global system - arguably those that are more integrated are more successfull This is dynamic and constantly changing The most connected cities are new york, london, and hong kong in no order but asain countrys cities are starting to rise fast
Since the Civil Rights Act, inner city ghettos have further deteriorated due to:
The loss of jobs from deindustrialization and globalization
Why is there a need for land use planning?
The nature of land The nature of land ownership The nature of use impacts
Which of the following is the biggest challenge regarding urbanization in less developed countries?
The number of people moving to the city is too large to accommodate and therefore large slums are forming.
The principles of new Urbanism
The principles of the New Urbanism are defined by a Charter, which was developed between 1993 and 1996 by a broad range of architects, planners, interested citizens, scholars, elected officials, and developers. It was ratified at the fourth annual Congress, the annual meeting sponsored by CNU. It principles are divided into three categories: The Region: Metropolis, City and Town The Neighborhood, the District, and the Corridor The Block, the Street, and the Building
Globalization
Time-space compression has transformed the structure and scale of human relationships - social, cultural, political and economic processes now operate globally It is argued that we live in a borderless word in which the nation-state has been rendered impotent by 'footloose' Multi-National Corporations(MNCs) which do not respect 'national' boundaries The death of Geography and difference
Progressive Resilience
Treat cities as socioecological systems that are not stable and must evolve Resilience offers the possibility to evolve to a new state - bouncing forward
Career Opportunities for GEOSPATIAL ANALYSTS
Urban and Regional Planning Surveying and Cartography Environmental Resource Management Law enforcement Public Health Business Location and Marketing
Land Use Problems
Urban and suburban sprawl Loss of farmland Fiscal impacts of land use change Degradation of the natural environment Destruction of cultural and historic assets Development: concerns for equity and inclusiveness Ensuring democracy and citizen participation
Roles of cities in the future
Urban planning is now globalized Need to make a distinction between urbanized and urbanizing countries a. 2/3 of world population in urbanizing countries b. 91% of urban growth will be in urbanizing countries Cant use the same planning frameworks in both settings Urban population expected to double in 43 years Urban land cover is expected to double in only 19 years
Places are dynamically co-created
Water Climate Land Animals Human Settlement patterns Economic Forces Political Trends Cultural Traditions
Four Propositions of smart Growth
Whether its causes are economic forces, consumer preferences, or misguided public policies, the dominate form of urban development over the postwar period can be characterized as urban sprawl. Urban sprawl can be defined as development that is low density, unplanned, automobile dependent, homogeneous, and aesthetically displeasing Urban Sprawl has adverse effects on environmental quality, social cohesion, government finance, and human health Urban sprawl, and its associated evil's can be mitigated by policies that promote compact urban growth mixed land uses, bicycle and pedestrian friendly environments, public transit, urban revitalization, and farmland preservation.
Place Making and the Future of cities
Working to transform cities through placemaking and public spaces
Major Conceptualizations
Worldwide Urban Hierarchy a. Through which MNC's coordinate their investment and production activities Multiple interlocking urban networks a. Network of global political centers (cities with NGO headquarters) - Washington DC, Geneva, Brussels, Nairobi b. Network of global religious centers - Mecca, Rome, Jerusalem
Do new urbanist designs result in less automobile use?
Yes, but causation is not clear Maybe people who don't want to use their cars are the ones who move to new urbanist communities.
Sprawl
is irresponsible development that takes our tax dollars away from our communities and destroys farmland and open space
Smart Growth
well-planned development that protects open space and farmland, revitalizes communities, keeps housing affordable and provides more transportation choices.
Does investment in light rail result in higher density development?
yes, if public policy supports higher density development
