Urinary
Outermost protective layer of the kidney
Adipose capsule
Reduced blood flow to the kidney results in the release of what hormone?
Aldosterone
3 levels of GFR control
Autoregulation (local) Hormonal regulation Autonomic regulation (sympathetic)
3 basic functions of the urinary system
Excretion Elimination Homeostatic regulation
Point at which the renal artery/nerves enter and renal vein/ureter exit?
Hilum
Renal tubule and renal corpuscle
Nephron
MOST nutrient absorption in the kidney occurs where?
PCT
Contents of visceral epithelium
Podocytes Pedicels (wrap around specialized lamina densa of glomerular capillaries
PCT is responsible for what?
REABSORPTION of H20, ions, and organic nutrients
3 functions of the renal tubule
Reabsorb nutrients and water Secrete waste products
The internal cavity within the kidney that is lines by fibrous renal capsule
Renal Sinus
Where is the site of filtration?
Renal corpuscle
Processes of DCT
SECRETION selective reabsorp (Na and Ca) and water
DCT is responsible for what?
SECRETION of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins
Rise in renal BP
STRETCH afferents CONSTRICT afferents Smooth muscle contraction Decrease glomerular blood flow
Autoregulation
changing diameters arterioles and glomerular capillaries
GFR is controlled by?
changing diameters of AFFERENT/EFFERENT arterioles Angiotensin II
Damage to the renal medulla would first interfere with the functioning of what structure?
collecting ducts
In response to LOW plasma osmolarity what changes are made to the collecting ducts?
decreased permeability of the membrane to water
Substances secreted by DCT
drugs, toxins Hydrogen ions Potassium ions Creatinine
Filtration membrane consists of?
fenestrated endothelium lamina densa filtration slits
What IS NOT supposed to be seen in urine?
large proteins
Ducts of the renal papilla discharge urine into what structure?
minor calyx
structure that arises from efferent arteriole and drains the glomerulus and surrounds entire renal tubule
peritubular capillaries
Homeostatic functions of the urinary system include:
regulation of blood volume and BP stabilizing blood pH conservation of nutrients regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions Assist liver in detoxifying poisons
The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by?
releasing renin releasing erythropoietin adjusting the volume of water lost in the urine
Covers outer surface of entire kidney, layer of collagen fibers
renal capsule
The bands of cortical tissue that extend into the medulla and separate adjacent renal pyramids
renal columns
The layer that anchors kidney to surrounding structure
renal fascia
TIp of the renal pyramid is called?
renal papilla
Contents of renal lobe
renal pyramid renal column overlying area of renal cortex
The loop of henle in cortical nephrons is relatively ____ compared to that of the juxtaglomerular nephron
short
Outer wall of Bowman's capsule is lined with what kind of epithelium?
simple squamous epithelium
The left kidney lies ___ to the right kidney
superior
3 organic waste products?
urea uric acid creatinine
The peritubular capillaries of the juxtamedullary nephrons attach to what structures?
vasa recta
Renal corpuscle
Bowman's capsule glomerulus
What substances are reabsorbed in the kidney tubules?
Chloride Potassium Calcium Sodium
Where does MOST secretion occur in the kidneys?
DCT
Reduced blood flow or glomerular BP triggers?
DIALATE afferents and glomerular capillaries CONSTRICT efferents
Nomenclature of renal blood arteries and veins are for the most part identical with the exception of what?
There are no segmental vessels (veins) that blood passes thru as it exits the kidney
Characteristics of NORMAL urine are:
amber color specific gravity GREATER than 1.0 ammoniacal odor acidic pH
What is responsible for the forcing of dissolved solutes out of glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space?
blood pressure
Role of DCT
concentrates urine
The majority of nephrons are?
cortical
Flow of blood to the efferent arteriole would be evidence of damage to the?
glomerulus
The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the?
hilus
