Urinary System

Which of the following are symptoms of uremia and azotemia? A) Pruritus B) Fatigue C) Nausea D) All of the above

D) all of the above

What is the cause of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in Goodpasture syndrome? A) Autoimmune destruction of the glomerular membrane B) Glomerular injury from drug toxicity C) Viral infection of the glomerular membrane D) Abnormal clotting in the glomerular capillaries

A) Autoimmune destruction of the glomerular membrane

Which of the following procedures uses ultrasound waves to break large renal calculi into smaller stones that can be passed through the urinary tract? A) Lithotripsy B) Pyelography C) Renal biopsy D) Enterocystoplasty

A) Lithotripsy

Which of the following disorders is characterized by a lesion of the central or peripheral nervous system that affects bladder control? A) Neurogenic bladder B) Bladder dyssynergia C) Bladder prolapse D) Cystitis

A) Neurogenic bladder

In addition to urinary tract infection, which of the following is a risk factor in the development of pyelonephritis? A) Urinary retention and reflux B) Nephrotic syndrome C) Respiratory disease D) Glomerulonephritis

A) Urinary retention and reflux

Acute tubular necrosis leading to acute renal failure can result from all of the following problems except: A) increased ammonia levels from liver failure. B) contrast dyes used for radiologic studies. C) ischemia occurring after major surgery. D) antibiotics that are nephrotoxic.

A) increased ammonia levels from liver failure.

Prerenal causes of acute renal failure include: A) severe hypotension. B) glomerulonephritis. C) kidney stones. D) acute tubular necrosis.

A) severe hypotension.

Which of the following diseases is a glomerular disorder? A) Pyelonephritis B) Obstructive uropathy C) Interstitial cystitis D) Nephrotic syndrome

D) Nephrotic syndrome

Renal calculi are formed from all of the following substances except: A) Struvite B) Calcium oxalate C) Uric acid D) Urobilirubin

D) Urobilirubin

Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is associated with urinary tract infections? A) Herpes simplex virus B) Candida albicans C) Human papillomavirus D) Trichomoniasis

B) Candida albicans

Which one of the following microorganisms causes the vast majority of urinary tract infections (UTIs)? A) Klebsiella B) Escherichia coli C) Herpes simplex virus D) Candida albicans

B) Escherichia coli

What is the consequence of an upper urinary tract obstruction in a single ureter? A) Renal stone formation B) Hydronephrosis C) Dilation of the urethra D) Anuria

B) Hydronephrosis

What would urinalysis show in a patient who is developing glomerular disease? A) Increased urine creatinine B) Proteinuria C) Low urine sodium D) Presence of white blood cells

B) Proteinuria

Which of the following infections is most commonly associated with the development of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis? A) Skin and wound infections B) Throat infections C) Endocarditis D) Urinary tract infections

B) Throat infections

The cause of glomerulonephritis is: A) infection of the glomerular capsule secondary to a urinary tract infection. B) antigen-antibody complexes that deposit on the glomerular membrane. C) hydronephrosis from kidney stones. D) viral infection in the blood stream that migrates to the glomerulus.

B) antigen-antibody complexes that deposit on the glomerular membrane.

A major modifiable risk factor for the development of renal calculi in the general population is: A) obesity. B) dehydration. C) smoking. D) drinking alcohol

B) dehydration.

Problems associated with a lower urinary tract obstruction include all of the following except: A) urinary retention. B) flank pain. C) increased voiding frequency. D) intermittent urinary stream.

B) flank pain.

Secondary forms of nephrotic syndrome are associated with all of the following conditions except: A) diabetes. B) hyperthyroidism. C) renal disease. D) systemic lupus erythematosus.

B) hyperthyroidism

Loss of one kidney results in ______ of the remaining kidney. A) hyperplasia B) hypertrophy C) atrophy D) dysplasia

B) hypertrophy

Common causes of constipation include all of the following except: A) inadequate fluid intake. B) laxative use. C) a low-fiber diet. D) medications.

B) laxative use.

The primary manifestation of acute renal failure is: A) proteinuria. B) oliguria. C) hematuria. D) diuresis.

B) oliguria.

Obstruction of the lower urinary tract in males is often caused by: A) congenital stricture of a calyx. B) prostate enlargement. C) pelvic organ prolapse. D) urinary tract infection.

B) prostate enlargement.

The main clinical manifestation of a kidney stone obstructing the ureter is: A) pyuria. B) renal colic. C) urge incontinence. D) an abdominal mass.

B) renal colic.

Renal insufficiency refers to a decline in renal function to ____ of normal. A) 75% B) 50% C) 25% D) 5%

C) 25%

n renal failure, the kidneys will continue to adapt until renal function reaches what percent of normal? A) 75% B) 50% C) 25% D) 10%

C) 25%

Which of the following symptoms manifests with both urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis? A) Costovertebral (CVA) tenderness B) Chills C) Dysuria D) Fever

C) Dysuria

In chronic renal failure, which of the following hormones often needs to be therapeutically replaced? A) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) B) Cortisol C) Erythropoietin D) Aldosterone

C) Erythropoietin

What is the cause of the peripheral edema that often manifests with glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome? A) Systemic inflammation B) Right heart failure C) Loss of plasma proteins in urine D) Sodium retention

C) Loss of plasma proteins in urine

Which of the following types of diarrhea can be caused by an inability to digest lactose in dairy products? A) Secretory B) Neurogenic C) Osmotic D) Motility

C) Osmotic

Which of the following dietary nutrients must be restricted in individuals with advanced chronic renal failure? A) Fats B) Carbohydrates C) Protein D) All of the above

C) Protein

Which of the following factors has a major influence on the development of renal calculi? A) Urine sodium levels B) Serum lactate levels C) Urine pH D) Urine creatinine levels

C) Urine pH

An important cause of bacterial persistence resulting in recurring urinary tract infections includes: A) poor hygiene. B) increased mucus secretion by the urinary tract. C) microbial resistance to antibiotics. D) acidic urine pH.

C) microbial resistance to antibiotics.

Which of the following are risk factors for the development of renal cell carcinoma? A) Male gender B) Tobacco use C) Obesity D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Which of the following systems are affected by uremia in renal failure? A) Skin B) Central nervous system C) Reproductive system D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Which of the following is not a known cause of chronic renal failure? A) Hypertension B) Systemic lupus erythematosus C) Diabetes D) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

D) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

Which of the following complications associated with renal failure creates the greatest need for immediate dialysis? A) Uremia B) Increased creatinine C) Hypertension D) Hyperkalemia

D) Hyperkalemia

What is a primary laboratory finding in chronic renal failure? A) Decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) B) Decreased serum sodium C) Metabolic alkalosis D) Increased serum creatinine

D) Increased serum creatinine

Individuals with chronic renal failure are at risk for osteomalacia and spontaneous bone fractures because: A) excess potassium leaches calcium from the bone. B) erythropoietin secretion is impaired. C) urea causes demineralization of the bone tissue. D) of a vitamin D deficiency.

D) of a vitamin D deficiency.

Nephrotic syndrome occurs when there is loss of _____ in the urine. A) red blood cells B) sodium C) glucose D) protein

D) protein

A major risk factor for developing bladder cancer is: A) exposure to asbestos. B) urethral obstruction. C) cystitis. D) smoking.

D) smoking.