U.S. History 1301

In the election of 1844, Polk expressed his aggressive policy toward Britain over the Oregon Territory with the campaign slogan __________.

"Fifty-four forty or fight."

In the 1868 presidential election, Ulysses S. Grant's campaign slogan was __________.

"Let us have peace"

What term did pro-French Republicans begin using to address each other in 1789?

"citizen"

How much money did Congress print in paper currency to help pay for the war for American independence?

$250 million

How much money did the U.S. government owe to creditors when Washington's administration began?

$75 million

What is the most recent estimated date for human arrival in North America?

14,000 years ago

The most important island in the economy of the English Caribbean was __________.

Barbados

What 1801 revival started the revival movement?

Cane Ridge

Andrew Johnson, Lincoln's 1864 running mate, was previously a(n) __________.

Democrat

What does the depiction of black politicians in the cartoon Colored Rule in a Reconstructed(?) State suggest about Thomas Nast's later beliefs?

Nast depicts black politicians with exaggerated racial features, which suggests that he came to believe that African Americans were buffoonish and inept.

How did the bottom ranks of Virginia society help to temporarily remove Sir William Berkeley from his position of power?

Nathaniel Bacon exploited class resentments and promised land ownership to servants and slaves in exchange for their support for his rebellion.

Which Southern state was the first to secede in 1860?

South Carolina

Which of the following best characterizes the Indians of the middle ground?

The Indians of the middle ground established strong ties with European traders.

Was Jacksonian democracy based upon a set of policies that required the subjugation of Indians and slaves?

The Jacksonian democracy ascendancy of Andrew Jackson and the Democratic party after 1828. This was a time with radical policies that normally pertained to white men. People who were non white (native Americans, African Americans) did not benefit at all from the Jacksonian democracy.

Which of the following was a stipulation of Macon's Bill No. 2 in regard to trade with Britain and France?

The end of trade restrictions by one nation was a trigger that would bring about sanctions against the other.

Which item was used in the architectural design of many colonial mansions?

a pineapple

In terms of Indian rights, Jackson was generally __________.

antagonistic

Jackson had no qualms about __________.

appointing people to government jobs for previous political support

Skilled craftsmen create one-of-a-kind pieces in the process of what sort of production?

artisanal

The most significant success of New York's Central Park was that it __________.

brought a country landscape to urban dwellers

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison thought that the United States should __________.

consist of mostly small farms

Calhoun asserted that the states were entitled to judge federal laws by their __________.

constitutionality

Fugitive slaves who fled to join the Union Army camps were known as __________.

contraband of war

In the wake of Gabriel's Rebellion, a proposal by white Virginians recommended __________.

emancipating the slaves and relocating them to the West

During Aaron Burr's treason trial, Chief Justice Marshall __________.

employed a strict interpretation of the burden of proof for treason

George Whitefield became renowned for __________.

his evangelical tour of the colonies

Two of the causes of the market revolution were __________.

improved farming technology and better transportation

The goal of the Democratic-Republican Societies was to __________.

influence public opinion

The transformation of the American economy in the first half of the nineteenth century is referred to as the __________.

market revolution

The Quasi-War with France was primarily a __________.

naval war

Pinckney's Treaty of 1795 with Spain provided __________.

navigation rights to the Mississippi River

In his Farewell Address, Washington cautioned against __________.

permanent alliances

The Whig theory placed public good above __________.

personal interest

Which of the following helped to facilitate the development of industry in the 1840s and 1850s?

the creation of a massive railroad network

One reason that artisanal production diminished during the nineteenth century was __________.

the increase in factory-made goods

A significant political consequence of the growth of democracy in the United States from 1800 to 1830 was the expansion of suffrage to virtually all __________.

white males

When did the federal government remove the last federal troops from the South?

1877

How many African Americans served in the Union Army and Navy during the Civil War?

198,000

What percentage of New Englanders in the 1600s who survived to age 20 would have lived until their late 60s?

50 percent

How many delegates attended the meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 to reform the Articles of Confederation?

55

Which of the following accurately describes the Chesapeake incident of 1807?

A British warship, the Leopard, fired on the vessel, killing three Americans.

Which of the following is an example of judicial review?

A state supreme court overturns a ban against interracial marriage.

In the election of 1796, the Republican party put forward Thomas Jefferson and __________.

Aaron Burr

Who delivered the famous "House Divided" speech?

Abraham Lincoln

Andrew Johnson became president after __________.

Abraham Lincoln's assassination in 1865

The oldest traces of human life have been found in __________.

Africa

The world's second largest continent in terms of land mass is __________.

Africa

A decisive split among women's rights activists was sparked by the battle over __________.

African American male suffrage

Participants in the Draft Riots targeted __________.

African Americans

How was Nat Turner's rebellion significant to Southern white people?

After the uprising, Southern white people were particularly afraid of violence from enslaved African Americans.

The first Secretary of the Treasury was __________.

Alexander Hamilton

What constraint on life in England made it attractive for many people to move to the colonies?

All of the land in England was held by an entrenched aristocracy, and there was little chance for anyone without property to acquire any.

How did the Articles of Confederation, the Virginia Plan, and the New Jersey Plan differ or agree with regard to the best form for executive power?

All of the plans had different ideas about executive power.

How is the work of Emerson and Thoreau comparable to that of Thomas Cole?

All three captured the majesty of nature in their art forms.

What did Jefferson's design for Monticello indicate about his tastes?

Along with his classic democratic ideals, Jefferson had aristocratic tastes.

How did Americans respond to Mexico's invitation to settle in Texas so long as they learned Spanish and converted to Catholicism?

Americans moved in quickly but resisted converting to Catholicism or learning Spanish.

How did America's economic situation under the Articles of Confederation affect national pride?

Americans were humiliated at their inability to protect their interests.

The presidential election of 1860 revealed that __________.

Americans were voting very strongly along sectional lines

How did British-style government in the colonies influence the Articles of Confederation of the new nation?

Americans' resentment of taxation without representation led to a plan for government that restricted its ability to collect revenue.

Which group most clearly rejected the traditional republican expectation that citizens defer to their betters?

Anti-Federalists

How did the ideas of Anti-Federalists differ from those of Federalists?

Anti-Federalists believed that a confederation-style government was the only way to govern a republic the size of the United States.

How did slavery shape Southern society and the lives of non-slaveholders?

At first the Southern society was supportive of slavery. Not everyone owned slaves, but the majority did. The small amount of whites that did not have slaves only had small farms and would grown and harvest just enough for their family and a little to sell at the market. Later these farmers worked together in capturing slaves that tried to run away.

In which speech did Jackson lay out his vision of American democracy and constitutional government and explain why he opposed rechartering the Second National Bank?

Bank Veto Speech

Who helped found the American Philosophical Society during the age of Enlightenment?

Benjamin Franklin

Tales of Spanish practices involving torture and other forms of cruelty toward the native peoples in the Americas were known as the __________.

Black Legend

What did the Benin want from the Portuguese?

Bonze

David Walker was a free black man who had grown up in North Carolina but had moved to __________.

Boston

What was the relationship between the pamphlet The People the Best Governors and the pamphlet Common Sense?

Both expressed the views that people could govern themselves.

What qualities did the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Davis Bend in Mississippi share in common?

Both locations became test cases for emancipation during and immediately after the Civil War.

What did the Free-Soil party have in common with the Liberty Party?

Both opposed slavery.

How are the images of Bostonians Paying the Excise-Man and The Able Doctor, or America Swallowing the Bitter Draught, most similar?

Both show tea being forced down someone's throat as an act of violence.

What did the Spanish bishop Bartolemé de Las Casas and the Flemish engraver Theodore de Bry have in common?

Both tried to influence how Europeans viewed the relationship between Europeans and Indians in the New World.

How were Brook Farm and Fruitlands similar?

Both utopian communities emphasized balancing manual and intellectual labor and communal property ownership.

Which answer best explains how colonial elites who dominated Carolina government acted similarly to the British?

Both wanted to impose taxation, but not share political power.

How does Gabriel's Rebellion compare to the uprising in Saint-Domingue?

Both were uprisings of enslaved people, but the Virginia militia put down Gabriel's Rebellion.

In the Atlantic World, Portugal focused primarily on West Africa and __________.

Brazil

As shown in the engraving The Bloody Massacre, who appears to instigate the Boston Massacre, as it came to be known?

British soldiers

The influx of thousands of people into California during the early 1850s meant that __________.

California could begin organizing as an official federal territory

Two-thirds of English migrants in the 1600s headed for the __________.

Caribbean

Why did a relatively cohesive working relationship between masters and slaves develop in Carolina?

Carolina was close to Spanish-controlled Florida and hostile Indian tribes, so slaves and masters had to work together to defend the settlements.

Maryland was originally formed as a refuge for __________.

Catholics

Who was the leading spokesperson for spreading the revivalist message?

Charles Grandison Finney

Who tried to restore elements of Catholic ritual to the Church of England?

Charles I

Artist Hiram Powers said that his statue, The Greek Slave, was clothed in an invisible robe of __________.

Christian virtue.

George Washington was associated with which Roman leader?

Cincinnatus

How did slavery in the United States compare to slavery in Brazil?

Conditions for slaves were less harsh in the United States.

Why did Carolina have difficulty adopting the West Indies slave system?

Conditions made social distance harder to maintain between slaves and masters.

Why was the Battle of Fair Oaks a turning point in the war?

Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston was injured and replaced by Robert E. Lee.

Both Andrew Jackson and Davy Crockett fought in the __________.

Creek War of 1813-1814

Both Andrew Jackson and Davy Crockett fought in the __________.

Creek Wars of 1813-1814

Northerners opposed President Pierce's efforts to acquire __________.

Cuba

Why did President Pierce's desire to acquire Cuba contribute to growing sectionalism in the United States?

Cuba was a slave colony, so it was supported in the South but angered the North.

The political faction that called itself Young America could best be described as __________.

Democrats

How was John Dickinson's pamphlet Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania connected to the Townshend Acts?

Dickinson wrote the pamphlet as a clarification of American views regarding taxes decreed by legislation such as the Townshend Acts.

How did class distinctions in colonial cities change during the eighteenth century?

Differences between the classes became more pronounced as the rich became richer and the number of poor people increased.

Which of the following statements is upheld by the philosophy of Transcendentalism?

Discover the deeper philosophical truths to be found in nature.

One of the key reformers in the treatment of the mentally ill was __________.

Dorothea Dix

With whom did English opponents of the king ally to remove James II from the throne?

Dutch Prince William of Orange

What is one of the arguments the Copperheads used to gain support for their cause?

Emancipation will result in increased competition for jobs.

The Woolens Act passed by Parliament did not ban Americans from making and selling woolens within the colonies, but it prohibited them from exporting woolens to England. What does this imply?

England saw its own colonies as economic competitors and used its power over them to make laws that were to its own advantage.

Which statement helps explain the connection between the Columbian Exchange and the rise of the slave trade?

European diseases wiped out much of the Indian population, creating a need for a source of labor.

What were the technological advantages that Europeans had over the people of the Americas?

Europeans had large advantages when it came to farming. The Europeans had donkeys to plow the ground to make planting and harvesting easier. Horses were used for transportation. Europeans were soon able to make weapons from iron. They had sheep to make clothing to stay warm. They also had cows to milk.

How did social, economic, and class differences in Southern society contribute to the Confederacy's defeat?

Everyone was told to fight, but those that were wealthy were able to pay their way out of fighting. There was also the situation with cotton where England found cotton alternatives.

What were the most notable achievements and failures of the Confederation government?

Failures are that they did not win the ability to taxa Americans, but relied on requisitions made to the states to fund government business. The country was in debt because of merchant trade between British and Americans. Northwest Ordinance of 1787: this ordinance rejected slavery in the new stated to be carved out of the Northwest Territories

According to Luther, what was the only way for people to achieve salvation?

Faith

Washington reiterated his basic political ideas in his __________.

Farewell Address

How did capitalism affect rural Europe?

Farmers began to plant to achieve maximum yield.

In 1850, Zachary Taylor's presidency was succeeded by the __________.

Fillmore administration

The Ottawa chief Pontiac led an attack against the British garrison at __________.

Fort Detroit

One of the most egregious incidents of violence against African-American soldiers by Confederate troops is known as the __________.

Fort Pillow Massacre

Which of the following lists events of the Seven Years War in the correct order?

Fort William Henry seized by the French; General Wolfe killed in the assault on Quebec; Montreal captured by British forces

Which amendment obligated the federal government to protect the civil rights of all Americans?

Fourteenth Amendment

In 1803, Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from __________.

France

What nation did the British defeat at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805?

France

Which nation had a name for a blue cloth that later became the modern term "blue jeans"?

France

Who won the presidential election of 1852?

Franklin Pierce

How did Benjamin Franklin's experiments with electricity help the colonies?

Franklin invented the lightning rod, which protected colonial homes from fire.

What African American figure attended the Seneca Falls Convention?

Frederick Douglass

What did the Virginia Declaration of Rights say?

Free government cannot survive without a virtuous citizenry.

In the 1820s, a popular clamor arose against __________

Freemasons

The "Mud March" was associated with which Union general?

General Burnside

What was one intended message of Southern books and pamphlets during the 1850s?

Genteel Southern civilization was superior to greedy Northern culture.

The most prominent defender of slavery was a Southern writer named __________.

George Fitzhugh

Who ordered a detailed investigation of colonial revenues in 1763?

George Grenville

In the 1780s, which individual in the United States was most closely identified with the ideal of virtue?

George Washington

In what way did Georgia benefit the other British colonies?

Georgia provided a buffer that protected the colonies from an attack by Spain.

Which statement best describes the difference between goods produced by artisans and goods produced by factories?

Goods produced by artisans might be unique, while goods produced by factories are supposed to be identical.

The "Whiskey Ring" scandal occurred during the __________.

Grant administration

After the French Revolution, American ships no longer enjoyed naval protection provided by what nation?

Great Britain

Who owned the most poweful navy in the world in the late 1700s?

Great Britain

What were the main causes of the War of 1812? What were the most important economic consequences of the war?

Great Britain refused to surrender western forts as promised in the Treaty of Paris. Great Britain also set trade restrictions that affected the trade between American and France. Great Britain helped the Native Americans when they were attaching the Americans.

What country influenced American architecture in the 1820s and 1830s?

Greece

Why might Hamilton's belief that an elite class should lead society seem to be a surprising viewpoint?

Hamilton did not come from a privileged background; he had earned his own way through talent and hard work.

When John Beckley leaked information about an adulterous affair that Hamilton was having, what was the effect on Hamilton's career?

Hamilton was weakened but still influential.

What resulted from the duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton?

Hamilton's death

Which of the following authors had the most in common with Frederick Douglass?

Harriet Jacobs

Why did Jefferson believe that education was the best way to create model Americans?

He believed that people were born a blank slate upon which republican ideals could be written.

Which statement best describes Roger Williams's reason for attacking the government of Massachusetts?

He criticized it for using its power to enforce religious orthodoxy.

What happened to David Walker in 1830 that cut short his career as an abolitionist?

He died.

In Trenton, women welcomed Washington with a sign that read, "The Defender of the Mothers will also Defend the Daughters." What did the sign mean?

He had defended the mothers as general during the Revolution, and he would defend the daughters as president.

How was Washington able to end the Newburgh Conspiracy without violence?

He inspired the officers to act with integrity and virtue.

Why was the South Carolina commander Francis Marion nicknamed the "Swamp Fox"?

He launched surprise attacks and then disappeared into the swamps prior to retaliation.

What did President Johnson do to ex-Confederate leaders that inflamed public opinion against him in the Northern states?

He provided sweeping pardons to ex-Confederate leaders.

How did John Beckley differ from fellow Republicans Thomas Jefferson and James Madison?

He was a self-made man who attacked political opponents.

Why might the white elite in Charleston have feared Denmark Vesey?

He was free, a natural leader, and a prominent member of an African American church.

One of the key framers of the Missouri Compromise was __________.

Henry Clay

Who proposed the initial bill that addressed slavery in the territories in 1850?

Henry Clay

Who tried to lure Jackson into a political defeat by attempting to recharter the Bank of the United States early?

Henry Clay and Daniel Webster

Which author held beliefs that were most similar to those of Ralph Waldo Emerson?

Henry David Thoreau

What was the effect of Rebecca Nurse's arguments during her witch trial?

Her argument that spectral evidence was difficult to verify raised enough doubts that this type of evidence became disallowed in court.

How was Calvert's first order to settlers of Maryland significant?

His demand that they obtain a sufficient supply of food provisions before growing tobacco likely prevented a repeat of the Jamestown famine.

Before leaving England for the New World, a group of English Separatists had briefly tried to settle in what other country?

Holland

How did technology influence the trade policies of Mexico and its territories?

Horses and guns gave the Comanche and Apache tribes control of trade between Mexico City and the northern provinces.

How did English interactions with Native Americans change over the course of the seventeenth century?

In the beginning the English and the Native Americans did not work together well. The Native Americans wanted to keep their area while the English wanted to take it over. Later some of the colonies became acceptance of the Native Americans. They believe that the Native American's were human beings too and they should be treated that way. Some colonies although not accepting, but did tolerate the Native Americans.

How did indentured servants differ from slaves in the colonies?

Indentured servants agreed to work for a limited amount of time in exchange for passage to the colonies, while slaves were bound for life and had no hope of gaining their freedom.

Some of the testimony in the Salem witchcraft hysteria concerned the Devil taking the shape of an American __________.

Indian

What act gave President Jackson the authority to confiscate Indian lands within the borders of existing states?

Indian Removal Act of 1830

How did internal conflicts among Indian tribes provide a financial stimulus to Carolina colonists?

Indians sold prisoners captured during tribal warfare to the colonists, who in turn exported them to other British colonies.

Which statement best explains how a joint stock company works?

Investors buy shares in the company and, at the end of a specified period, receive their investment back plus a percentage of the profits of the company.

Overland trade routes for Europeans to the East were controlled by members of what religious faith?

Islam

How did New Jersey's constitution differ from those of all the other colonies?

It allowed women to vote.

Which statement is true of the economy of the South in the years from 1800 to 1860?

It continued to rely on slavery and cash crops.

How did the new Constitution reflect the ideals of republicanism held by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention?

It created an indirect, and seemingly less democratic, method of choosing a president.

How did the deceptive nature of the Virginia promotional literature hurt the Jamestown colony?

It did not inform prospective settlers that they would need to perform manual labor, and many who came considered such work undignified.

How might the Land Ordinance of 1785 have helped to spur Shays's Rebellion?

It drove people into debt because the land was too expensive for average farmers to purchase.

In 1618, Sir Edwin Sandys created a representative body to make laws. Why was this significant?

It extended voting privileges to free men of property, giving colonists some control over their own political affairs.

Why was Spain willing, by signing Pinckney's Treaty, to give America the right to navigate the Mississippi River and use New Orleans?

It feared that the United States might invade Florida and Louisiana.

Which of the following was true of the Fifteenth Amendment?

It guaranteed suffrage to African American men.

What was the impact of Henry David Thoreau's essay on civil disobedience?

It had little impact at the time it was written but it became more influential over time.

What effect did the Second Great Awakening have on the temperance movement?

It helped to promote temperance as a moral issue.

How did immigration affect cities in the middle of the nineteenth century?

It increased diversity but also increased tensions along ethnic lines.

How did Georgia respond to the Supreme Court ruling in Worcester v. Georgia (1832)?

It rejected the decision.

In what way did the pursuit of gentility pose difficulties for many colonial women?

It required colonial women to spend more time and effort supervising servants or handling the responsibility of making a fashionable home.

How did the Treaty of Paris (1763) change dominion over parts of North America?

It transferred control of Canada from the French to the British.

What is the historical significance of the Colored Tennessean?

It was Tennessee's only African American‒owned newspaper.

Which statement is true about the use of spectral evidence at witch trials?

It was initially allowed but eventually banned as people began to doubt it more and more.

What was the relationship between the information revealed at trial--when John Adams defended the British soldiers accused of the Boston Massacre--and Paul Revere's account in his famous engraving of the Boston Massacre?

It was shown at trial that Revere's depiction of the event had been inaccurate.

What was significant about the Stono Rebellion of 1739?

It was the largest slave rebellion that occurred in colonial times.

Why was the Battle of Antietam significant?

It was the victory Lincoln was waiting for to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

To what extent was slavery practiced in Africa prior to European contact?

It was widely practiced.

By 1400, which group of people organized in city-states dominated trade and finance with Asia?

Italian

What was the effect of Rebecca Nurse's argument around spectral evidence?

Its validity began to trouble prominent ministers, eventually leading to the disallowing of conviction based on spectral evidence.

The early members of the Whig Party believed that __________.

Jackson had exercised too much power in his years as president

Among Hamilton's chief opponents was __________.

James Madison

Which of the following was one of the writers of The Federalist?

James Madison

Who was charged with creating a set of amendments to the Constitution?

James Madison

The "Era of Good Feelings" was used to describe the presidency of __________.

James Monroe

In The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved, who denied that the British had the authority to tax the colonists without their consent?

James Otis

Whom did Thomas Jefferson defeat in the 1800 presidential election?

John Adams

Which inventor improved on Jethro Wood's iron plow to create one called the "singing plow"?

John Deere

Who was America's first multimillionaire?

John Jacob Astor

The election of 1824 originally ended in an electoral deadlock between __________.

John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson

Who preached the fiery sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" to shake parishioners out of their complacency?

Jonathan Edwards

Which person held ideas about the millennium that were similar to the ideas of William Miller?

Joseph Smith

Two Border States that created concern for the Union were __________.

Kentucky and Missouri, because of their proximity to the Mississippi River.

English leadership faced a crisis in the mid-sixteenth century with the death of __________.

King Henry VIII

In the 1870s, the Republican Party splintered due to disillusionment about the rights of freedmen among __________.

Liberal Republicans

The American Colonization Society helped to found the West African colony of __________.

Liberia

What did Abraham Lincoln indicate about his opponent Stephen Douglas during their series of debates?

Lincoln suggested that Douglas's indifference toward slavery was the same as an endorsement.

The Confederacy hoped that the Northerners' discontent with the war would lead to __________.

Lincoln's defeat in the election of 1864

Who threatened that if the Virginia militia entered Williamsburg, slaves would be freed to fight against the militia and burn the city?

Lord Dunmore

Who established the New York Female Moral Reform Society in 1834?

Lydia Finney

A belief that it was God's will that the United States should expand to include all of North America is called __________.

Manifest Destiny

How might the media have influenced the outcome of ratification of the Constitution?

Many newspapers refused to print Anti-Federalist materials.

Who won the presidential election in 1836?

Martin Van Buren

In the early United States, how was law in Massachusetts set up differently than in most other states?

Massachusetts law required that the governor be directly elected by the people.

Which famous case arose when a tax was levied on a branch of the Second Bank of the United States?

McCulloch v. Maryland

Which statement best compares medieval and Renaissance Europe?

Medieval Europe was cloistered but Renaissance Europe was open.

The journey African slaves were forced to make across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas was known as the __________.

Middle Passage

What regions were discussed when the United States negotiated with Spain in the 1790s?

Mississippi River, Louisiana, and Florida

After seceding, Southern representatives organized a new government in 1861 in the city of __________.

Montgomery, Alabama

What event marked the end of French control of Canada?

Montreal fell to the British.

Which statement is most accurate about slaves' lives in the eighteenth century?

Most slaves created families, formed communities, and established social bonds, despite the constraints imposed by slavery.

How did the lack of Indian representation at the 1783 Treaty of Paris influence American relations with the Indians in North America?

Native American interests were not reflected in the treaty, and the ceding of the Old Northwest territory to the United States paved the way for conflict.

Spain's control of what city was a source of concern to Americans in the 1780s?

New Orleans

Where was slavery important economically in the northern colonies?

New York

In 1863, a riot in protest of the draft occurred in which city?

New York City

After their conquest of New Netherland in 1664, the English divided the region into which two colonies?

New York and New Jersey

What two cities were the chief financial and commercial centers of the mid-Atlantic colonies?

New York and Philadelphia

What was one effect of the improvements in print technology during the 1800s?

New publications targeted specific audiences, such as middle-class women.

The angry crowd of tax-protesting Regulators who shut down a court in 1770 were from backcountry __________.

North Carolina

What aspect of the Whig view of politics was undemocratic?

Only male property owners were allowed to vote and serve as representatives.

What popular phrenologist championed octagon-shaped houses as a cure for America's social ills?

Orson S. Fowler

The most popular route for American settlers headed west across the North American continent in the 1840s was known as the __________.

Overland Trail

Why was land ownership so important to newly freed African Americans?

Owning land granted newly freed African Americans a sense of independence.

What is the name for the ancient inhabitants of America?

Paleo-Indians

The first crisis that besieged the administration of Martin Van Buren was the __________.

Panic of 1837

McClellan's flamboyant style was made evident in his plan to use a massive naval fleet to transport 120,000 soldiers to a point just east of Richmond. This plan was known as the __________.

Peninsular Campaign

In 1865, Union troops made their final push against Richmond when, after a long siege, they captured __________.

Petersburg

A large and successful labor strike in 1835 took place in __________.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

How did the societal roles of yeoman compare to those of planters in the South?

Planters served as politicians, military officers, and judges, whereas yeoman served as members of the militia.

Which statement about English expansion is true?

Poor leadership by the monarchy left England behind for a lengthy period of time in the process of colonial expansion during the 1500s.

Which four European countries were primarily involved in the exploration and colonization of the Americas?

Portugal, Spain, France, and England

Which answer best explains why the British erred when imposing the Stamp Act?

Printers, merchants, and lawyers were among those who had been targeted, and their influence spurred others to take action against the British.

The New York neighborhood known as Five Points was emblematic of what reality about America's urban landscape in the nineteenth century?

Profound changes were occurring in U.S. cities as they became more crowded and diverse.

William Penn settled the first refuge for members of which faith?

Quaker

Which group led much of the early opposition to slavery?

Quakers

Who wrote The American Scholar?

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Those in opposition to Hamilton's policies came to be known as __________.

Republicans

Which group was violently opposed to Jay's Treaty with Great Britain?

Republicans

Roger Williams, who left Massachusetts Bay in order to avoid arrest, went on to establish which colony?

Rhode Island

What was the reason for frequent warfare in the Caribbean colonies?

Rival colonial powers fought over the various "sugar islands" as they competed for the vast wealth that could be obtained from sugar exports.

President Jefferson faced a scandal when a newspaper editor accused him of having a relationship with __________.

Sally Hemings

Which hero led the Texas forces that defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto?

Sam Houston

Which of the following men was a federal judge with whom Jefferson clashed?

Samuel Chase

The right to bear arms in a well-regulated militia is protected by the __________.

Second Amendment

The revival movement that included religious camp meetings was called the __________.

Second Great Awakening.

The Union advance through Georgia in 1864 is known as __________.

Sherman's March to the Sea

How did the Declaration of Independence influence the position of Native Americans during and after the American Revolution?

Singled out as "savages" incited by King George III to fight the colonists, Indians were not even considered in the Declaration as participants in the new government.

How did geography influence the state votes on ratifying the Constitution?

Small coastal states were generally quick to approve ratification.

What was one consequence of market-oriented farming?

Some community traditions among farmers diminished.

Which answer best explains the reaction of South Carolinians to slaves staging a liberty parade during Stamp Act protests?

South Carolinians viewed the activity as evidence of planned rebellion.

The cotton that arrived at the Lowell mills to be spun into clothing came from the __________ states.

Southern

What was the conflict over slavery during the Constitutional Convention?

Southern states wanted slaves to be counted in determining representation while opponents of slavery wanted slaves taxed as property, but not counted for representation.

How did the question of slavery influence the debate about the structure of the legislature in the federal Constitution?

Southern states, seeking sufficient representation in the new legislature to protect slavery, were determined that their slaves be counted for apportionment purposes.

Why did many Southerners oppose the passage of "personal liberty laws" in the North?

Southerners disagreed with those laws because they impeded the return of fugitive slaves.

In the immediate aftermath of John Brown's execution __________.

Southerners feared widespread slave insurrections and uprisings

What did Jackson use to slow down land speculation on the frontier?

Specie Circular

Why was Squanto vital to the Pilgrims?

Squanto's skills as an interpreter and his knowledge of agriculture saved the Pilgrims from starvation.

Why were workers in the North reluctant to use strikes to demand higher wages?

Strikes were viewed as unpatriotic.

Which crop was most profitable for Caribbean planters?

Sugar

Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction in the South was known as the __________.

Ten Percent Plan

Which of the following best characterizes the beliefs of Gilbert Tennent, an early leader of the Great Awakening movement?

Tennent believed that what ministers traditionally preached was a useless form of religion and that only a focus on sin and being open to God's grace would bring salvation.

Which of the following was a slave state that seceded from the Union?

Tennessee

How did the battle at Concord differ from the battles at Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill?

The Americans were victorious at Concord and defeated at Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill.

Why did the problems faced by the young nation motivate members of the elite to call for a new federal constitution?

The Articles of Confederation formed a weak government, plaguing it with economic and political problems.

What was the most likely reason why the Confederates were willing to damage the South's economy by banning the export of cotton to Great Britain, France, and other nations?

The Confederates valued independence more than economic solvency.

The text that continues to be most often cited by the Supreme Court when trying to identify the original understanding of the Constitution is __________.

The Federalist

What did the emergence of the métis imply about the French approach to colonization?

The French were willing to intermarry with the native populations and establish friendly relations to avoid conflict.

What was the Lost Cause? What purposes did it serve in the post-Reconstruction South?

The Lost Cause was believed to be a heroic cause that included the confederate soldiers of the South. The thing is that during this time the North still won. Even though the North won people felt the need to involve all the Confederate soldiers in memory by using monuments and cemeteries.

In what way did the Louisiana Purchase embody both an ideal Jefferson held prior to becoming president and a policy that he implemented while in office?

The Louisiana Purchase embodied Jefferson's belief in the supremacy of the agrarian lifestyle and his policy of westward expansion.

What was most instrumental in defeating a bill for nonpreferential aid for ministers of the Christian religion?

The Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments

What does the political cartoon, Of Course He Wants to Vote the Democratic Ticket, suggest about the Mississippi Plan?

The Mississippi Plan included terror and coercion against black voters.

How did the Moravians draw many American Indians into the revival movement?

The Moravians used artwork with religious iconography that appealed to Indian sensibilities.

What is one way that the New England colonies differed from the mid-Atlantic colonies?

The New England colonies were the most ethnically homogeneous, while the mid-Atlantic colonies were the most ethnically diverse.

What events and decisions led to the Mexican War?

The Republic of Texas by the U.S. in 1845 and from a dispute over whether Texas ended at the Nueces River or the Rio Grande is what mainly led to the Mexican War.

Did the Revolution's ideals of liberty and equality significantly affect the lives of blacks, women, and American Indians?

The Revolution ideals of liberty and equality significantly affected the lives of blacks, women, and American Indians. For the American Indians western settlement was open and governments were created to allow for territory claims to be made. During this time any slave that escaped their master could become part of the British cause. Blacks and slaves were also allowed to become soldiers. After the war some of the black men got left behind while others were transported to places where they did not have to be slaves. Women were able to vote.

What was the effect of the Pueblo Revolt on the relationship between the Spanish and the Indians?

The Spanish eventually began to show increased tolerance of Indian religious practices and culture and reformed their system of forced labor.

How did economics impact culture and society in the backcountry during the eighteenth century?

The backcountry settlers lived a way of life that was more primitive than in the East due to their isolation from the Atlantic economy.

Which of the following best characterizes the Battle of New Orleans?

The battle was fought after the War of 1812 had officially ended.

Why did the settlers who arrived on the Mayflower form the Mayflower Compact?

The charter of the company that had financed their journey was not binding outside of Virginia.

What was the significance of Slater Mill?

The company created a village, renting land to mill workers and their families.

What was one of the terms of the Treaty of Paris?

The entire Old Northwest territory was ceded to the United States.

In what way did General William Howe's establishment of a winter base camp in New York in 1776-1777 resemble actions by the British at the Battles of Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill?

The extreme confidence by the British at the time of these events was unwarranted.

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the Glorious Revolution?

The freedoms established during the Glorious Revolution influenced legal rights in the future.

What is one way that the immigrants of the 1850s differed from the immigrants of the early 1800s?

The immigrants of the 1850s were mostly Catholics, while the immigrants of the early 1800s were mostly Protestants.

How did the debt King Charles II owed to William Penn's father change the map of America?

The king repaid the debt by granting Penn a tract of land next to New Jersey, which became known as Pennsylvania.

How did the lower South differ from the upper South in terms of settlement?

The lower South was settled later than the upper South and was better able to take advantage of an influx of new immigrants.

Why did the English turn to slave labor in the Caribbean?

The mortality rate for their laborers was so high that they needed a constant new supply of workers.

Which statement best describes the transformation of politics in the election of 1840?

The political process became more democratic.

How did England's war with Spain result in the loss of Roanoke in North Carolina?

The prolonged war with Spain prevented any English ships from traveling to Roanoke to help the colonists.

Why were the hidden tablets relevant to the founding of Mormonism?

The tablets established Joseph Smith as a religious leader with a direct connection to God.

How did the experience of slavery differ between the upper South and the lower South?

The upper South was farmers. It had less slaves. The crops were cotton and subtropical cash crops. The Lower south was cotton, slavery, and plantations.

How does the image Patriotic Ladies of Edenton imply that the women who participated in the boycott of British imports were unfeminine and neglectful of their proper roles?

The women appear to be conducting politics while partying and neglecting their children.

Why did the Lords Proprietors' goals for a New England‒style settlement fail?

Their settlers sought access to the productive land and waterways.

How did differences in landownership impact voting power in the early eighteenth century?

There was a higher percentage of landholders in the colonies than in Britain, and thus the colonies had a larger voting population and a higher percentage of people who were politically active than Britain.

How did African American mobility impact population distribution in the aftermath of the war?

There was a sharp rise in the African American population of Southern cities.

In the aftermath of the Missouri Compromise, if the Florida, Arkansas, and Michigan territories all had become states at the same time, how would that have affected the Union?

There would have been more slave states than free states.

How did most Southerners react to the more aggressive style of Northern abolitionism?

They became more militant in their defense of slavery.

Which of the following was true of the Black Codes?

They defined the charge of vagrancy in loose terms.

What is a prominent reason Anti-Federalists ratified the Constitution?

They did not want to become an anti-Constitutional party.

How did members of the planter class affect Southern society in the first half of the nineteenth century?

They dominated politics and economic life and defended slavery.

What was unique about the native peoples of the Americas prior to the arrival of the first Europeans?

They had not had contact with other continents in thousands of years.

How did the abolitionists respond to Southern hostility?

They inundated Congress with petitions to end slavery.

What did the British learn at Breed's Hill and Bunker Hill?

They learned that the Americans could be a strong fighting force.

How did the Shakers contribute to the reform of mainstream architectural movements?

They rejected mainstream architecture and created sparsely furnished homes that embodied their ideal of simplicity.

What did perfectionism and religious utopianism have in common?

They rejected the values of the marketplace and the traditional ideal of the family.

How did the British gain the colony of New Netherland from the Dutch?

They sent a fleet to seize it, and the Dutch merchants opted to negotiate a surrender rather than fight.

How did three French diplomats provoke the XYZ Affair?

They told American diplomats that they would not negotiate with the United States unless they got money.

Why did many Federalists switch their support from the French to the new government during the course of the Saint-Domingue Revolution?

They wanted to resume trade with the island.

Which statement best describes the fears of the Anti-Federalists?

They worried about creating a national government that was too powerful.

Which constitutional amendment abolished slavery in the United States?

Thirteenth Amendment

What role did the family play in the utopian worlds created by the Shakers, Oneidians, and Mormons? How were the reform efforts of these movements a response to social and economic conditions?

This was the start of the second Great Awakening where people were trying to live with others and everyone be happy about the way the world was. The Shakers lived simple and worked on trying to make sexes equal. The Oneidians believe in free love and that everyone could have sex with anyone. They called this complex marriage. The Mormons believed in Christ and follow the Christian beliefs. Each group created a different type of family with different beliefs.

Which of the following artists portrayed nature in much the same way that Thoreau wrote about it?

Thomas Cole

Which of the following was one of America's most prominent landscape painters?

Thomas Cole

Who accepted the lead role in drafting the Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson

Who proposed "A Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge"?

Thomas Jefferson

Which statement best expresses why Thomas Jefferson may have been unfazed by Shays's Rebellion?

Thomas Jefferson viewed Shays's Rebellion as the sign of a healthy republic.

Before Washington launched a surprise attack on Christmas night 1776, he ordered which of the following works to be presented to his troops?

Thomas Paine's The American Crisis

Why was the Native American village of Tippecanoe burned in 1811?

Tippecanoe was burned by the U.S. military to stop Tecumseh and his followers.

Why did silver prices become inflated in Spain?

Too much silver was introduced into the economy.

The leader of the uprising in Saint-Domingue in 1791 was __________.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

The forced relocation of the Cherokee to Oklahoma by the U.S. government is generally referred to as the __________.

Trail of Tears

Which department of government was the largest in Washington's administration?

Treasury Department

On Christmas night of 1776, General George Washington led a surprise attack on __________.

Trenton

How did the population of the British colonies compare to the population of New France by the middle of the eighteenth century?

Twelve times as many settlers lived in the British colonies as in New France.

Who did John C. Frémont work for in the 1840s?

U.S. Army

The Border State of Missouri defied attempts to join the Confederacy due to the efforts of __________.

Union forces

How has the historical consensus with regard to Jefferson and the relationship with his slave changed in recent times?

Until recently most historians and scholars doubted that Jefferson and Hemings had a sexual relationship, but now many believe they did.

Opponents of Martin Van Buren labeled him __________.

Van Ruin

Which explorer made the first successful sea voyage from Europe, around the Horn of Africa, and to the west coast of India?

Vasco da Gama

What occurred in the aftermath of Nat Turner's rebellion?

Virginia strengthened its slave codes.

Which statement gives the best explanation of why William Henry Harrison won the 1840 election?

Voters identified with Harrison, considering him a man of the people.

Which of the following was true of wages and prices in the North during the war?

Wages and prices rose.

An especially innovative aspect of the electoral campaign in 1840 was the effective mobilization of women to support their cause by which party?

Whigs

In 1840, who did the Whigs run as their candidate for president?

William Henry Harrison

The founder of the newspaper The Liberator in 1831 was __________.

William Lloyd Garrison.

How did the rising popularity of books and magazines affect women's lives?

Women grew more interested in education and some became authors as well as readers.

Which statement offers the best explanation as to why a labor movement began during the 1830s?

Workers in urban industries felt they were overworked and underpaid and resented the rising disparity in wealth between the classes.

How did yeoman farmers differ from plantation owners?

Yeoman farmers mostly farmed to feed their families, while planters raised crops for the marketplace.

Were Anti-Federalist fears vindicated by the events of the 1790s?

Yes they were. Republicans thought that people would start investing in short term assets that would soon lead to the need for financial assets and then soon corruption. They wanted people to have to fully pay their debt to the ones that they owed the debt. Not to investors over the debt.

Who were the great generals of the Mexican war nicknamed "Old Rough and Ready" and "Old Fuss and Feathers"?

Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott

Who was John Wilkes Booth?

a Confederate supporter who killed President Lincoln

Zachary Taylor was a popular candidate in the 1848 election because he was __________.

a Mexican War hero

Federalist James Wilson believed that __________.

a bill of rights was unnecessary

What was the Newburgh Conspiracy?

a conspiracy by Continental Army officers to support a coup against Congress in order to gain their promised benefits

What was the main economic result of Congress printing almost $250 million in paper currency to fund the war?

a dramatic drop in the value of the Continental currency

The Panic of 1819 was an economic crisis sparked by __________.

a loss of profit from cotton and other agricultural exports

The meaning of Captain Ahab's pursuit of Moby Dick is considered __________.

a metaphor of the search for life's meaning

Prior to the nineteenth century, which of the following measures would the Federalist Party most likely have opposed?

a reduction in the size of the military

Whigs favored __________.

a strong federal government

The Massachusetts Constitution was like the modern American government in that the Massachusetts Constitution called for __________.

a system of checks and balances

What clothing accessory did the Republicans favor during the 1790s?

a tricolor cockade

In the eighteenth century, Sullivan's Island in South Carolina became __________.

a way station for slaves arriving in British North America

What were the Articles of Confederation?

a weak constitution created by Congress

According to Alexander Jackson Davis's theory, who should live in a villa?

a wealthy banker

In the Credit Mobilier scandal, Grant's vice president faced accusations of __________.

accepting bribes

Of all the American Indian tribes, the Cherokee were most committed to the policy of __________.

accommodation

The temperance movement started because people were concerned about rising levels of __________.

alcohol consumption.

The Great Migration refers to __________.

an 1843 expedition of settlers moving West

In the 1820s and 1830s, a rendezvous was __________.

an annual meeting between trappers, Indians, and traders to exchange trade goods for fur pelts

Which of the following best describes the term "Black Republican"?

an anti-slavery Republican who supported racial equality

"Barnburners" and abolitionists were __________.

antislavery

The Republican Party was formed from a coalition of __________ groups.

antislavery

Workers who use specialized skills to produce consumer goods are called __________.

artisans

The purpose of the "Olive Branch" petition was to __________.

ask King George III to intervene on behalf of the colonists

Significant numbers of Americans first began coming to Texas __________.

at the invitation of the Mexican government.

In the triangle trade, alcohol was often traded to the Indians in exchange for __________.

beaver fur

Over the years during the colonial era, the meaning of the word plantation changed to __________.

become synonymous with slave-based labor

American advantages in the Mexican War included __________.

better leadership and naval capacity

How did Europeans justify slavery?

by arguing that dark-skinned people were inferior to whites

How did a country attempt to get rich through the mercantile system?

by encouraging exportation and discouraging importation of manufactured goods

According to Henry David Thoreau, how can Americans rekindle the divine spark in each person?

by rejecting conformity

In the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819, Spain agreed to __________.

cede all claims to Spanish Florida

In her Treatise on Domestic Economy, Catherine Beecher __________.

celebrated the cult of womanhood

Which of the following foods was brought from the New World to the Old World in the Columbian Exchange?

chocolate

To whom was Washington referring when he lamented, "come in, you cannot tell how" and "go, you cannot tell when, and act you cannot tell where."

citizen soldiers who were ill suited to sustained battle

The economy of the New England colonies in the eighteenth century depended on the nearby __________.

coastline

To display their wealth, well-to-do colonists often __________.

commissioned a formal portrait

Jackson's political opponents viewed his inauguration as disturbing because __________.

common people took part in the festivities at the White House.

One of the keys to Mormon success was the structure of their society, which stressed __________.

communalism

Drafted men could buy their way out of service by paying a __________.

commutation fee

On the eve of the Civil War, what was the most profitable crop in the United States?

cotton

In an attempt to force England and France to intervene on their behalf, the Confederacy established a __________.

cotton embargo

Cities in the first half of the nineteenth century experienced an increase in __________.

crime

The Five Points neighborhood of New York was known for _________.

crime and violence

What occurred as a result of immigrants, free blacks, and other ethnic groups living together in Northern cities?

crime and violence

Which of the following was one of General Sherman's objectives during his March to the Sea?

damage the Confederacy's transportation system

Which of the following was one of the ideas supported by the Shakers?

dance as an expression of ecstasy

After becoming president, Andrew Johnson initially suggested that he planned to __________.

deal harshly with the South

The French navy played a crucial role in 1781 at the battle of Yorktown by __________.

defeating a squadron of British ships and shifting the balance of power at sea

A participant in the Lyceum movement in the 1830s would be most likely to __________.

deliver lectures on topics of general interest

Thomas Paine's views can be classified as __________.

democratic

What was one result of the Portuguese exploration of the African coast?

direct trade between Europeans and Africans

During the 1864 presidential election, the Copperheads appealed to which group of voters?

dissatisfied Northerners

Federalists believed that Democratic-Republican Societies might influence the public to __________.

distrust government

Which of the following musical instruments did African American slaves create using African techniques?

drum

The increase of free blacks in the North contributed to rising racism because they created __________.

economic competition

The individuals appointed by the states who collectively choose the president are referred to as the __________.

electoral college

American society underwent a process of Anglicization, which meant that colonists __________.

emulated the British way of life

What was the main cause of widespread Irish immigration to the United States in the 1840s?

failure of the potato crop

The Whigs made the 1840 election a campaign of __________.

family values and Christianity versus sexual perversion and immorality

What activity did some Native American peoples first start to engage in during the Archaic Era?

farming

The introduction of the mechanical reaper resulted in __________.

faster harvesting

At the time the Treaty of Ghent was signed, American public opinion was __________.

favorable toward the agreement

During the war, output of goods and agricultural produce in the South __________.

fell 30 percent

President Pierce promoted expansion into Latin America and the Caribbean through invasions led by small armies known as __________.

filibusters

As the Civil War came to an end, many African Americans traveled across the South to __________.

find loved ones who had been sold away

President Polk initiated war with Mexico to __________.

force the cession of New Mexico and California to the United States

Whigs claimed that the Democrats' vision of government and society was based on an ideology that __________.

fostered class conflict

By 1860, the Southern slave population totaled nearly __________.

four million

The Shakers developed a reputation as skilled makers of __________.

furniture

Jefferson wanted to impeach the federal judge Samuel Chase because Chase __________.

gave speeches from the bench denouncing Jefferson and his policies

The network of roads, canals, and railroads built during the 1820s and 1830s led to __________.

goods and information moving from place to place more quickly and less expensively

Landowners in Europe evicted farmers so they could use the land to __________.

graze sheep

By the end of the 1820s, the right to vote __________.

had moved significantly toward universal suffrage for white men

Washington pardoned the two members of the Whiskey Rebellion found guilty of treason because __________.

he did not want to punish them and in so doing create martyrs for their cause

Artist George Catlin believed he had a responsibility to preserve a visual record of Indian culture because __________.

he was aware that American expansion would likely lead to the destruction of Indian culture

Writers of The Federalist chose Publius as a pen name because they __________.

hoped to associate their ideas with the virtue of the Roman Republic

What animal did the Spanish bring with them to the Americas?

horse

In the early 1850s, millions of immigrants arrived from Europe and settled primarily __________.

in Northern cities

Where would a visitor to the colonies in the 1700s most likely find free African Americans?

in a northern city working in the maritime trade

Aaron Burr's conspiracy plot apparently included a plan to __________.

invade Mexico

New York's legislature passed an act in 1848 that was considered a landmark because __________.

it allowed married women to retain control of their inherited property

The idea of complex marriage was controversial because __________.

it ran afoul of traditional views about marriage

The most significant aspect of the Seneca Falls Convention historically is that __________.

it was the first national women's rights convention in America

New Yorker James Kent warned that allowing working-class men to vote would __________.

jeopardize property rights and thus liberty itself

The Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison affirmed the concept of __________.

judicial review

The term "forty acres and a mule" referred to __________.

land redistribution programs

According to the textbook, two of the main causes of the increase in urban prostitution were __________.

large numbers of poor young women and an aggressive masculine sub-culture

The vast majority of slave owners owned about how many slaves?

less than 10

According to traditional republican theory, leaders of a nation should be __________.

men of birth and fortune

The key technological breakthrough for the rifle was the ____________.

minie ball

Under which system were thousands of Native Americans forced to convert to Catholicism and to labor for the Spanish?

mission

Senator Daniel Webster's famous "Seventh of March Address" could best be described as __________.

moderate

What did Thomas Paine call "ridiculous" in Common Sense?

monarchy

The Waltham System led to __________.

more efficient production of textiles

Barbados was far from the Spanish ship routes and thus was able to avoid __________.

much of the rivalry and warfare that occurred in other parts of the Caribbean

One event that whipped up anti-Indian feelings among Americans during the American Revolution was the __________.

murder of Jane McCrea

The election of 1824 originally ended in a deadlock because __________.

no candidate won a majority in the Electoral College

Calhoun's notion that the states could call special conventions to reject federal laws was known as __________.

nullification

Which adjectives best describe the depiction of the life of the Eastern Woodlands Indians in Theodore de Bry's engraving based on John White's painting of Secoton?

orderly and peaceful

During the Civil War, the Union Army __________.

paid lower wages to African-American soldiers

The bad feeling between Republicans and Federalists was made worse by __________.

partisan newspapers

Denmark Vesey was arrested for __________.

plotting an insurrection

Under the ranchero system, labor was performed by __________.

poorly paid Indians

The Compromise of 1850 determined that the decision regarding slavery in the Utah Territory would be made by __________.

popular sovereignty

The Adams administration supported the Alien Act because it was concerned about __________.

possible subversive elements in society

The reason that William Miller's millennialism collapsed was that __________.

predictions of Christ's return failed to materialize

The Freedmen's Bureau participated in __________.

promoting literacy among African Americans

The New York Female Moral Reform Society focused on reform of the __________ industry.

prostitution

The terror tactics of white supremacist organizations served which of the following purposes?

providing poor white Southerners with a sense of superiority over blacks

The Wade-Davis Bill was designed to __________.

punish Confederate leaders and destroy the South's slave society

Under Johnson's plan for Reconstruction, Southern states seeking readmission had to hold a constitutional convention in which they, among other items, __________.

ratified the Thirteenth Amendment

Concerning unjust laws, Henry David Thoreau advocated __________.

refusing to obey unjust laws and suffering the legal consequences

According to the theory of virtual representation, Parliament __________.

represented the whole nation, rather than particular localities

During the early decades of the nineteenth century, free blacks __________.

saw their rights limited in many states

The Sedition Act made it a crime to __________.

say or write malicious things about the government and the president

John Quincy Adams made Henry Clay his __________.

secretary of state

The Jim Crow laws established a system of __________.

segregation

Sylvester Graham advised his readers to avoid __________.

sexual overstimulation

Tenant farming in the South was dominated by the system of __________.

sharecropping

Coming out of the Constitutional Convention, which unresolved issue would have the greatest impact on later American history?

slavery

Which of the following was most likely to be a supporter of the Democrats?

small farmers

Both candidates in the 1828 election were charged with __________.

social misconduct

Who benefited the most from Hamilton's plan for the assumption of state debts from the Revolutionary War?

speculators

By requiring the creation of townships of 36 square miles, the Land Ordinance of 1785 encouraged __________.

speculators rather than ordinary citizens to purchase land

Slave songs were known as __________.

spirituals

Jefferson believed that the proper defender of liberty was __________.

state government

The doctrine of nullification asserted that __________.

states could nullify an unconstitutional act of the federal government

Which of the following best describes the appearance of the scalawag shown in the illustration The Hated Scalawag?

stern and forbidding

The people who took part in the Whiskey Rebellion were protesting __________.

taxes on whiskey

In 1773, Parliament gave the British East India Company a monopoly with the colonies on the __________.

tea trade

The most significant advance in communication in the first half of the nineteenth century was the __________.

telegraph

Southerners who owned no land and worked growing and harvesting crops were known as ________.

tenant farmers

What church did Denmark Vesey attend?

the African Methodist Episcopal Church

Which of the early Indian groups was the most warlike?

the Aztec

The dark rich soil that stretched from Alabama to Texas was called __________.

the Black Belt

The Pope brokered a treaty between two Iberian powers that gave control of which islands to the Spanish?

the Canary Islands

After sailing for 33 days, where did Columbus first hit landfall in the New World?

the Caribbean

What is the name given to the exchange of foods, plants, animals, and diseases that took place between Europe and the Americas, starting in 1492?

the Columbian Exchange

What is the name of the holy war that Christian Europe fought against Islam?

the Crusades

Which of the following formed the foundation of Jefferson's policy of "peaceable coercion"?

the Embargo Act

The population of California jumped exponentially in the early 1850s in response to __________.

the Gold Rush

What was the name for the religious movement that promoted devotion over tradition?

the Great Awakening

Like some other prominent religious authors, Joseph Smith believed that __________.

the Indians were descendants of a lost tribe of Hebrews

What terrorist organization, founded in 1866, worked to undermine the status of African Americans in the South?

the Ku Klux Klan

What third political party swung the presidential election of 1844?

the Liberty Party

The romanticized image of a virtuous South defeated by a ruthless North came to be known as __________.

the Lost Cause

What event in 1834 was considered a milestone in the history of women's rights and labor organization?

the Lowell strike

Grant's victories in the West gave the Union the key strategic control of __________.

the Mississippi River

The executive mansion became known as the White House under which administration?

the Monroe administration

Henry Grady was a leading figure in the movement to establish __________.

the New South economy

France and Britain's declarations of neutrality benefited __________.

the North

In the election of 1860, Stephen A. Douglas was nominated by __________.

the Northern Democrats

Which of the following had an impact on Northern support for federal policies that benefited African Americans?

the Panic of 1873

Based on their reactions to the uprising in Saint-Domingue, which party was more concerned with protecting the institution of slavery?

the Republicans

What other institution besides the colonial government exercised power in Spanish America?

the Roman Catholic Church

Zachary Taylor's views on slavery outraged many in __________.

the South

American support for the War of 1812 was strongest in __________.

the South and the West

Who emerged as the big winner in the Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court case?

the Supreme Court, which secured the power to determine what is constitutional

The issue that led to open conflict in 1846 between the United States and Mexico was __________.

the Texas-Mexico boundary

Davy Crockett established the association of democracy with which region?

the West

The fact that Winfield Scott did so poorly in the South in the election of 1852 indicated that __________.

the Whig Party had begun to crumble over the slavery issue

The Missouri Compromise related to which of the following issues?

the balance of power between states

Special Field Order No. 15 proposed __________.

the distribution of land to freedmen in parts of the South

The Plessy v. Ferguson decision resulted in which of the following?

the doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal"

Lincoln's Reconstruction plan included __________.

the establishment of new state governments across the South

In the aftermath of the Mexican War, the main issue that gripped the United States was __________.

the expansion of slavery

What in Ben Franklin's Magna Britannia Her Colonies Reduced represents the British Empire?

the figure of the woman

What is represented by the central figure in Benjamin Franklin's Magna Britannia Her Colonies Reduced?

the horrible outcome of separating the colonies from the British empire

Cotton cultivation took place mostly in ________.

the lower South

New developments in agriculture, transportation, and communication during the nineteenth century came together to create __________.

the market revolution

In 1863, violent riots erupted in the North as mobs protested __________.

the military draft

Which group of early Native Americans was a member of the Eastern Woodland Indians?

the northern Iroquois

What issue contributed to a split between Hamilton and Madison?

the plan for the federal government to assume state debts

Most Southern state legislators, judges, and militia officers were drawn from what social class?

the planter class

The conflict between Whigs and Tories was primarily about __________.

the relative power of Parliament versus the monarchy

The ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment was intended to ensure __________.

the right to vote for all men

In his campaign for president in 1868, Horatio Seymour stoked fears that __________.

the rights of white Americans were under fire

What was the primary cause of the Panic of 1873?

the rise in risks assumed by Wall Street investors

The Crystal Palace Exhibition primarily focused on __________.

the rise of Northern innovation

What inspired President Monroe to make the congressional address that came to be known as the Monroe Doctrine?

the rise of revolutions across South America

Stephen Douglas believed that Kansas would eventually become a slave state because __________.

the soil and climate were similar to that of other slave states

The "Great American Desert" was a misleading term that referred to which geographical location?

the southern Great Plains

The success of the Utah Mormon community could be best attributed to __________.

the strength of Brigham Young's leadership

The most significant change in Europe during the Renaissance was from __________.

the study of theology to the study of the liberal arts

The electoral vote that resulted in Jefferson winning a second term reflected __________.

the success of Jefferson's achievements during his first term

Which of the following was a tool of modern warfare?

the telegraph

Unemployment in the North was highest in what industry?

the textile industry

What was the political tone that James Monroe established in the early days of his presidency?

the turn away from partisan politics

At the time of his infamous duel, Aaron Burr was serving as __________.

the vice president

How did the Mexican-American War impact the U.S?

the war divided the American public and provoked political dissention.

What led to increased tensions between whites and American Indians?

the white settlers' need for more land

In The Great Financier, what figure most likely symbolizes Britannia (Great Britain)?

the woman seated on the far right side of the image

Many people called the election of 1824 a "corrupt bargain" because __________.

they felt Henry Clay unduly used his influence to determine the stalemated outcome

Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson were valuable cabinet members for President Washington because __________.

they had opposing views of what government should be

Why did former slaves in the Sea Islands often decide not to plant cotton?

they saw the crop as a symbol of their enslavement

According to the text, what percentage of male urban dwellers lived outside family units in the 1840s and 1850s?

thirty percent

How did colonists communicate with the British government in London to lobby for their interests?

through agents

What was President Taylor's plan for dealing with California and Mexico?

to admit both territories as states and allow popular sovereignty to determine the slavery issue

Why did delegates gather in Philadelphia in 1787?

to reform the Articles of Confederation

One of the surest paths to riches during the Gold Rush was __________.

to sell supplies to miners

Why was the colony of Georgia founded?

to serve as an experiment in prisoner reform

After the Battle of Gettysburg, General Lee changed his tactic from frontal assault to siege __________.

to stall and buy time.

What product was exported by the Virginia colony?

tobacco

The exchange of goods in the triangle trade included __________.

tobacco from the colonies that was exported to Europe

Who founded the North Carolina Mutual and Provident Insurance Company in 1898?

two African American men

Between 1790 and 1800, the number of American newspapers increased __________.

twofold

What did the New York Herald mean by the term "daguerreotype reports"?

unbiased and accurate reports of real events

Between 1820 and 1860, which group saw its percentage of the nation's population double?

urban dwellers.

What type of legislation did Southerners pass to limit African American mobility?

vagrancy laws

One of the less helpful of George McClellan's traits, which possibly lengthened the war, was his __________.

wait-and-see attitude

The first English settlers at Jamestown originally chose a location that __________.

was a public health disaster

According to the Lost Cause concept, the antebellum society of the South __________.

was righteous and beyond reproach

What did Virginia promotional literature promise prospective settlers?

wealth through agricultural opportunities in Virginia

In which directions did the economic center of Europe shift between the 1400s and the 1500s?

west and north

Which of the following contributed to the decline of the fur trade by the 1830s?

westward expansion and settlement of the West

Bacon's Rebellion was notable for including among its supporters __________.

white indentured servants and African slaves