US History (American Pageant) Unit 7
Fundamentalism
Movement in which people believe in strictly following certain established principles of teachings.
The Jazz Age
Name given by Fitzgerald, referring to the 1920s; a time of cultural change; generally refers to the arts such as writing, music, artwork, and architecture.
Okies
Name given to Oklahomans and others from the rural Midwest, especially those who left the Dust Bowl to the West looking for better lives during the 1930s.
Charles Forbes
Harding's director of Veterans Bureau who stole millions of dollars from his agency.
Ohio Gang
Harding's friends "advisers" who played poker, drank, and smoked with him in the White House. Harding appointed them to offices, but they were corrupt.
Quota Law
Law limited the number of immigrants for a foreign country to be less than 3% of the number of immigrants that were already here. This favored the English, the Irish and the Germans.
Emergency Immigration Act
Law limited the number of immigrants that could come from various countries by using percents.
Wagner Act
Law passed in 1935 that aided unions by legalizing collective bargaining and closed shops, and by establishing the National Labor Relations Board.
Louis Armstrong
Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed and led to the Panic of 1929.
Margin Buying; Stock Speculation
Paying part of the cost of a stock and borrowing the rest from stock brokers; buying and selling stock for a quick profit inflating prices.
John Dewey
Philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be education for life.
Warren G. Harding
President after World War I (the 29th) who promised to return the US to normal; not a bad man and looked "presidential", but was unfit for the job.
Fordney McCumber Tariff
1922 tariff raised the tax on imports to its heights level- 60%.
McNary Haugen Bill
1924 bill that failed to pass; sought to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to buy up surpluses and sell them abroad; government losses to be made up by a special tax on the farmers; Coolidge vetoed twice.
Isolationism
A policy of non-participation in international economic and political relations; taken up by the U.S. after WWI.
Social Security Act
Act that guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health.
Glass Steagal Act
Act that released reserve gold in order to regulate banks and control speculation.
Marcus Garvey
African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa; was deported to Jamaica in 1927.
Red Scare of 1919
Fear and panic by the Americans over communism that was spurred by Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.
Xenophobia
Fear of unfamiliar things, especially toward foreigners by the US after WWI.
Alfred Smith
First Catholic to ran for president in the 1928 election for the Democrat Party but lost the election to Herbert Hoover.
Andrew Mellon
the Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He felt it was best to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He believed in trickle down economics. (Hamiltonian economics).
John Davis
Conservative corporation lawyer nominated by the Democrats for the presidency in 1924 against Coolidge.
Liberty League
Conservatives who did not agree with Roosevelt, they wanted government to let business alone and play a less active role in the economy
Francis Townsend
Critic of the New Deal; felt that the New Deal did not do enough for the elderly.
Stimson Doctrine
Declaration by Hoover's administration, stating that the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria.
Eleanor Roosevelt
FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Famed novelist during the Jazz Age; his novel, THE GREAT GATSBY, is considered a masterpiece that recorded the life style of the 1920s.
Washington Conference
(1921) Conferenceof major powers called by the Harding's administration that aimed to reduce naval armaments among Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, and the United States by proportions.
Bruce Barton
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H.L. Mencken
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Labor Saving Devices
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Movies/Stars of the 20s
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Pan-American Airlines
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Scopes Monkey Trial
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Sports of the 1920s
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Strikes of the 1920s
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The New Morality
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Bonus Army
20,000 veterans who camped around the city of Washington protesting against Congressional denial of their $1000 bonus.
Calvin Coolidge
30th President when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken; believed in the government supporting big business.
Herbert Hoover
31st President of the U.S; leader of the US in the beginning of the Great Depression. He didn't want the gov involved in the peoples lives and thought that the people should express their individual rights.
The Scottsboro Boys
9 black teens who were accused of raping two white women and were unfairly jailed for many years; judicial failure.
Harry Hopkins
A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans.
The Charleston
A dance that was popular in the 1920's.
1918 Flu Epidemic
A flu influenza from soldiers returning from Europe; affects 1/4 of US population; kills 500,000 in US but 30 million worldwide.
Langston Hughes
A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance. He wrote "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "My People".
Al Capone
A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs. Finally taken down for tax evasions.
Back to Africa Movement
A movement that called for all people of African descent to return to their homeland; a result of Marcus Garvey's dream of a Universal Negro Improvement Association.
Harlem Renaissance
A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished.
Dawes Plan
A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S.
19th Amendment
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.
Henry Ford
American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.
Second Ku Klux Klan
American organization that was against immigrants, Jews, and Catholics and supported the "native" Americanism.
Charles Lindbergh
American pilot who made the first non-stop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean.
Frederick Taylor
An American efficiency engineer who wrote "The Principles of Scientific Management", which earned him the title "father of scientific management".
Sigmund Freud
An Austrian doctor credited as being the "father of psychology". He studied and wrote extensively about the importance of dreams and developed psychoanalysis.
Kellogg Briand Pact
An agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another.
Modernism
An art movement characterized by the deliberate departure from tradition and the use of innovative forms of expression that distinguish many styles in the arts and literature of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Harry Daugherty
Attorney General under Harding who sold illegal liquor licenses and pardons under Harding. He accepted bribes, involved in scandals, and was a member of the Ohio Gang.
Mitchell Palmer
Attorney General who rounded up many suspects, who were thought to be un-American and socialistic, and helped to increase the Red Scare.
Volstead Act
Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.
"a car in every garage"
Herbert Hoover's 1928 campaign slogan that promised good life for the U.S. citizens.
Hawley Smoot Tariff
Highest tariff rate in American peace history; signed by Hoover.
Bathtub Gin
Homemade alcohol especially that made illegally (in bathtubs).
Trickle Down Economics
Hoover's strategy battling the Great Depression in which the money is given to the big corporations and eventually they will pay their workers more, and then the workers will spend their money and save the economy.
Speakeasy
Illegal bar that served liquor during Prohibition.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Independent agency of the United States government that granted over 2 billion dollars to the local and state governments; charted under the Herbert Hoover administration.
18th Amendment
Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages.
Dust Bowl
Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought and dust storms in 1930s, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.
Teapot Dome Scandal
Scandal during the Harding administration involving Alfred B. Fall, the Secretary of Interior, granting of oil-drilling rights on government land in return for money.
Albert B. Fall
Secretary of Interior under Harding; managed to get oil reserving land of the navy sold for personal profit.
"100% Americanism"
Slogan of the 2nd Ku Klux Klan.
Bootlegger
Someone who makes or sells illegal liquor.
Aimee Semple McPherson
Stirred fundamentalists passions by preaching traditional religious and moral values in very nontraditional ways.
100 Days
The first 3 months of FDR's presidency where he passed many new programs to help the depression.
Fireside Chats
The informal radio conversations Roosevelt had with the people to keep spirits up. It was a means of communicating with the people on how he would take on the depression.
The Great Migration
The migration of thousands of African-Americans from the South to the North. African Americans were looking to escape the problems of racism in the South and felt they could seek out better jobs and an overall better life in the North.
Prohibition
The period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment.
Mass Production
The production of large quantities of a standardized article (often using assembly line techniques).
Wets and Drys
Those who favored the use of the alcohol and the ones who were in favor of prohibition.
Sacco and Vanzetti
Two Italian born American laborers and anarchists who were tired convicted and executed via electrocution on for the 1920 armed robbery. It is believed that the punishment was unfair due to the prevailing prejudice.
Frances Perkins
U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet.
John L. Lewis
U.S. long-time labor leader who organized and led the first important unskilled workers labor union, called in to represent union during sit-down strike.
Sinclair Lewis
United States novelist who satirized middle-class America in his novel Main Street; first American Nobel Literature Prize winner.
Margaret Sanger
United States nurse who campaigned for birth control and planned parenthood.
UNIA
Universal Negro Improvement Association; sought to end racism by segregation; promoted black pride and unity.
Flappers
Young women during the Jazz Age who rebelled against traditional ways of thinking and acting.
Culture in the 1930s
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3 R's
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Boondoggling
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Charles Coughlin
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FDR's Court Packing Scheme
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George Norris
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New Deal Programs: CCC, NRA, WPA, PWA, AAA, SEC, TVA, FDIC
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Schechter Poultry v. US
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