us history b midterm
"Island-hopping"
"Island Hopping" is the phrase given to the strategy employed by the United States to gain military bases and secure the many small islands in the Pacific
Elkins Act
(1903) gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers
Mutually Assured Destruction
(MAD) if either US or the USSR was hit with a nuclear weapons they would respond with the same
Teddy Roosevelt's Presidency
. He brought new excitement and power to the Presidency, as he vigorously led Congress and the American public toward progressive reforms and a strong foreign policy
Gilded Age
1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor
Muckrakers
1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business
Cash and carry policy
1939. Law passed by Congress which allowed a nation at war to purchase goods and arms in US as long as they paid cash and carried merchandise on their own ships. This benefited the Allies, because Britain was dominant naval power.
Atlantic Charter
1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war
Yalta Conference
1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war
Executive Order 9066
2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion
Palmer Raids
A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
A U.S. agency created to gather secret information about foreign governments.
Totalitarianism
A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
Teapot Dome Scandal
A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921
Harlem Renaissance
A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished
Brinkmanship
A policy of threatening to go to war in response to any enemy aggression.
Neutrality
A position of not taking sides in a conflict
Fourteen Points
A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.
Socialism
A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.
Zimmerman Telegram
A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.
Communism
A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.
Casablanca Conference
A wartime conference held at Casablanca, Morocco that was attended by de Gaulle, Churchill, and FDR. The Allies demanded the unconditional surrender of the axis, agreed to aid the Soviets, agreed on the invasion Italy, and the joint leadership of the Free French by De Gaulle and Giraud.
Appeasement
Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict
How did the Harlem Renaissance contribute to social interactions between groups?
African-American talents in the arts were showcased.
Widely used during the last 19th and early 20th centuries, what was price-fixing?
An agreement between producers and sellers of a product to set its price at a high level.
United Nations
An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.
Control of Corporations
Anthracite Coal Strike 1902, Northern Securities Co 1902, Dept of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Corporations
By 1937, Germany, Italy, and Japan had formed which of the following alliances?
Axis Powers
What was the first US attempt to keep the Soviet Union from developing nuclear weapons?
Baruch Plan
Pearl Harbor
Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.
What was the US response to the Berlin Blockade?
Berlin Airlift
Jose refuses to serve in the armed forces for religious or philosophical reasons during World War 1. What term would describe this action?
Conscientious objector
Political Machines
Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.
Installment Plans
Customers could buy goods by making a small down payment followed by additional monthly payments with interest
Hoovervilles
Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress
17th Amendment
Direct election of senators
After the torpedoing of the Sussex, what did Germany demand?
Either the British end the blockade or unrestricted submarine warfare would continue.
During World War I, what was the purpose of the War Industries Board?
Encourage companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency.
As banks began to foreclose on the property, how did most farmers react?
Farmers migrated west to California.
Frank believes that people's lives should be completely controlled by the state, and political parties should not be allowed. What political system would Frank most likely support?
Fascism
Originally established as part of a New Deal program, what organization guarantees individual bank deposits up to $250,000 today
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
During President Wilson's administration, what government agency investigated and prohibited unfair business practices?
Federal Trade Commission
Sputnik
First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions
Moral Diplomacy
Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace
Where did the D-Day landings occur?
France
During World War I, which nations made up the Triple Entente?
France, Britain, and Russia
What right did the Sedition Act of 1918 address?
Freedom of speech
Outcomes of the war
French leave North America → map of N. America completely changes (ex. Canada given to the British) British gain more land → natives have no bargaining ability and settlers moving onto natives land
What was the purpose of the 16th Amendment?
Gave the federal government the power to collect income tax.
19th Amendment
Gave women the right to vote
During World War I, what nations made up the Central Powers?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire
Deficit Spending
Government practice of spending more than it takes in from taxes
What contributed to the emergence of conglomerates and franchises?
Growing power of the American economy
Recently, Tom read Andrew Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth", and found that he agrees with Carnegie's ideas. Which statement best represents Tom's beliefs?
He believes that it is the job of the elite to help enrich society.
Rugged individualism
Herbert Hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance.
If you had been in this city in Japan, you would have likely been a casualty of the first atomic bomb being dropped
Hiroshima
In order to take advantage of the Marshall Plan, what did European countries agree to do?
Hold free and open elections
James owes an oil company and decides to buy all the oil companies that exist within a given region. What type of business structure is James using?
Horizontal integration
Laissez-faire
Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.
Communism vs. Capitalism
In Communism, the community or society solely owns the resources or the means of production. On the other hand, in capitalism, the resources or the means of production lies with a private owner.
Suzy is a US citizen, who officially suggests a change in the law by signing a petition. What process did Suzy just use?
Initiative
To Americans and people living in Berlin, Germany, what would the Wall represent?
Iron Curtain
What was the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)?
It allowed the United States to use, occupy, and control a 10-mile wide canal zone in Panama.
How did the American Federation of Labor (AFL) differ from the other labor unions?
It consisted of groups of unions, usually skilled workers.
What was one purpose of the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)?
It exempted labor unions from antitrust lawsuits and declared strikes as legal.
How does collective bargaining improve union relations with its employees?
It helps employers and a union reach an agreement on wages, working conditions, etc.
What was the Zimmerman Note?
It proposed an alliance between Mexico and Germany.
What was the purpose of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887?
It sought to prevent monopolies by promoting competition and outlawed discriminatory rate-setting.
Which battle worried US generals about what they would face if they invaded the Japanese home island?
Iwo Jima
What was President Franklin D. Roosevelt's court-packing scheme?
Make the Supreme Court have more justices.
Which of the following battles is considered the turning point of the war in the Pacific?
Midway
Suez Canal Crisis
Military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel in 1956 after Egypt seized the Suez Canal from British administration.
What was the Soviet equivalent to the Marshall Plan?
Molotov Plan
Which of the following attributes was not one of the three key groups addressed in the Treaty of Versailles?
Nationalism
Women and the New Deal
New Deal's welfare agencies had lots of opportunity for women, because already experts on social work. Made network of activists for women's interests and reform. Still less opportunity than men though
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.
William H Taft's Dollar Diplomacy
Overall the "dollar diplomacy" was to encourage and protect trade within Latin America and Asia. [a] policy aimed at furthering the interests of the United States abroad by encouraging the investment of U.S. capital in foreign countries"
How did stock speculation contribute to the Great Depression?
People could not pay back the money borrowed to buy the stock.
Conscientious objectors
Person who refuses to enter the military or bear arms due to moral or religious reasons
If you had been in this country on September 1, 1939, you would have witnessed the start of World War 2 as Germany invaded.
Poland
Vertical integration
Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution
Conservation of Natural Resources
Preserving natural resources by limiting commercial development and ensuring their wise use. Areas of scenic beauty, or scientific, geological, or biological interest are preserved as parks.
"Atoms for Peace" program
President Dwight D. Eisenhower was determined to solve "the fearful atomic dilemma" by finding some way by which "the miraculous inventiveness of man" would not be dedicated to his death, but consecrated to his life. In his Atoms for Peace speech before the United Nations General Assembly on December 8, 1953, President Eisenhower sought to solve this terrible problem by suggesting a means to transform the atom from a scourge into a benefit for mankind.
Collective Bargaining
Process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract
Operation Wetback
Program which apprehended and returned some one million illegal immigrants to Mexico
18th Amendment
Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages
What was the purpose of the 18th Amendment?
Prohibition of alcohol
During World War 2, you want to fill your car, but the government controls how much you can buy. What term is used to describe this event?
Rationing
The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) created to build dams in the Tennessee River valley, which provided more stable irrigation and cheap hydroelectric power. Which of the New Deal's 3Rs would this agency represent?
Recovery
The government has asked the citizens to vote on a new law concerning political contributions. What is this process called?
Referendum
Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) was set up to monitor stock market activity and ensure that no fraud or insider trading was taking place. Which of the New Deal's 3Rs would this agency represent?
Reform
The Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) gave immediate help to those that needed it in the form of cash payments. Which of the New Deal's 3Rs would this agency represent?
Relief
21st Amendment
Repeal of Prohibition
Which ideology stated that the United States had the right to intervene in Latin American nations as an "international police power"?
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt political philosophy
Roosevelt has been the main figure identified with progressive conservatism as a political tradition. Roosevelt stated that he had "always believed that wise progressivism and wise conservatism go hand in hand".
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force
Big Stick
Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen
Using the codename "Operation Barbarossa", what country did Germany invade?
Russia
During the early 1950s, the US was involved in a conflict overseas that ended with the establishment of a demilitarized zone. What was the purpose of this zone?
Separate North and South Korea
Which of the following battles was a turning point for World War 2?
Stalingrad
Second Industrial Revolution
Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s.
What happened on Black Tuesday?
Stock market crashed
Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)
Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by spelling out specific activities businesses could not do
When a Central American nation refused to accept American loans to pay off its debt to Great Britain, the United States responded with military force to change the government's decision. Which foreign policy does this action support?
Taft's Dollar Diplomacy
What components made up the "Triple Wall of Privilege" that President Wilson attacked?
Tariff, banks, and trusts
Tariffs
Taxes on imported goods
British blockade of US ships
The British—with their overwhelming sea power—established a naval blockade of Germany immediately on the outbreak of war in August 1914, issuing a comprehensive list of contraband that all but prohibited American trade with the Central powers.
Roosevelt's "court-packing plan"
The Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937,[1] frequently called the "court-packing plan",[2] was a legislative initiative proposed by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to add more justices to the U.S. Supreme Court in order to obtain favorable rulings regarding New Deal legislation that the Court had ruled unconstitutional.[3]
What was the purpose of the Hepburn Act (1906)?
The act allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates.
Social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.
Why is Upton Sinclair's book The Jungle important in US History?
The book provided graphic details about the Chicago slaughterhouse industry.
Why is deficit spending considered economically dangerous?
The government spends more than it receives from taxes and other income.
During the Progressive Era, what was one benefit of the secret ballot?
The political machines would not know who/how someone voted.
McCarthyism
The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.
Why was the United States interested in building a canal in Panama?
To protect trade routes
What was the intent of the Berlin Blockade?
To stop all land travel and shipments into East Berlin from the Allies.
What effectively ended World War I?
Treaty of Versailles
Containment Policy
US policy to stop expansion of Soviet Union and Communism
Which two countries were the biggest combatants of the Cold War?
United States and Soviet Union
Discrimination and racism
Unjust treatment of a category of people arising from negative stereotypes and prejudice
Upton Sinclair's The Jungle
Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle to expose the appalling working conditions in the meat-packing industry. His description of diseased, rotten, and contaminated meat shocked the public and led to new federal food safety laws.
What term is used to describe the redevelopment of inner cities?
Urban renewal
War reparations
War payments demanded by the victors from the losers. Germany had to admit responsibility for WWI and pay for costs of the war.
Federal Reserve Act
a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply
Arms Race
a competition between nations to have the most powerful armaments
Termination Policy
a government policy to bring Native Americans into mainstream society by withdrawing recognition of Native American groups as legal entities
Fascist
a member of a political party who supports extreme nationalism and a dictator
Consumerism
a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers
Panama Canal
a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)
What does Rosie the Riveter represent?
a strong woman who is capable of doing a man's job
Progressive Movement
aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life
Closed Shops
an agreement in which a company agrees to hire union members only
Dust Bowls
an area of the great plains devastated by droughts and dust storms in the 1930's
The Grange
an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies
League of Nations
an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations
Social Security
federal program of disability and retirement benefits that covers most working people
Labor movements
formed by industrial workers to defend their interests in negotiations with employers (were accused of being communists)
16th Amendment
income tax
Consumer Protection
measures to shield buyers of goods and services from unsafe products and unfair or illegal sales practices
Buying on Margin
paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest
Stock speculation
playing the market by buying and selling to make a quick profit.
Recall
procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office
Goals of the Progressive Movement
protecting social welfare, promoting moral improvement, creating economic reform, fostering efficiency
Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act (1930)
raised US tariff rates, causing European nations to raise their rates and thus weaken international trade
Immigration policy
regulating the entry of non-citizens into the country
New Deal's 3Rs
relief, recovery, and reform
Theory of Evolution
states that organisms change and develop over time to adapt an increase rate of survival
Fundamentalists believed that
the Bible should be taken literally
Four nations that occupied German
the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and France
U2 Incident
the downing of a U.S. spy plane and capture of its pilot by the Soviet Union in 1960
Espionage and Sedition Acts
two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in WWI
White Flight
working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs