US History Chapter 7: Launching the New Nation

Who the Americans sided with in the French Revolution

Some Americans supported the French, while others backed the British. Some wanted to ​ remain neutral

Judiciary Act of 1789

This act created three levels of federal courts and defined their powers and ​relationship to the state courts. It also allowed the president to elect judges.

Secretary of State in Washington's cabinet

Thomas Jefferson

Democratic-Republicans' Candidates of 1796

Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr

Who founded the Democratic-Republican Party?

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

Who wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions?

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

______________ and ______________were known for their leadership in authoring ​ the Declaration of Independence and Constitution

Thomas Jefferson, James Madison

the Founding Fathers were....

Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Benjamin Franklin, and George Washington

What Spain did for their side of Pinckney's Treaty

Under the ​treaty, they agreed to recognize the U.S. ​ southern boundary as 31˚N latitude. Their government also reopened the port at New Orleans

Why Americans believed in George Washington

​They saw him as an honest, intelligent, and steady leader. He was a hero of the Revolution and was known for his ability to motivate and administer the ​army

Neutrality Proclamation

​stated that the United States would not take sides with ​ any European countries that were at war

Jay's Treaty

settled the disputes ​​ that had arisen between the United States and ​ Great Britain in the early 1790s

What merchants wanted in the new government

simpler trade laws

What manufacturers wanted in the new government

tariffs to protect them from foreign competitors

What the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions proved

the idea that states could challenge the federal government

Republican Motherhood

the idea that ​women played an important role in teaching their children to be good citizens. ​​

Why NYC was the nation's first capital

they had a bustling economy, international trade, and business became more active

What bondkeepers did at the time of debt

they had no hope that they will be paid back, so they sold their bonds to speculators for a lower price than the original value

What George Washington wanted instead of becoming president

to live a quiet life of retirement on his Virginia farm

What Hamilton's biggest challenge as Secretary of Treasury

to pay off national debt

Federalist Party

wanted a strong federal government and supported industry and trade

What the British did for their side of Jay's Treaty

would pay damages on seized American ships ​ and abandon their forts on the northwestern ​ frontier

How much the federal government would pay for the states' debts

$21,500,000

How much the states owed for war debts

$25,000,000

What Thomas Pinckney asked Spain for

He asked the Spaniards ​to reopen New Orleans to U.S. trade. He also asked for the right of deposit in New ​ Orleans

How much money the U.S. had to pay off

$11.7 million to foreign countries and $40.4 million to U.S. citizens

People who elected George Washington

11 electors- electoral college

Alien Act

1798, gave president authority to deport individuals whom he considered threat to US and increased citizenship requirements (14 years of residency before becoming a U.S. citizen).

How many people lived in the US in 1790

4 million

How many votes Washington won

69- unanimous votes

XYZ Affair

A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats

What did Adams want to do in order to prepare for war with France?

Adams asked Congress to expand the navy to a fleet of more than 30 ships. He thought war might be unavoidable. He also decided the United States should keep a peacetime army. Congress approved both measures.

What did Adams do to smooth over conflicts in France

Adams sent U.S. diplomats to Paris to negotiate a treaty to protect U.S. shipping

Secretary of Treasury in Washington's cabinet

Alexander Hamilton

Who founded the Federalist Party?

Alexander Hamilton

Who helped Washington write his farewell address

Alexander Hamilton ​ and James Madison

What inspired the French Revolution

American Revolution

What Edmond Genet asked for

American sailors to help France fight England ​ by commanding privateers

Why Native Americans wanted to go to war with the US

Americans continued to settle the Northwest ​ Territory despite Native Americans' protests

Dangers that Washington wrote in his farewell address

Among these were the ​ dangers of foreign ties and political conflicts at home. Washington warned against ​ forming permanent ties with other countries because choosing sides could draw the ​ United States into war. The nation would try ​ to follow a course of non-involvement for ​ another century, but some involvement with ​ other governments seemed unavoidable

Why people in areas such as western Pennsylvania ​were bitter about the Whiskey Tax

Because cash was rare, whiskey ​ became like money in their region. The farmers believed that the tax was aimed specifically at them

_____________ was older than many of the ​ others, and was respected for his wise ideas ​ on the organization and purpose of the Revolution.

Benjamin Franklin

Which side did Hamilton side with? Why?

British. He hoped to strengthen trading ties with Britain—the most powerful trading nation in the world at the time

What Madison believed about Washington's ability to create the Neutrality Proclamation

He believed ​that the president had gone beyond his ​ authority. He questioned Washington's right ​to issue the proclamation without the ​approval of Congress

Who did Washington send to London and why?

Chief Justice John ​Jay to work out a compromise

Who France's new representative to the United States was

Edmond Genet

Attorney General in Washington's cabinet

Edmund Randolph

When Federalists heard about France's negotiations, what did they do?

Federalists in Congress called for war with France

Which side did Jefferson side with? Why?

France. He believed that the United ​States should back France because France had ​ supported the United States during the Revolutionary War

In 1792 President Washington gave command of the army in the West to _________________

General ​Anthony Wayne

_____________ led the American ​forces during the Revolutionary War and then ​ led the nation during its first years

George Washington

Why did Adams fire two people from his cabinet

They tried to block peace efforts

Why Minister Manuel de Gordoy tried delayed reaching an agreement

He hoped Pinckney would become desperate ​and sign a treaty that favored the Spanish

How Washington stopped the Whiskey Rebellion

He personally led the army in military ​action against the rebellion—the first and only ​ time an American president has done so. The rebellion had already fled by the time Washington had gotten there.

Why Jefferson ​decided to resign from Washington's cabinet ​in 1793

He thought that Hamilton had too much influence on the president's foreign policy and ​ that Hamilton consequently interfered with ​ Jefferson's role as secretary of state

Why did Adams not want to go to war? What did he do instead?

He was worried about its cost. And he remembered Washington's warning to remain neutral. So he did not ask Congress to declare war. Instead, he tried to reopen peace talks with France

Why Minister Manuel de Gordoy was worried about reaching an agreement with the U.S.

He was worried that the United States and ​ Great Britain might join against Spain after ​ signing Jay's Treaty

Why did Washington not run for a third term?

He wrote that he was ​ "tired of public life" and "devoutly [strongly] ​ wished for retirement." He also wanted to ​ remind Americans that the people were the ​ country's true leaders

Secretary of War/Defense in Washington's cabinet

Henry Knox

Threats to US Neutrality

In late 1793 the British seized ships carrying ​ food to the French West Indies. Hundreds of ​the ships were neutral American merchant ships. Also, British officers were helping ​ Native Americans fight settlers

Why Washington passed the Whiskey Tax

It was part of Hamilton's ​ plan to raise money to help pay the federal ​ debt. He was also testing the power of the federal government to control the states' actions.

Democratic-Republican Party

Its members, called Republicans, wanted to limit ​ the federal government's power

Who won the presidential election of 1796?

John Adams

Federalist Candidates of 1796

John Adams and Thomas Pinckney

____________ won vice president with ______ electoral votes

John Adams, 34

_____________, _____________, and ____________ were known for their ​strong support of the new Constitution

John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay

Sedition Act

Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment.

"democrats, mobocrats, and all other kinds of rats."

Many Democratic-Republicans continued to sympathize with France. Federalists, angered by their stand, called them "democrats, mobocrats, and all other kinds of rats."

_______________ was the First Lady during Washington's presidency, helped entertain guest and attended social events

Martha Washington

What were the Native American's first few victories of battle?

Miami chief Little Turtle ​defeated U.S. forces ​​under General Josiah Harmar. Then in 1791, ​ Native Americans defeated General Arthur ​ St. Clair's troops. ​​

Battle of Fallen Timbers

Native Americans fought and were defeated. The battle was named for ​ an area where many trees had been destroyed ​ by a tornado

The first capital of the United States

New York City

Battle of Bastille

On July 14, 1789, citizens of Paris ​ attacked and captured the __________, a hated fortress and prison that ​stood as a mighty symbol of royal power

What did not work out about Republican Motherhood?

Only a few families were willing to provide education for their daughters, and ​adult women rarely had the time or money to ​get an education. Most women in ​the early republic faced long days managing ​their households and working hard inside or ​outside their homes to support their families. ​​

What the key to national success was

Political unity

What Spain did to hurt our economy and businesses

The Spanish disputed the border between the ​United States and Florida. Spain closed the ​ port of New Orleans to U.S. trade in 1784

Whiskey Rebellion

The complaints of western Pennsylvanians ​ were at first expressed peacefully. But by 1794 ​ fighting had broken out. In what became ​ known as the _________________, farmers ​​ lashed out against the tax on whiskey. Protesters refused to pay the tax. They even tarred ​and feathered tax collectors. Some called ​ themselves the new Sons of Liberty.

New York Stock Exchange

The largest stock exchange, located in New York City. Most of the companies on this exchange are larger companies with higher-priced stock. Signed by 24 stockbrokers under a buttonwood tree on Wall Street

Alien and Sedition Acts

These laws were said to protect the United States, but the Federalists intended them to crush opposition to war

How Wayne responded to the Native Americans' attack on the supply train near Greenville

They attacked Native ​American towns and burned crops. The British no longer aided the Native ​ Americans after this defeat, and Little ​Turtle realized that he was outmatched. He ​ urged his people to seek peace. ​​

Why most business owners and merchants want the government to make few regulations on business practices, protect the rights of property owners, and keep taxes low

They believed such government policies would encourage businesses to expand production and trade

What did Congress do to the Alien and Sedition Acts?

They did nothing, no reapeals. They just let it expire

Why Americans supported the French Revolution

They thought that France ​was creating the same kind of democracy as ​ the United States

Where Wayne's troops stayed for the winter of 1793

​Fort Greenville. They built additional forts for protection and to have supplies ​at hand

What happened instead of the French minister Talleyrand consulting a treaty between them?

When the diplomats arrived in France, they learned that French foreign minister Talleyrand would not speak to them. Instead, they had a strange and secret visit from three French agents. Shockingly, the agents said that Talleyrand would discuss a treaty only in exchange for a $250,000 bribe. The French government also wanted a loan of $12 million. The amazed diplomats refused these demands.

What were the 3 French agent's names

X, Y, and Z

Cabinet definition

a group of advisers to the president

Electoral College definition

a group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

French Revolution

a rebellion of French people against their king in 1789. The French people overthrew their king and created ​a republican government

What Republicans called John Adams

a royalist—an insult to a man so involved in the Revolution.

Why the closing of the Port of New Orleans hurt our economy

all ​ goods moving down the Mississippi to places ​ in the East or overseas had to pass through ​New Orleans, we would have to pay expensive cargo fees

Precedent definition

an action or decision that later serves as an example

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional

Who supported the Federalists?

bankers and business interests in the Northeast

What the French did that surprised the Americans

beheading King ​ Louis XVI in January 1793 and Queen Marie-Antoinette later that year

Bonds definition

certificates of debt that carry a promise to buy ​​back the bonds at a higher price

Adams's decision not to declare war stunned Federalists. Despite intense pressure from members of his own party, Adams refused to _______________.

change his mind

Why Southerners were angry about the treaty

did not ask Britain to ​repay them for slaves that Britain had set ​ free during the Revolutionary War

What farmers wanted in the new government

fair tax laws, the right to settle in western lands, and free enterprise

Who supported the Democratic-Republicans

farmers in more isolated areas

Treaty of Greenville

gave the United States claim to most Indian lands in the Northwest Territory. The treaty also guaranteed the safety of citizens there. In exchange, Native Americans received $20,000 worth of goods and an acknowledgment of their claim to the lands they still held

Political parties

groups that help elect people and shape policies

What citizens and congressional ​leaders thought of the treaty did

hurt trade and ​did not punish Britain enough for some ​ of its actions

Adam's first goal as president

improve the relationship between the United States and France

Founding Fathers definition

leaders who laid the groundwork for the United States

What the US did for their side of Jay's Treaty to Great Britain

paid back all debts

Speculators definition

people who buy items at ​​low prices in the hope that the value will rise ​and they can sell the items for a profit

Privateers definition

private ships hired by a country to attack its ​ enemies