US History Chapter 7: Launching the New Nation
Who the Americans sided with in the French Revolution
Some Americans supported the French, while others backed the British. Some wanted to remain neutral
Judiciary Act of 1789
This act created three levels of federal courts and defined their powers and relationship to the state courts. It also allowed the president to elect judges.
Secretary of State in Washington's cabinet
Thomas Jefferson
Democratic-Republicans' Candidates of 1796
Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr
Who founded the Democratic-Republican Party?
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
Who wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions?
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
______________ and ______________were known for their leadership in authoring the Declaration of Independence and Constitution
Thomas Jefferson, James Madison
the Founding Fathers were....
Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Benjamin Franklin, and George Washington
What Spain did for their side of Pinckney's Treaty
Under the treaty, they agreed to recognize the U.S. southern boundary as 31˚N latitude. Their government also reopened the port at New Orleans
Why Americans believed in George Washington
They saw him as an honest, intelligent, and steady leader. He was a hero of the Revolution and was known for his ability to motivate and administer the army
Neutrality Proclamation
stated that the United States would not take sides with any European countries that were at war
Jay's Treaty
settled the disputes that had arisen between the United States and Great Britain in the early 1790s
What merchants wanted in the new government
simpler trade laws
What manufacturers wanted in the new government
tariffs to protect them from foreign competitors
What the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions proved
the idea that states could challenge the federal government
Republican Motherhood
the idea that women played an important role in teaching their children to be good citizens.
Why NYC was the nation's first capital
they had a bustling economy, international trade, and business became more active
What bondkeepers did at the time of debt
they had no hope that they will be paid back, so they sold their bonds to speculators for a lower price than the original value
What George Washington wanted instead of becoming president
to live a quiet life of retirement on his Virginia farm
What Hamilton's biggest challenge as Secretary of Treasury
to pay off national debt
Federalist Party
wanted a strong federal government and supported industry and trade
What the British did for their side of Jay's Treaty
would pay damages on seized American ships and abandon their forts on the northwestern frontier
How much the federal government would pay for the states' debts
$21,500,000
How much the states owed for war debts
$25,000,000
What Thomas Pinckney asked Spain for
He asked the Spaniards to reopen New Orleans to U.S. trade. He also asked for the right of deposit in New Orleans
How much money the U.S. had to pay off
$11.7 million to foreign countries and $40.4 million to U.S. citizens
People who elected George Washington
11 electors- electoral college
Alien Act
1798, gave president authority to deport individuals whom he considered threat to US and increased citizenship requirements (14 years of residency before becoming a U.S. citizen).
How many people lived in the US in 1790
4 million
How many votes Washington won
69- unanimous votes
XYZ Affair
A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats
What did Adams want to do in order to prepare for war with France?
Adams asked Congress to expand the navy to a fleet of more than 30 ships. He thought war might be unavoidable. He also decided the United States should keep a peacetime army. Congress approved both measures.
What did Adams do to smooth over conflicts in France
Adams sent U.S. diplomats to Paris to negotiate a treaty to protect U.S. shipping
Secretary of Treasury in Washington's cabinet
Alexander Hamilton
Who founded the Federalist Party?
Alexander Hamilton
Who helped Washington write his farewell address
Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
What inspired the French Revolution
American Revolution
What Edmond Genet asked for
American sailors to help France fight England by commanding privateers
Why Native Americans wanted to go to war with the US
Americans continued to settle the Northwest Territory despite Native Americans' protests
Dangers that Washington wrote in his farewell address
Among these were the dangers of foreign ties and political conflicts at home. Washington warned against forming permanent ties with other countries because choosing sides could draw the United States into war. The nation would try to follow a course of non-involvement for another century, but some involvement with other governments seemed unavoidable
Why people in areas such as western Pennsylvania were bitter about the Whiskey Tax
Because cash was rare, whiskey became like money in their region. The farmers believed that the tax was aimed specifically at them
_____________ was older than many of the others, and was respected for his wise ideas on the organization and purpose of the Revolution.
Benjamin Franklin
Which side did Hamilton side with? Why?
British. He hoped to strengthen trading ties with Britain—the most powerful trading nation in the world at the time
What Madison believed about Washington's ability to create the Neutrality Proclamation
He believed that the president had gone beyond his authority. He questioned Washington's right to issue the proclamation without the approval of Congress
Who did Washington send to London and why?
Chief Justice John Jay to work out a compromise
Who France's new representative to the United States was
Edmond Genet
Attorney General in Washington's cabinet
Edmund Randolph
When Federalists heard about France's negotiations, what did they do?
Federalists in Congress called for war with France
Which side did Jefferson side with? Why?
France. He believed that the United States should back France because France had supported the United States during the Revolutionary War
In 1792 President Washington gave command of the army in the West to _________________
General Anthony Wayne
_____________ led the American forces during the Revolutionary War and then led the nation during its first years
George Washington
Why did Adams fire two people from his cabinet
They tried to block peace efforts
Why Minister Manuel de Gordoy tried delayed reaching an agreement
He hoped Pinckney would become desperate and sign a treaty that favored the Spanish
How Washington stopped the Whiskey Rebellion
He personally led the army in military action against the rebellion—the first and only time an American president has done so. The rebellion had already fled by the time Washington had gotten there.
Why Jefferson decided to resign from Washington's cabinet in 1793
He thought that Hamilton had too much influence on the president's foreign policy and that Hamilton consequently interfered with Jefferson's role as secretary of state
Why did Adams not want to go to war? What did he do instead?
He was worried about its cost. And he remembered Washington's warning to remain neutral. So he did not ask Congress to declare war. Instead, he tried to reopen peace talks with France
Why Minister Manuel de Gordoy was worried about reaching an agreement with the U.S.
He was worried that the United States and Great Britain might join against Spain after signing Jay's Treaty
Why did Washington not run for a third term?
He wrote that he was "tired of public life" and "devoutly [strongly] wished for retirement." He also wanted to remind Americans that the people were the country's true leaders
Secretary of War/Defense in Washington's cabinet
Henry Knox
Threats to US Neutrality
In late 1793 the British seized ships carrying food to the French West Indies. Hundreds of the ships were neutral American merchant ships. Also, British officers were helping Native Americans fight settlers
Why Washington passed the Whiskey Tax
It was part of Hamilton's plan to raise money to help pay the federal debt. He was also testing the power of the federal government to control the states' actions.
Democratic-Republican Party
Its members, called Republicans, wanted to limit the federal government's power
Who won the presidential election of 1796?
John Adams
Federalist Candidates of 1796
John Adams and Thomas Pinckney
____________ won vice president with ______ electoral votes
John Adams, 34
_____________, _____________, and ____________ were known for their strong support of the new Constitution
John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay
Sedition Act
Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment.
"democrats, mobocrats, and all other kinds of rats."
Many Democratic-Republicans continued to sympathize with France. Federalists, angered by their stand, called them "democrats, mobocrats, and all other kinds of rats."
_______________ was the First Lady during Washington's presidency, helped entertain guest and attended social events
Martha Washington
What were the Native American's first few victories of battle?
Miami chief Little Turtle defeated U.S. forces under General Josiah Harmar. Then in 1791, Native Americans defeated General Arthur St. Clair's troops.
Battle of Fallen Timbers
Native Americans fought and were defeated. The battle was named for an area where many trees had been destroyed by a tornado
The first capital of the United States
New York City
Battle of Bastille
On July 14, 1789, citizens of Paris attacked and captured the __________, a hated fortress and prison that stood as a mighty symbol of royal power
What did not work out about Republican Motherhood?
Only a few families were willing to provide education for their daughters, and adult women rarely had the time or money to get an education. Most women in the early republic faced long days managing their households and working hard inside or outside their homes to support their families.
What the key to national success was
Political unity
What Spain did to hurt our economy and businesses
The Spanish disputed the border between the United States and Florida. Spain closed the port of New Orleans to U.S. trade in 1784
Whiskey Rebellion
The complaints of western Pennsylvanians were at first expressed peacefully. But by 1794 fighting had broken out. In what became known as the _________________, farmers lashed out against the tax on whiskey. Protesters refused to pay the tax. They even tarred and feathered tax collectors. Some called themselves the new Sons of Liberty.
New York Stock Exchange
The largest stock exchange, located in New York City. Most of the companies on this exchange are larger companies with higher-priced stock. Signed by 24 stockbrokers under a buttonwood tree on Wall Street
Alien and Sedition Acts
These laws were said to protect the United States, but the Federalists intended them to crush opposition to war
How Wayne responded to the Native Americans' attack on the supply train near Greenville
They attacked Native American towns and burned crops. The British no longer aided the Native Americans after this defeat, and Little Turtle realized that he was outmatched. He urged his people to seek peace.
Why most business owners and merchants want the government to make few regulations on business practices, protect the rights of property owners, and keep taxes low
They believed such government policies would encourage businesses to expand production and trade
What did Congress do to the Alien and Sedition Acts?
They did nothing, no reapeals. They just let it expire
Why Americans supported the French Revolution
They thought that France was creating the same kind of democracy as the United States
Where Wayne's troops stayed for the winter of 1793
Fort Greenville. They built additional forts for protection and to have supplies at hand
What happened instead of the French minister Talleyrand consulting a treaty between them?
When the diplomats arrived in France, they learned that French foreign minister Talleyrand would not speak to them. Instead, they had a strange and secret visit from three French agents. Shockingly, the agents said that Talleyrand would discuss a treaty only in exchange for a $250,000 bribe. The French government also wanted a loan of $12 million. The amazed diplomats refused these demands.
What were the 3 French agent's names
X, Y, and Z
Cabinet definition
a group of advisers to the president
Electoral College definition
a group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president
French Revolution
a rebellion of French people against their king in 1789. The French people overthrew their king and created a republican government
What Republicans called John Adams
a royalist—an insult to a man so involved in the Revolution.
Why the closing of the Port of New Orleans hurt our economy
all goods moving down the Mississippi to places in the East or overseas had to pass through New Orleans, we would have to pay expensive cargo fees
Precedent definition
an action or decision that later serves as an example
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional
Who supported the Federalists?
bankers and business interests in the Northeast
What the French did that surprised the Americans
beheading King Louis XVI in January 1793 and Queen Marie-Antoinette later that year
Bonds definition
certificates of debt that carry a promise to buy back the bonds at a higher price
Adams's decision not to declare war stunned Federalists. Despite intense pressure from members of his own party, Adams refused to _______________.
change his mind
Why Southerners were angry about the treaty
did not ask Britain to repay them for slaves that Britain had set free during the Revolutionary War
What farmers wanted in the new government
fair tax laws, the right to settle in western lands, and free enterprise
Who supported the Democratic-Republicans
farmers in more isolated areas
Treaty of Greenville
gave the United States claim to most Indian lands in the Northwest Territory. The treaty also guaranteed the safety of citizens there. In exchange, Native Americans received $20,000 worth of goods and an acknowledgment of their claim to the lands they still held
Political parties
groups that help elect people and shape policies
What citizens and congressional leaders thought of the treaty did
hurt trade and did not punish Britain enough for some of its actions
Adam's first goal as president
improve the relationship between the United States and France
Founding Fathers definition
leaders who laid the groundwork for the United States
What the US did for their side of Jay's Treaty to Great Britain
paid back all debts
Speculators definition
people who buy items at low prices in the hope that the value will rise and they can sell the items for a profit
Privateers definition
private ships hired by a country to attack its enemies