us history exam
Platt Amendment- On March 2, 1901, the Platt Amendment was passed as part of the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill. It stipulated seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish-American War, and an eighth condition that Cuba sign a treaty accepting these seven conditions.
"Big Stick Diplomacy- big stick diplomacy definition. International negotiations backed by the threat of force. The phrase comes from a proverb quoted by Theodore Roosevelt, who said that the United States should " Speak softly and carry a big stick."
Open Door Policy- The Open Door Policy is a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United States policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, as enunciated in Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door Note, dated September 6, 1899 and dispatched to the major European powers.
"Gentlemen's Agreement"- The Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 (日米紳士協約 Nichibei Shinshi Kyōyaku ?) was an informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the United States of America would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration, and Japan would not allow further emigration to the U.S
Settlement houses & Jane Addams- Jane Addams, with her friend Ellen Gates Starr, founded the famous social settlement Hull House on Chicago's Near West Side in 1889. She is also remembered as the first American Woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize.
16th Amendment- The 16th amendment is an important amendment that allows the federal (United States) government to levy (collect) an income tax from all Americans. Income tax allows for the federal government to keep an army, build roads and bridges, enforce laws and carry out other important duties
17th Amendment- The Seventeenth Amendment (Amendment XVII) to the United States Constitution established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states. The amendment supersedes Article I, §3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which senators were elected by state legislatures.
18th Amendment- The Eighteenth Amendment (Amendment XVIII) of the United States Constitution effectively established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol (though not the consumption or private possession) illegal.
Suffrage Movement- The suffragist movement fought for these rights, and the people who were part of that movement were suffragists. The word suffrage means the right to vote in elections.
19th Amendment- The 19th amendment is a very important amendment to the constitution as it gave women the right to vote in 1920. You may remember that the 15th amendment made it illegal for the federal or state government to deny any US citizen the right to vote.
Battle of Midway- Midway Island, Battle of definition. A naval and air battle fought in World War II in which planes from American aircraft carriers blunted the Japanese naval threat in the Pacific Ocean after Pearl Harbor.
A Philip Randolph- Asa Philip Randolph (April 15, 1889 - May 16, 1979) was a leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement, the American labor movement, and socialist political parties. He organized and led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the first predominantly African American labor union.
Matthew Perry- (not the guy from Friends!) Matthew Calbraith Perry - United States admiral who led a naval expedition to Japan and signed a treaty in 1854 opening up trade relations between United States and Japan; brother of Oliver Hazard Perry (1794-1858) Perry.
Alaskan Purchase- The Alaska Purchase (Russian: Продажа Аляски, tr. Prodazha Alyaski) was the United States' acquisition of Alaska from the Russian Empire in 1867 by a treaty ratified by the United States Senate. Russia wanted to sell its Alaskan territory, fearing that it might be seized if war broke out with Britain.
Kamikaze- in World War II) a Japanese aircraft loaded with explosives and making a deliberate suicidal crash on an enemy target. ◦ the pilot of an aircraft making a deliberate suicidal crash.
Albert Einstein- Albert Einstein - physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity; Einstein also proposed that light consists of discrete quantized bundles of energy (later called photons) (1879-1955) Einstein.
Extractive Economy- A resource-based economy, dependent on harvesting or extracting natural resources for sale or trade., harvesting and exporting resources with little or no processing.
Alfred T. Mahan- Alfred Thayer Mahan (September 27, 1840 - December 1, 1914) was a United States Navy admiral, geostrategist, and historian, who has been called "the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century."
Americanization of Immigrants-Americanization is the process of an immigrant to the United States of America becoming a person who shares American values, beliefs and customs and is assimilated into American society.
Anti-Defamation League- The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) is an agency of B'nai B'rith, an international Jewish service organization. The ADL combats anti-Semitism, religious and racial intolerance, and all forms of organized discrimination based on stereotypical beliefs.
Adolf Hitler/Nazism- Adolf Hitler was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.
Anti-Semitism- hostility to or prejudice against Jews.
Spanish Civil War/Franco- Spanish Civil War, (1936-39), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. The Nationalists, as the rebels were called, received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union, as well as from International Brigades, composed of volunteers from Europe and the United States.
Appeasement Policy- Appeasement, the policy of making concessions to the dictatorial powers in order to avoid conflict, governed Anglo-French foreign policy during the 1930s. It became indelibly associated with Conservative Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.
Reservation- the action of reserving something.
Assimilation Policy- The assimilation policy was a policy of absorbing Aboriginal people into white society through the process of removing children from their families. The ultimate intent of this policy was the destruction of Aboriginal society.
War Refugee Board- The War Refugee Board, established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in January 1944, was a U.S. executive agency created to aid civilian victims of the Nazi and Axis powers.
Auschwitz- Auschwitz concentration camp was a network of German Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II
Blitzkrieg- A German term for "lightning war," blitzkrieg is a military tactic designed to create disorganization among enemy forces through the use of mobile forces and locally concentrated firepower. Its successful execution results in short military campaigns, which preserves human lives and limits the expenditure of artillery.
Axis Powers- Axis powers definition. Germany, Italy, and Japan, which were allied before and during World War II. ( Compare Allies.)
Bataan Death March- After the April 9, 1942, U.S. surrender of the Bataan Peninsula on the main Philippine island of Luzon to the Japanese during World War II (1939-45), the approximately 75,000 Filipino and American troops on Bataan were forced to make an arduous 65-mile march to prison camps.
Battle of Coral Sea- The Battle of the Coral Sea, fought during 4-8 May 1942, was a major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and naval and air forces from the United States and Australia.
• Civil Rights Act of 1875- Civil rights act of 1875- sometimes called enforcement act or force act was a united states federal law enacted during the reconstruction era to guarantee African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations public transpiration and to prohibit exclusion from jury service.
Battle of Wounded Knee- The last major confrontation (1890) between the US Army and American Indians, at the village of Wounded Knee on a reservation in South Dakota. More than 300 largely unarmed Sioux men, women, and children were massacred.
D-Day- The Normandy landings were the landing operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II.
Battle of the Bulge- The Battle of the Bulge (16 December 1944 - 25 January 1945) was a major German offensive campaign launched through the densely forested Ardennes region of Wallonia in Belgium, France, and Luxembourg on the Western Front toward the end of World War II in Europe.
Joseph Stalin/Communism- he was a powerful communist leader in the early years of the soviet union
Benito Mussolini/Fascism- The Doctrine of Fascism" ("La dottrina del fascismo") is an essay attributed to Benito Mussolini. In truth, the first part of the essay, entitled "Idee Fondamentali" was written by philosopher Giovanni Gentile, while only the second part ("Dottrina politica e sociale") is work of Mussolini himself
Manhattan Project/Oppenheimer-was an American theoretical physicist during the Manhattan project
Bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki- The United States, with the consent of the United Kingdom as laid down in the Quebec Agreement, dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, during the final stage of World War II.
John Hay- John Hay (1938-1905) was an American political figure who served as an assistant to President Abraham Lincoln, and later as Secretary of State under President William McKinley.
Boxer Rebellion in China- In 1900, in what became known as the Boxer Rebellion (or the Boxer Uprising), a Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there.
Executive Order 8802- Executive Order 8802 was signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 25, 1941, to prohibit racial discrimination in the national defense industry. It was the first federal action, though not a law, to promote equal opportunity and prohibit employment discrimination in the United States.
Bracero Program- The Bracero Program (named for the Spanish term bracero, meaning "manual laborer" or "one who works using his arms") was a series of laws and diplomatic agreements, initiated on August 4, 1942, when the United States signed the Mexican Farm Labor Agreement with Mexico.
Navajo CodeTalkers- The name code talkers is strongly associated with bilingual Navajo speakers specially recruited during World War II by the Marines to serve in their standard communications units in the Pacific Theater. Code talking, however, was pioneered by Cherokee and Choctaw Indians during World War I.
Chester Nimitz- Chester Nimitz United States admiral of the Pacific fleet during World War II who used aircraft carriers to destroy the Japanese navy (1885-1966)
• Farmers' Alliance- Farmer's alliance -was an organized agrarian economic moment among American famers that developed and flourished in the 1870's and 1880's.
Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce- ucceeded his father Tuekakas (Chief Joseph the Elder) as the leader of the Wal-lam-wat-kain (Wallowa) band of Nez Perce, a Native American tribe
Kristallnacht- Kristallnacht: Also known as The Night of the Broken Glass. On this night, November 9, 1938, almost 200 synagogues were destroyed, over 8,000 Jewish shops were sacked and looted, and tens of thousands of Jews were removed to concentration camps.
Concentration/Extermination Camp- Unlike the concentration camps, six extermination camps were established between 1941 and 1943 with only one purpose: to exterminate the Jews. A total of three million Jews were murdered in these camps
Stock Market/Buying on Margin- Buying on margin is borrowing money from a broker to purchase stock. You can think of it as a loan from your brokerage. Margin trading allows you to buy more stock than you'd be able to normally. To trade on margin, you need a margin account.
Consumerism- he protection or promotion of the interests of consumers.
• Cash crop- prior to war Cash crop- prior to war- any crop that Is considered easily marketable, as wheat or cotton.
Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull & The Battle of Little Big Horn- On this day in 1876, Native American forces led by Chiefs Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull defeat the U.S. Army troops of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer in a bloody battle near southern Montana's Little Bighorn River. Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, leaders of the Sioux tribe on the Great Plains, strongly resisted the mid-19th-century efforts of the U.S. government to confine their people to reservations. In 1875, after gold was discovered in South Dakota's Black Hills, the U.S. Army ignored previous treaty agreements and invaded the region. This betrayal led many Sioux and Cheyenne tribesmen to leave their reservations and join Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse in Montana.
Kellogg-Briand Pact- The Kellogg-Briand Pact (or Pact of Paris, officially General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy) is a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be,
Dawes Plan- The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt in 1924 to solve the World War I reparations problem, which had bedeviled international politics following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles.
Underwood Tariff Act- The United States Revenue Act of 1913 also known as the Tariff Act, Underwood Tariff, Underwood Act, Underwood Tariff Act, or Underwood-Simmons Act (ch. 16, 38 Stat. 114, October 3, 1913), re-imposed the federal income tax following the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment and lowered basic tariff rates
Direct Primary- direct primary definition. An election in which voters choose candidates to run on a party's ticket in a subsequent election for public office.
Gen. John J. Pershing- John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing was the general in the United States Army who led the American Expeditionary Forces to victory over Germany in World War I,
Doughboys- Cavalrymen used the term to deride foot soldiers, because the brass buttons on their uniforms looked like the flour dumplings or dough cakes called "doughboys", or because of the flour or pipe clay which the soldiers used to polish their white belts.
Attack on Pearl Harbor- Pearl Harbor definition. A major United States naval base in Hawaii that was attacked without warning by the Japanese air force on December 7, 1941, with great loss of American lives and ships.
Douglas Mac Arthur- Douglas MacArthur (26 January 1880 - 5 April 1964) was an American five-star general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army. He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II.
Stock Market Crash/Black Tuesday- Black Tuesday hits Wall Street as investors trade 16,410,030 shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors, and stock tickers ran hours behind because the machinery could not handle the tremendous volume of trading. In the aftermath of Black Tuesday, America and the rest of the industrialized world spiraled downward into the Great Depression.
Dust Bowl/Okies- Okies, Dust Bowl Migrants from Oklahoma & the Plains. As the "double whammy" of drought and depression deepened on the Great Plains, more and more farmers gave up or were forced off of their land.
War Propaganda- propaganda definition. Official government communications to the public that are designed to influence opinion. The information may be true or false, but it is always carefully selected for its political effect.
Espionage & Sedition Acts- The law was extended on May 16, 1918, by the Sedition Act of 1918—actually a set of amendments to the Espionage Act—which prohibited many forms of speech, including "any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of government of the United States...or the flag of the United States, Schenck vs. United States-
Charles Lindbergh/Spirit of St. Louis- The Spirit of St. Louis (Registration: N-X-211) is the custom-built, single engine, single-seat monoplane that was flown solo by Charles Lindbergh on May 20-21, 1927, on the first non-stop flight from New York to Paris for which Lindbergh won the $25,000 Orteig Prize.
Flappers/Women's roles in 1920's- During the early part of the twentieth century women in countries from Australia to Norway were gaining the right to vote, and more and more women were able to support themselves by working at jobs. In addition to women's new freedoms, by the 1920s there were automobiles to drive, films to see, and jazz music to dance to, and modern young women wanted to join in the fun. Young women were no longer content to spend hours binding themselves into burdensome layers of clothing or styling long masses of hair
Great White Fleet- The Great White Fleet was the popular nickname for the United States Navy battle fleet that completed a circumnavigation of the globe from December 16, 1907, to February 22, 1909, by order of United States President Theodore Roosevelt.
Foraker Act-The Foraker Act, Pub.L. 56-191, 31 Stat. 77, enacted April 12, 1900, officially known as the Organic Act of 1900, is a United States federal law that established civilian (albeit limited popular) government on the island of Puerto Rico, which had recently become a possession of the United States
Social Darwinism- Social Darwinism, term coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittest."
Frederick Jackson Turner- Frederick Jackson Turner (November 14, 1861 - March 14, 1932) was an American historian in the early 20th century, based at the University of Wisconsin until 1910, and then at Harvard. He trained many PhDs who came to occupy prominent places in the history profession.
Teller Amendment- The Teller Amendment was an amendment to a joint resolution of the United States Congress, enacted on April 20, 1898, in reply to President William McKinley's War Message. It placed a condition on the United States military's presence in Cuba.
George Dewey- George Dewey (December 26, 1837 - January 16, 1917) was Admiral of the Navy, the only person in U.S. history to have attained the rank. Admiral Dewey is best known for his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War.
Dwight D. Eisenhower- Dwight D. Eisenhower United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany; 34th President of the United States (1890-1961)
George S. Patton Jr- George Smith Patton, Jr. (November 11, 1885 - December 21, 1945) was a senior officer of the United States Army, who commanded the U.S. Seventh Army in the Mediterranean and European Theaters of World War II, but is best known for his leadership of the U.S.
F. Scott Fitzgerald/The Great Gatsby- The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional town of West Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922.
Great Depression- The Great Depression (1929-39) was the deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world. In the United States, the Great Depression began soon after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors.
Atlantic Charter- The Atlantic Charter was a pivotal policy statement issued on 14 August 1941, that, early in World War II, defined the Allied goals for the post-war world. The leaders of the United Kingdom and the United States drafted the work and all the Allies of World War II later confirmed it.
Hideki Tojo/Japanese Empire- Hideki Tojo was a general of the Imperial Japanese Army, the leader of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association, and the 40th Prime Minister of Japan during much of World War II, from October 17, 1941, to July 22, 1944
Barbed-wire fencing- a wire or strand of wires having small pieces of sharply pointed wire twisted around it at short intervals, used chiefly for fencing in livestock, keeping out trespassers, etc. Expand. Also called barbwire. Origin of barbed wire Expand.
Homestead Act- Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862, the Homestead Act encouraged Western migration by providing settlers 160 acres of public land. In exchange, homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land.
NAACP-The NAACP is the oldest civil rights organization in the United States, founded in 1909. Among the NAACP's achievements was a lawsuit that resulted in the Supreme Court 's landmark decision in Brown versus Board of Education, in 1954, which declared the segregation of public schools unconstitutional
Ida B. Wells- Ida Bell Wells-Barnett (July 16, 1862 - March 25, 1931), more commonly known as Ida B. Wells, was an African-American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist, sociologist, Georgist, and an early leader in the Civil Rights Movement.
Environmentalists: An environmentalist broadly supports the goals of the environmental movement, "a political and ethical movement that seeks to improve and protect the quality of the natural environment through changes to environmentally harmful human activities".
Imperialism- a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Harry S. Truman- Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the United States, an American politician of the Democratic Party
Island Hopping- ravel from one island to another, especially as a tourist in an area of small islands.
Buffalo Soldiers- Buffalo Soldiers originally were members of the U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army, formed on September 21, 1866 at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. This nickname was given to the "Negro Cavalry" by the Native American tribes they fought in the Indian Wars.
Jim Crow Laws- the former practice of segregating black people in the us an implement for straightening steel bars or bending rails by screw pressure.
Immigration/Quota System- a system, originally determined by legislation in 1921, of limiting by nationality the number of immigrants who may enter the U.S. each year. 2. a policy of limiting the number of minority group members in a business firm, school, etc.
KKK- Definition of Ku Klux Klan. 1 : an American post-Civil War secret society advocating white supremacy. 2 : a 20th century secret fraternal group held to confine its membership to American-born white Christians.
Franz Ferdinand- Franz Ferdinand (18 December 1863 - 28 June 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia and, from 1896 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.
Kaiser William II- Wilhelm II or William II (German: Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albrecht von Preußen; English: Frederick William Victor Albert of Prussia; 27 January 1859 - 4 June 1941) was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918.
Susan B. Anthony- Anthony, Susan B. definition. A reformer of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, known especially for her advocacy of women's suffrage.
Las Gorras Blancas- Las Gorras Blancas (Spanish for "The White Caps") was a group active in the New Mexico Territory and American Southwest in the late 1880s and early 1890s, in response to Anglo-American farmers and ranchers settling in the territory.
Tripartite Pact- The Tripartite Pact, also known as the Berlin Pact, was an agreement between Germany, Italy and Japan signed in Berlin on 27 September 1940 by, respectively, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Galeazzo Ciano and Saburō Kurusu.
Lend-Lease Act- the matériel and services supplied by the U.S. to its allies during World War II under an act of Congress (Lend-Lease Act) passed in 1941: such aid was to be repaid in kind after the war. 2. the two-way transfer of ideas, styles, etc.
Wilson's Moral Diplomacy- Jump to: navigation, search. Moral Diplomacy is a form of diplomacy proposed by US President Woodrow Wilson in his 1912 election. Moral Diplomacy is the system in which support is given only to countries whose moral beliefs are analogous to that of the nation.
Longterm Causes of WWI- Introduction: The major causes of "The Great War" or WWI (1914-1918) consist of four long-term causes and one short-term cause. I use the acronym M.A.N.I.A to help my students remember the 5 major causes of WWI; they are Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, and Assassination.
Urban League- The National Urban League (NUL), formerly known as the National League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes, is a nonpartisan civil rights organization based in New York City that advocates on behalf of African Americans and against racial discrimination in the United States.
Meat Inspection Act- The Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906 (FMIA) is a United States Congress Act that works to prevent adulterated or misbranded meat and meat products from being sold as food and to ensure that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions.
Short-term Causes of WWI- These include but are not limited to Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, and Assassination. As an educator, I use the acronym M.A.N.I.A. for this lesson. Introduction: The major causes of "The Great War" or WWI (1914-1918) consist of four long-term causes and one short-term cause.
Militarism- the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.
Progressivism: Progressivism is a broad philosophy based on the Idea of Progress, which asserts that advancement in science, technology, economic development, and social organization are vital to improve the human condition.
Muckrakers- Meaning "one who inquires into and publishes scandal and allegations of corruption among political and business leaders," popularized 1906 in speech by President Theodore Roosevelt, in reference to "man ... with a Muckrake in his hand" in Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress" (1684) who seeks worldly gain by raking filth.
Anschluss- Anschluss ([ˈʔanʃlʊs] ( listen), German: Annexation or Connection) was the Nazi propaganda term for the annexing of Austria into Nazi Germany in March 1938. German spelling, until the German orthography reform of 1996, was Anschluß and it was also known as the Anschluss Österreichs ( pronunciation (help.
Munich Pact- Munich Agreement, Mussolini, Benito; Hitler, Adolf; Chamberlain, NevilleTramonto—age fotostock/Imagestate(September 30, 1938), settlement reached by Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy that permitted German annexation of the Sudetenland in western Czechoslovakia.
Pure Food and Drug Act- Pure Food and Drug Act. noun, U.S. History. 1. a law passed in 1906 to remove harmful and misrepresented foods and drugs from the market and regulate the manufacture and sale of drugs and food involved in interstate trade.
National Reclamation Act- The Reclamation Act (also known as the Lowlands Reclamation Act or National Reclamation Act) of 1902 (Pub.L. 57-161) is a United States federal law that funded irrigation projects for the arid lands of 20 states in the American West.
Franklin D. Roosevelt- Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the President of the United States from 1933 to 1945.
New Deal- The New Deal was a series of programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1938, and a few that came later. They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term (1933-1937) of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Holocaust- destruction or slaughter on a mass scale, especially caused by fire or nuclear war.
Nuremberg Laws- The Nuremberg Laws were two laws which excluded the Jews from German life, as well as took away some of their natural rights. They were first declared at the annual Nazi rally held in Nuremberg in 1935.
Geneva Convention- Definition of Geneva convention. : one of a series of agreements concerning the treatment of prisoners of war and of the sick, wounded, and dead in battle first made at Geneva, Switzerland in 1864 and subsequently accepted in later revisions by most nations.
Nuremberg Trials- The Nuremberg trials were a series of trials held between 1945 and 1949 in which the Allies prosecuted German military leaders, political officials, industrialists, and financiers for crimes they had committed during World War II.
Transcontinental Railroad- transcontinental railroad definition. A train route across the United States, finished in 1869. It was the project of two railroad companies: the Union Pacific built from the east, and the Central Pacific built from the west. The two lines met in Utah.
Open-range system- The invention of barbed wire in the 1870s allowed cattle to be confined to designated areas to prevent overgrazing of the range. In Texas and surrounding areas, increased population required ranchers to fence off their individual lands.
Poll taxes/literacy tests/grandfather clause- The Grandfather Clause was a statute enacted by many American southern states in the wake of Reconstruction (1865-1877) that allowed potential white voters to circumvent literacy tests, poll taxes, and other tactics designed to disfranchise southern blacks.
Plessy v. Ferguson- Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Definition: The Supreme Court case, since overturned by Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which upheld the constitutionality of "separate, but equal facilities" based on race.
Civil Service/Pendleton Civil Service Act- The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (ch. 27, 22 Stat. 403) is a United States federal law, enacted in 1883, which established that positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation.
Populist Party- Populist party definition. A third-party movement that sprang up in the 1890s and drew support especially from disgruntled farmers. The Populists were particularly known for advocating the unlimited coinage of silver.
Japanese Internment/Camps- The internment of Japanese Americans in the United States during World War II was the forced relocation and incarceration in camps in the interior of the country of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry who had lived on the Pacific coast. Sixty-two percent of the internees were United States citizens.
Rationing- allow each person to have only a fixed amount of (a particular commodity).
• The "New South" Economy- The new south economy- supported building a more diversified southern economy championed the expansion of southern industry supported return of white conservations to power withdrawal of federal troops and rise of kkk and lynching .
Sand Creek Massacre- was an atrocity in the American Indian Wars that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 700-man force of Colorado Territory militia attacked and destroyed a peaceful village
Unconditional Surrender- An unconditional surrender is a surrender in which no guarantees are given to the surrendering party.
Saturation Bombing- Carpet bombing, also known as saturation bombing, is a large aerial bombing done in a progressive manner to inflict damage in every part of a selected area of land. The phrase evokes the image of explosions completely covering an area, in the same way that a carpet covers a floor.
Henry Ford/Model T- The Model T was an automobile built by the Ford Motor Company from 1908 until 1927. Conceived by Henry Ford as practical, affordable transportation for the common man, it quickly became prized for its low cost, durability, versatility, and ease of maintenance.
Scientific Management/Assembly Line- According to Henry Ford, the assembly line was based on three simple principles: "the planned, orderly, and continuous progression of the commodity through the shop; the delivery of work instead of leaving it to the workman's initiative to find it; an analysis of operations into their constituent parts." A scientific approach to these principles, the next logical step in the organization of work, had already been enunciated by the American industrial engineer Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915). From his work an entirely new discipline--industrial engineering or scientific management--emerged, in which the managerial functions of planning and coordination were elevated to a primary position in the productive process.
Zimmerman Telegram- The Zimmermann Telegram (or Zimmermann Note) was an internal diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January, 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the event of the United States'
Selective Service Act- The Selective Service Act or Selective Draft Act (Pub.L. 65-12, 40 Stat. 76, enacted May 18, 1917) authorized the federal government to raise a national army for the American entry into World War I through the compulsory enlistment of people.
Western Front- The Western Front was the name applied to the fighting zone in France and Flanders, where the British, French, Belgian and (towards the end of the war) the American armies faced that of Germany.
Sinking of the Lusitania- The sinking of the Cunard ocean liner RMS Lusitania occurred on Friday, 7 May 1915 during the First World War, as Germany waged submarine warfare against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Annexation of Hawaii- The last monarch of Hawaii was Queen Lili'uokalani in 1892, which was later replaced by a provisional government. President Benjamin Harrison, submitted a treaty to annex the Hawaiian Islands to the U. S. Senate for ratification.
Spanish-American War- On April 21, 1898, the United States declared war against Spain following the sinking of the Battleship Maine in the Havana harbor on February 15, 1898. The U.S. also supported the ongoing struggle of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines for independence against Spanish rule.
Jones Act 1916- Jones Act, formally Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916, statute announcing the intention of the United States government to "withdraw their sovereignty over the Philippine Islands as soon as a stable government can be established therein."
Spheres of Influence- a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority.
Gilded Age- The Gilded Age is defined as the time between the Civil War and World War I during which the U.S. population and economy grew quickly, there was a lot of political corruption and corporate financial misdealings and many wealthy people lived very fancy lives.
Spoils System- the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters.
Yalta- The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, held from February 4 to 11, 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister .
Superpowers- a very powerful and influential nation (used especially with reference to the US and the former Soviet Union when these were perceived as the two most powerful nations in the world
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine- The Roosevelt Corollary was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union address in 1904 after the Venezuela Crisis of 1902-03.
Taft's Dollar Diplomacy- Dollar Diplomacy of the United States—particularly during President William Howard Taft's term— was a form of American foreign policy to further its aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries.
Emilio Aguinaldo- Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) was a Filipino general who played an important role in the Philippine Revolution against Spain, and later led Filipino insurgent soldiers against American forces.
Teddy Roosevelt & The Rough Riders- Before becoming President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt was the Assistant Secretary of the Navy. He resigned in 1898 to organize the Rough Riders, the first voluntary cavalry in the Spanish-American War. The U.S. was fighting against Spain over Spain's colonial policies with Cuba. Roosevelt recruited a diverse group of cowboys, miners, law enforcement officials, and Native Americans to join the Rough Riders. They participated in the capture of Kettle Hill, and then charged across a valley to assist in the seizure of San Juan Ridge, the highest point of which is San Juan Hill.
Alphabet Soup Agencies/Acts: The alphabet soup (also New Deal agencies) were the U.S. federal government agencies created as part of the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The earliest agencies were created to combat the Great Depression in the United States and were established during Roosevelt's first 100 days in office in 1933.
Totalitarianism- Totalitarianism is a political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.
Armistice Day- Armistice Day is commemorated every year on November 11 to mark the armistice signed between the Allies of World War I and Germany at Compiègne, France, for the cessation of hostilities on the Western Front of World War I, which took effect at eleven o'clock in the morning—the "eleventh hour of the eleventh day
Treaty of Versailles- The Treaty of Versailles (French: Traité de Versailles) was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Wilson's 14 Points-
Reconstruction Finance Corporation- The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) was a government corporation in the United States that operated between 1932 and 1957 which provided financial support to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, mortgage associations and other businesses.
Trickle-down Economics- President Reagan's economic policies, commonly referred to as "Reaganomics" or supply-side economics, were based on trickle-down theory. The idea is that with a lower tax burden and increased investment, business can produce (or supply) more, increasing employment and worker pay.
Strategic Bombing- Strategic bombing is a military strategy used in a total war with the goal of defeating the enemy by destroying their morale or their economic ability to produce and transport materiel to the theatres of military operations, or both.
Tuskegee Airmen- The Tuskegee Airmen /tʌsˈkiːɡiː/ is the popular name of a group of African-American military pilots (fighter and bomber) who fought in World War II. Officially, they formed the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group of the United States Army Air Forces.
Jingoism- extreme patriotism, especially in the form of aggressive or warlike foreign policy.
USS Maine- The USS MAINE was one of the first United States battleships to be constructed. The vessel's destruction in the Cuba Harbor of Havana was a catalyst in bringing war between the United States and Spain.
United Nations- The United Nations (UN) is an international organization formed in 1945 to increase political and economic cooperation among member countries. The organization works on economic and social development programs, improving human rights and reducing global conflicts.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot, Paris.
Dawes General Allotment Act- The Dawes Act of 1887 (also known as the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887), adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians.
Vigilantes-"Wild West"- a member of a self-appointed group of citizens who undertake law enforcement in their community without legal authority, typically because the legal agencies are thought to be inadequate.
Booker T. Washington- Washington, Booker T. definition. An African-American educator of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, who headed Tuskegee Institute, a college for African-Americans in Alabama.
WEB Dubois- W. E. B. Du Bois. (William Edward Burghardt Du Bois) writer, teacher. Born: 2/23/1868. African-American author and teacher who helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Treaty of Paris- The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War and Britain acknowledged the United States to be sovereign and independent.
William H. Taft- William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 - March 8, 1930) served as the 27th President of the United States (1909-1913) and as the 10th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1921-1930), the only person to have held both offices.
William Jennings Bryan- William Jennings Bryan (March 19, 1860 - July 26, 1925) was an American orator and politician from Nebraska, and a dominant force in the populist wing of the Democratic Party, standing three times as the Party's candidate for President of the United States (1896, 1900 and 1908).
William McKinley- William McKinley (January 29, 1843 - September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1897, until his assassination in September 1901, six months into his second term.
Allied Powers- The Allies of World War II, called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration, were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War
Winston Churchill- Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, PC, DL, FRS, RA was a British statesman who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955.
Jose Marti- José Martí (1853-1895) was a Cuban intellectual, poet, and revolutionary leader who founded El Partido Revolucionario Cubano (Cuban Revolutionary Party) in 1882. He is still revered as a great revolutionary martyr in Cuba.
Yellow Journalism- journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration.
