US History Exam - Term Buster

The Election of 1860

Lincoln became the President (40%); caused the souther states' secession

Ordinance of 1785

Makes towns very organized through townships and sections

Protective Tariff

Raise taxes on outside companies to protect US companies by maintaining the low taxes on US companies.

Interchangeable Parts

Standard parts that could be put together to create a full product. Made mass production of products much more uniform.

Dred Scott Decision

Supreme Court ruled that African Americans had no right to sue in a federal court; aroused sectional feeling

Turnpikes

The first development in land transportation after the Revolutionary War. Toll roads constructed by private companies for profit.

Abolitionists

Those who tried to outlaw slavery

Gadsden Purchase

U.S. bought territory from Mexico and expanded New Mexico and Arizona to contruct railroads to the Pacific

Mexican Cession

US territory gained from the Mexican War, including California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, and Arizona

Corrupt Bargain

When Clay supported John Quincy Adams of the whig party in exchange for a high cabinet position, Andrew Jackson won vote as first populist president anyway.

Sherman's March

a Union advance into the Deep South during the Civil War

War Hawk

a group of legislators from the West and South, dominated Congress, calling for a war with Britain and wanted to expand U.S. territory (Henry Clay)

Northwest Ordinance

- Congress would appoint a temporary governor and three temporary judges - When the territory had 5,000 free adult males, a representative legislature would be set up - When a part of the territory had a population of 60,000 free settlers, that region would be eligible for admission into the Union as a state, No fewer than three and no more than five states were to be created from the Northwest Territory. - Personal rights, such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and trial by jury, were guaranteed - Slavery was banned - Public schools were encouraged

Monroe Doctrine

1)American Continents were closed to colonization 2) Any attempt by European powers was unfriendly 3) U.S wouldn't interfere with Europe

Louisiana Purchase

1803 - Purchased by Thomas Jefferson. Doubled the size of the continental U.S. Eventually includes the territory for 15 U.S. states. Lewis and Clark commissined by Jefferson the explore the new territory.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

an antislavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe and aroused strong antislavery feelings, depicting the brutaility of slavery in the South.

Temperance Movement

anti-drinking movement, calling for drinking in moderation

Blockade

banned the shipping between North and South to destroy the Southern Economy

Impeachment

charge the president with wrongdoing (Republicans impeached Johnson for his Democratic tendency during the Congressional Reconstruction)

trust

combined number of corporations in the same field

corporation

company which is not owned by a few people but all the people who own shares

Vertical Integration

company who owns each stage of production from raw material to distrubution

Trail of Tears

A journey of Native Americans that was forced by the government where many died. From their homes to Oklahoma.

Industrial Revolution

A period in the mid-1800s during which time, machines made large-scale production of goods more feasible. The "revolution" began in Great Britain and spread throughout the industrialized world in the 19th century.

Spoils System

A system that rewards loyal party members with gov jobs

Townships

A unit of land that is six square miles

Impressment

British took American seamen from U.S. ships and forced them to serve in the British navy

Samuel Slater

Built the first successful cotton mill in the US based off the English design. The English banned people from going to the US that worked in their industries but he managed to make it over and build the cotton mill off of memory.

The Merrimac

Confederate warships with wooden vessel

Genêt Affair

Genêt tried to sway the Americans to fight for the French. He led the military expedition and ordered privateers to fight the British Navy

Assumption of Southern Debts

Hamilton took over debts owed by the state in exchange for a capital closer to the south (D.C.)

Vanderbilt

Horizontally Integrated the shipping industry in New York, then sold it to buy large amount of rail lines, in which he horizontally integrated again become the king of railroads in the United States. Made deal with Rockefeller to ensure his company's future success.

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney, this machine could separate seeds from cotton fibers 50 times faster than the process could be done by hand.

John Brown's raid

John Brown planned to obtain weapons for the enslaved people and stir up a slave uprising. However, his plan failed and he was executed. John Brown's raid was a major cause of the Civil War, because it stimulated the conflict between North and South, and confirmed many Southerners that Northerners were plotting to destroy their way of life.

Prohibition

era in which alcohol was banned

William Lloyd Garrison

famous antislavery fighter; published the antislavery paper The Liberator. Refused to work for the government because he thought that the gov was corrupt.

Alexander hamilton

first secretary of the treasure, vouched for a national bank, one currency

J.P. Morgan

headed the country's largest investment bank, then merged with Carnegie to form US Steel

Laissez- fare economics

idea that the market will correct itself throughout competition without interference from the government

Ralph Waldo Emerson

ideologist who believed that authentic religion of America was self-reliance

Fugitive Slave Law

imposed heavy fines on people who helped slaves to escape

pool

informal agreement among competing companies to fix prices, share profits, and divide the market for products.

Circuit Riders

methodist preachers that spread the religion through traveling

Feminism

movement aimed at achieving equality for women

Dividends

part of corporation profits that is paid to shareholders depending on amount of shares.

Sectionalism

people liked and identified as their states more than the nation

Popular Sovereignty

people of each region decide whether they wanted slavery

stockholders

people that buy shares in a corporation, they elect a board of directors and receive a portion of the profit from the company

Forty-Niners

people went to California during the Gold Rush in 1848

Investment bankers

people who raise capital for corporations by supervising the issue and sale of securities

Black Code

restored old order by regulating the status of freedmen and restricting African Americans' right

securities

stocks and bonds traded on the open market

Underground Railroad

system created by abolitionists in order to help slaves flee from the south, led by Harriet Tubman

horizontal integration

system where a company specifies in one part of production by buying out competitors

Reconstruction

ten unreconstructed states were divided into military districts; southerners who had voluntarily fought in the Confederate forces were deprived of the right to vote or hold office; to be readmitted, a state had to guarantee African-American suffrage; After a state had organized a new government and ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, it would be restored to the Union.

Manifest Destiny

the belief that Americans had a God-given right to take over new territories all the way to the Pacific Ocean

Joseph Smith

the head of the Mormons

Expansionism

the policy of continually increasing the size of a country (the US territory quadrupled during the 19th century)

Nullification

the state has the right to declare the national law unconstitutional

Circus Riders

traveling preachers who carried the faith to widely scattered communities in rural areas

Pinickey Treaty

treaty between US and Spain, guaranteed Americans navigation rights on the lower Mississippi and the right of deposit at New Orleans

The Compromise of 1850

treaty of Mexican-cession allowed California to be a Free State, and slavery in the rest of the Mexican Cession. (New Mexico and Utah were organized on the principle of popular sovereignty, severer Fugitive Slave Law imposed heavy fines on people who helped slaves to escape, and the slave trade was abolished in the D.C.)

Jay Treaty

treaty to negotiate end to the US-British conflict, criticized because it did not make the British stop seizing US ships

merger

two companies or more which join together to form one company

Rockefeller

vertically integrated Standard Oil, becoming the sole leader of the oil industry in the United States

Carnegie

vertically integrated his steel companies, then formed a merger with JP. Morgan to form US steel

Kansas-Nebraska Act

wanting to built a railroad, this bill established Kansas and Nebraska, which use popular sovereignty to decide the slavery question. This act violated the Missouri Compromise, and aroused strong conflicts.

peaceful takeover

when people who own the majority of the stock, assume power of a company