US HISTORY FINAL EXAM

THE GREAT AWAKENING

- A religious movement - There was not as much of a religious community and there were more denominations so it was impractical to require regular religious observances ---Growing number of people who didn't care about religion - There were 2 newly arrived ministers ---Theodore Frelinghuysen (Calvinist) and William Tennent (Presbyterian) ---Sought to instill in their congregations the biblical passion and spiritual enthusiasm - Religious enthusiasm followed the arrival of Reverend George Whitefield ---Incredibly popular pulpit orator and preached to many ---Not everyone liked Whitefield's style ---"Old Lights" supported Whitefield ---"New Lights" were those who favored revivalism (religion) - Many were moved by new religious ideas - Helped people rid themselves of the idea that disobedience to authority entailed damnation -Fostered religious toleration -First truly national event in American History

MERCANTILISM

- Colonies were important to GB for economic reasons - British officials developed loosely related policies that were later called mercantilism to obtain materials - Mercantilism is a national economic policy designed to maximize the trade of a nation and to maximize the accumulation of gold and silver. - Mercantilism was dominant in modernized parts of Europe. - It advocated that a nation should export more than it imported and accumulate bullion (especially gold) to make up the difference. - Mercantilism was a reaction against the economic problems of earlier times when states were too weak to guide their economies and when every town or principality levied its own tariffs on goods passing through its borders. - Gold and silver were the most important raw materials - How much gold and silver a nation had was the measure or power - Gold and silver couldn't be mined in Europe - A country could make itself self sufficient if items sought in other lands were produced and then more could be sold than imported -Colonists complained about mercantilism ---Colonial economy consumed more manufactured goods than good pay so were in debt to England ---Smuggling and ribery became standard

NAVIGATION ACTS

- Laws that were put in place by Parliament designed to bring gold and silver into the Royal Treasury, to develop the imperial merchant fleet, to channel the flow of colonial raw materials to England, and to keep foreign (non-English) goods and vessels out of colonial ports -Navigation Act 1660 ---Reserved entire trade of colonies to English ships and required captain and 3/4 of crew to be English ---Prohibited articles such as sugar, tobacco, cotton, etc. from being shipped, carried, or transported outside of the British Empire -Planned Economy ---Growing tobacco prohibited in England ---Money paid to colonial producers ---England—> manufacturing; Colonies—> raw materials -Iron Act of 1750 ---Outlawed manufacture of finished iron products in America ---Colonists resented requirement of finished iron manufactured in England and violated law and set up own iron works

"SALUTARY NEGLECT"

- Practiced by Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole - It was a policy of looking the other way when Americans violated Navigation Acts - English manufacturers were better and cheaper than other nations and there was a common language and heritage so Americans were more likely to do business with England voluntarily anyway

BOSTON MASSACRE

-January 1770 -Between liberty boys and redcoats in NYC -Crowd began throwing snowballs at redcoats -Snowballs carefully wrapped around rocks -Soldiers panicked and fired at crown and 5 -Bostonians were dead -Infuriated population —> violence played into -radicals' hands -Soldiers were given a fair trial

STAMP ACT

-Placed taxes on printed material ---Anything written had to have a special stamp —> direct tax -Nothing was collected -Stamp Act congress ---Intercolonial and met in NY ---No taxes imposed without people consent

Homestead Strike

A clash shook Andrew Carnegie's Homestead steel plant strikers attacked 300 private guards brought in to protect strikebreakers 7 guards were skilled part of struggle between capital and labor in the steel industry stole precipitated by the devision of company officials to crush the union at all costs the final defeat after 5 months walkout was one of the most imprint elements in the AFL, destroyed unionism as an effective force in the steel industry

WAR OF 1812

A conflict fought between the Us and GB and their allies A depression plagued England and manufacturers blamed slump on the loss of access to American markets ---Manufacturers were urging an end to British attacks on American shipping ---Government prepared to yield British agreed to stop attacks but 5 days earlier US had declared war Americans attempted to invade Canada which was GB's weak link ---3 pronged attack was planned but failed The burning of Washington DC ---British devised plan for crushing US but were only successful in Washington ---British torched public buildings and set fire to white house During the attack on Fort McHenry, Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner The turning point of the war was the destruction of washington which spurred thousands of Americans to enlist The treaty of ghent ---Both sides agreed to meet in Ghent to discuss peace ---Decided to leave things as they were before the war ---Other issues had evaporated because seas were free to all ships, Royal Navy no longer needed to snatch sailors from US vessels ---Ended the state of hostilities

FREDERICK DOUGLASS

A former slave who escaped Had been allowed to read and write and to master a trade ---Opportunities that were denied the majority of slaves Became an agent of the Massach. Anti-Slavery society ---Featured speaker at its public meetings Published a book Insisted that freedom for blacks required not only emancipation but full equality, social and economic and political ---Not many accepted his reasonings At first was faithful follower of Garrison but changed ---Fought slavery and race prejudice from within the system

ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS

After election, Monroe went on tour and was cheered heartitly Celebrations brought together many people whom political parties had long severed Peace, prosperity, liberty flourished Heirs of Jefferson accepted most of economic policies advocated by Hamiltonians Monroe was reelected without opposition mostly ---Harmony of Monroe's administrations were superficial bc there were issues beneath the surface

ANTI-FEDERALISTS

Against federalists Against the constitution Small farmers, debaters, free choice more important than power Resented those who sought and held power

ALIEN & SEDITION ACTS

Alien Enemies Act ---Gave president power to arrest or expel aliens in time of "declared war" ---President could expel all aliens whom he thought "dangerous to the peace and safety of US ---Law never invoked by Adams but many aliens left out of fear Sedition Act ---Made it a crime to impede the operation of any law ---Crime to attempt to investigate a not or insurrection, was reasonable enough ---Made it illegal to publish or even utter any "false, scandalous and malicious" criticism of high government officials -------Many prosecuted and convicted in unfair trials

INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT

All charges made by railroads shall be reasonable and just rebates, drawbacks, long and short haul evil, and other competitive practices were declared unlawful, and so were their monopolistic counterparts railroads were required to publish schedules of rates and forbidden to change them without due public notice the legislation established an interstate commerce commission, the first federal regulatory board, to supervise the affairs of railroads, investigate complaints, and issue cease and desist orders when the roads acted illegally The commission had less power than the law seemed to give it challenged philosophy of laissez faire

Alliance movement/Farmer's Alliance

Alliances were organizations of farmers' clubs Later as the Farmers' Alliance this organization gradually expanded in NE Texas and spread through the cotton states alliance leaders stressed cooperation ---their co-ops brought fertilizer and other supplies in bulk and sold them at fair prices to members ---could not raise the national capital from banks some farmers began to question the fundamental workings and fairness of the american financial and monetary system a similar but less influential alliance movement developed in the north such success and reluctance of the Repub and Demo to make concessions to their demands encouraged alliance leaders to create a new national party

FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT

Amended to provide for the appointment of fed commissioners with authority to issue warrants, summon posses and compel citizens under pain of fine or imprisonment to assist in capture of fugitives ---Commissioners who divided accused person was a runaway received a larger fee than if they declared the persona legally free ---Accused persons couldn't testify in their own defense—> were to be returned tou South without jury trial merely on the submission of an affidavit by their "owner"

SARATOGA

American forces under Philip Schuyler constructed defenses south of Saratoga Burgoyne struck twice but was thrown back with losses Each day more local militia swelled American ranks Burgoyne under siege, his troops pinned down, unable to even bury the dead ---Only hope was general Clinton (he only got as far as Kingston, 80 miles below Saratoga, but returned for NY for reinforcement) Next day, Burgoyne surrendered, British prisoners marched to Virginia Triumph at Saratoga changed the character of the war ---The French had been building a navy capable of taking on British -------Helping Americans was a way to weaken the British nemy so Spain contributed bc of desire to injure GB When news of Saratoga victory reached Paris, Louis XVI officially recognized US GB realized France and American alliance inevitable ---To stall, GB ready to give in on all issues that agitated the colonies ---GB proposal rejected

HERMANN ANTITRUST ACT

Any combination in the form of trust or otherwise that was in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states or with foreign nations was declared illegal people forming such combinations were subject to fines and jail supposed to restore competition

FAREWELL ADDRESS

At the end of his second term he announced his retirement in a farewell address to the nation ---Found rivalry between repub. and federalists disturbing ---Important for nation to be at peace with the world and itself ---Talked against the harmful effects of the spirit of party that led honest people to use not fair means to win advantage over fellow americans ---Tried to show how N and S benefit from each other and so do E and W ---Avoid dislike or passionate attachments to any foreign nation ---Develop but steer clear of foreign political connections as far as possible ---Permanent alliances should be avoided ---Temporary alliances for emergencies

Plight of Farmers

At the end of the 19th century, about a third of Americans worked in agriculture, compared to only about four percent today. After the Civil War, drought, plagues of grasshoppers, boll weevils, rising costs, falling prices, and high interest rates made it increasingly difficult to make a living as a farmer.

COERCIVE/INTOLERABLE ACTS

Boston Port Act --Closed harbor of Boston to all commerce until citizens paid for the tea (that was dumped??) Administration of Justice Acts --Provided for the transfer of cases to courts outside Massach. when governor felt that impartial trade couldn't be had within the colony Unjust and British were punishing community for crimes of individuals British and colonists didn't realize but revolution had begun

PEACE OF PARIS 1783

British gave up trying to suppress rebellion after Yorktown Signing of Peace of Paris was an event that confirmed the existence of the USA as an independent nation A peace treaty with GB Peacemaking complicated because US and FR pledged not to make separate peace with GB Peace talks in Paris conducted ---Franklin and John Jay did most of actual negotiating Franklin's fame spread to Europe and was wined and dined ---He didn't press US point of view forcefully but instead achieved reconciliation with British By 1782 Preliminary Treaty signed ---GB acknowledges US to be free ---Boundaries of US set ---British recognized rights of Americans ---British withdraw troops from A ---Americans agreed congress would recommend that states return all estates, rights, and properties of the Tories

ERIE CANAL

Brought in over ½ million tolls in the 1st year Aside from 7 million that they made, they made 3 million profit in addition—> made 10 million in total first year—> took 7 million to build but they got $$ back Nationwide canal building boom Small towns around NY flourished The Erie Canal is a canal in New York that is part of the east-west, cross-state route of the New York State Canal System. Originally, it ran 363 miles from Albany, on the Hudson River, to Buffalo, at Lake Erie.

REFORMER: HENRY GEORGE

California journalist argued that labor was the true and only source of capital observing the speculative fever in the west, which enabled landowners to reap profits merely by holding property while population increased --- proposed a property tax that would confiscate this Believe the value of land depended on society and should belong to society ---allowing individuals to keep this wealth was the major cause of the growing disparity between rich and poor His "single tax" would bring in so much money that no other names would be necessary ---idea of single tax on property was never adopted

LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES

Choice of next senator lay in hands of Illinois legislature Douglas: epitomised efficiency, success, fashionable Lincoln: man of people, ill fitting black suits, worn appearance High intellectual level but were political debates Tailored arguments to appeal to local audiences Douglas' strategy was to make Lincoln look like an abolitionist Lincoln painted Douglas as proslavery defender of Dred Scott decision

Settlement houses

Community centers located in poor districts that provided guidance and services to all who would use them settlement workers tried to interpret american ways to new immigrants and create community spirit to teach

OLIVE BRANCH PETITION

Continental congress dispatched last plea Sent to the king for accomodation The Olive Branch Petition was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 5, 1775 in a final attempt to avoid a full-on war between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies represented in that Congress The Olive Branch Petition, drafted on July 5, 1775, was a letter to King George III, from members of the Second Continental Congress, which represents the last attempt by the moderate party in North America to avoid a war of independence against Britain. Immediately after Congress adopted the Declaration of the causes and necessity of taking up arms

YORKTOWN

Cornwallis marched to Virginia and joined forces with Benedict Arnold ---British quickly lost superiority with local militia and continental forces against them General Clinton ordered Cornwallis to establish base at Yorktown ---Could be supplied by sea ---Terrible mistake French had ships in West Indies under Admiral Francois de Grasse and another squadron at Newport where French army was stationed British navy in West Indies and NY might have stalled scheme it it moved fast Result ---De Grasse battled with british fleet and won control of the Chesapeake ---Cornwallis cut off from sea and his supplies and any chance of seaward escape Washington's finest hour at Yorktown ---Triced Clinton into thinking he was headed for NY but reached Yorktown and joined with army commanded by Lafayette ---Cornwallis helpless

SECESSION

Days after Lincoln's victory s carolina legislature ordered an election of delegates to a convention Convention voted to secede ---South C first to secede 6 other states of lower south followed suit Confederate states of America made of seceded states and a provisional government was established Virginia, Tennessee, N Carolina, Arkansas didn't leave but said if gov used force against confederacy they too would secede Lincoln had assured respect to slavery where it existed but to leave union meant a share of fed territories and enforceable fugitive slave act law and North economic energy seemed to threaten S independence ---Secession would liberate the s and produce a balanced economy

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

Declaring independence was burning last bridge and becoming traitors in eyes of Britain Written by Thomas Jefferson who prepared draft and few amendments made by franklin and adams Officially adopted on July 4, 1776 2 parts ---Introductory part: Justified abstract right of any people to revolt and described the theory on which Americans based their creation of a new, republican government ---List of the "injuries and usurpations" of George III : Bill of indictment explain why colonists felt driven to exercise rights outlined in part 1 and stressed the monarch's interference with the functioning of representative government in America, George's harsh administration of colonial affairs, his restrictions of civil rights, maintenance of troops in colonies without their consent Made George III rather than Parliament the villain because the king is the personification of the nation against America is rebelling All men created equal, endowed with certain unalienable rights of life, liberty and pursuit of happiness Intended to influence foreign opinion

ANDREW JACKSON

Delivered inaugural address and was sworn in to presidency Creation of 2 mass political parties was largely the work of ANdrew Jackson Transformed his supporters into a well-structured Democratic party Rival of democrats was the whigs The "common man" gloried in ordinariness and made mediocrity a virtue Jacksonian democracy Social changes reflected new way of looking at political affairs—> changes emphasized the convictions that every citizen was equally important and should participate in government ---Spread of secondary education, increase in number of newspapers, declining prices

ELECTION OF 1860

Democrats met to choose pres candidate ---S delegates wouldn't support Douglas unless he promised not to disturb slavery in the territories ---S insisted the N must accept that slavery was not merely tolerable but right—> north wouldn't go that far Democrats reconvened but failed to reach agreement The 2 wings then met separately ---N nominated Douglass, S nominated John C. Breckenridge Southerners announced belief that neither congress nor territorial government could prevent citizens from setting "with their property" in any territory Republicans went and drafted a platform attractive to all classes and all sections of N and W states ----For manufacturers high tariff ---For farmers homestead law providing free land for settlers ---No restrictions on immigration Lincoln for Republican Pres candidate John Bell from the Constitutional Union party 4 candidates but soon became clear that Lincoln would be elected Douglas realized Lincoln would win and rose above ambition and appealed to voters to stand by union no matter who was elected and Lincoln won

DRED SCOTT DECISION

Dred and Harriet Scott accompanied John Emerson as his body servant (Dred) and met Harriet in WIsconsin After Emerson death they brought suit in Missouri courts for their liberty with help of lawyer Claimed residence in Illinois where slavery was barred and in the Wisconsin territory made them free Question of whether congress had power to outlaw slavery in territories In the Dred scott decision ---Case reached supreme court Was declared that free or slave, blacks were not citizens ---Laws in Illinois no longer apply to him Residence in Wisconsin Territory didn't make him free because Missouri compromise was unconstitutional ---5 amendment—> an act of congress depriving person of property merely because he came himself or brought hix prosperity into territory could hardly be dignified with due process of law ---Missouri compromise deprived Emerson of his property and was unconstitutional ---Threatened Douglas' principle of pop sovereignty and released Missouri compromise ---Where formerly freedom was a national institution and slavery a local one, now slavery was to be protected nationwide ------>Excluded only where states had specifically abolished it

UNDERGROUND RAILROAD

Each year thousands of slaves fled the south Few received help from abolitionists or anyone else Of 4 million slaves, no more than several thousands a year escaped to a free state, canada or mexico Procedure for moving people out of slavery wasn't as organized or extensive as suggested Endangered slavery Posed challenge to south ---In response southern politicians insisted on passage of the fugitive slave act Few runaway slaves had chance of making it to north

ELI WHITNEY

Eli Whitney was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. Took 3 decades for cotton gin to be in use ---Took 30 years to replace roller gins A cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, allowing for much greater productivity than manual cotton separation

EMBARGO ACT

Events leading to Embargo Act ---American ship called Chesapeake left for patrol duty from port ---Ship stopped by British ship demanding 4 "deserters" be handed over ---Americans refused and British opened fire This attack was in violation of international law (no nation claimed right to impress sailors from war ships) ---Americans wanted war but had nothing to fight with ---Jefferson ordered British warships out of American waters Act prohibited all exports ---American Vessels couldn't clear for foreign port and foreign vessels could do so only if empty Didn't prohibit imports but few shoups would come if it had to leave without cargo Law would injure economy but Jefferson hoped it would benefit the nation ---Would keep ships off seas and all chance of injury would be ended ---Put economic pressure on GB an FR to moderate policies toward American shipping Law was resented and resist ---Foreign commerce was most expansive force in the economy and chief reason for US prosperity Catastrophic effects ---Exports and imports fell ---Prices of farm products and manufactured goods reacted violently --Seamen thrown out of work ---Businesses disrupted Americans violated law but smuggling goods between canada

Populism

Farm leaders, representatives of the Knights of Labor, and various professional reformers met They organized the People' Populist Party (PPP) and issued a call for a national convention to meet Populism is a political philosophy supporting the rights and power of the people in their struggle against a privileged elite. That convention drafted a platform that called for a graduated income tax and national ownership of railroads, the telegraph, and phone systems advocated a plan that would permit farmers to keep non perishable crops off the market when prices were low To make the government more responsive to public opinion, the populists urged the adoption of voter initiative and supported the election of US senators by pop vote backed the 8 hr day populist strategists sought further to distance American American farmers from the ruling Democratic organization election was disappointing for the populists Te majority of the Populists were farmers who united during the industrial age to voice common concerns and propose social and political reforms ---When their concerns and proposed solutions grew to a broader level the populists organized themselves as a national political party Free and unlimited coinage of silver, graduated federal income tax, gov control of the railroads, direct election of senators by the people

Social Gospel Movement

For a number of clergymen, in their view, slum conditions caused sin and crime ---they preached a new Social Gospel Focused on improving living conditions rather than saving souls if people were to lead pure lives they must have food, homes, and opportunities Advocated civil service reform, child labor legislation, regulation of big corps and heavy taxes on incomes and inheritances Washington Gladden was the most influential preacher of the Social Gospel Charles M Sheldon wrote a book and was a minister in Kansas and described what happened in the mythical city of Raymond when a group of leading citizens decided to live truly Christian lives

XYZ AFFAIR

French attacks on american shipping continued into Adam's office Adams hoped to stop these attacks so he appointed 3 commissioners to try to negotiate a settlement ---Charles Pinckney, John Marshall, Elbridge Gerry ---Arrange a moderate settlement to terminate differences without referring to the merits ---Mission was a fiasco Talleyrand, french foreign minister, sent an agent "x" ---Demanded "something for the pocket," a "gratification" as price for making deal Later agents "y" and "z" made same demand ---Americans refused XYZ Affair, diplomatic incident that, when made public in 1798, nearly involved the United States and France in war. Pres. John Adams dispatched three ministers to France in 1797 to negotiate a commercial agreement to protect U.S. shipping. In Paris the ministers were approached by three French agents who suggested a bribe of $250,000 to Talleyrand, the French foreign minister, and a loan of $10,000,000 to France as a prelude to negotiations. In April 1798 the machinations of the three French agents (called X, Y, and Z in the diplomatic correspondence) were made public in the United States. There was a great outcry over the bribe solicitation, followed by preparations for war. Although a period of undeclared naval warfare ensued between France and the United States formal war was avoided, and the incident was settled by the Convention of 1800.

TRENTON

General Howe abandon campaign and went to winter quarter and posted garrisons at trenton and princeton Washington decided to attack Hessian garrisons @ Trenton Christmas night and arrived in Trenton daybreak Hessians taken by surprise and fled and 900 surrendered

Nativism

Grown under the Know-Nothing banner disliked catholics and other minority groups more than immigrants American protective association was the largest nativist organization of the period and existed to resist what its members called the "catholic menace" protestant majority treated new immigrants as underlings and tried to keep them out of best jobs

THE MARXISTS: Laurence Gronlund

Had the first serious attempt to explain the idea of German political philosopher Karl Marx Claimed capitalism contained the seeds of its own destruction "capital and labor" are not harmonious

WHISKEY REBELLION

Hamilton persuaded congress to adopt tax per gallon on American made whiskey ---Tax disliked by Americans because they were heavy drinkers who turned grain to whiskey ---Hamilton said farmers drank too much Houses were burned and rebels threatened to set fire to town Washington determined to go to every length allowed to enforce the law and mustered an enormous army When Washington's troops arrived the revels were gone and the expected Whiskey Rebellion just simply didn't happen ---Moderates agreed that even unpopular laws should be followed

BANK OF THE UNITED STATES

Hamilton's proposal to charter a national bank Would provide safe storage for government funds, serve as an agent for the gov in the collection, movement, and expenditure of tax money Bank could finance new and expanding business enterprises, speeding the economic growth of nation Could issue bank notes Would be partly owned by government and 80% of $10 million stock issue sold to private individuals Country gained from bank, but well-to-do commercial class still gained more Bill passed both houses of congress with ease Washington hesitated so sign bill because there was a question of constitutionality ---Washington called on Jefferson and Hamilton for advice ---Washington accepted Hamilton's reasoning and singed bill

SHAY'S REBELLION

Heavy taxes in Massach Mobs began to stop foreclosures by forcibly preventing courts from holding session Daniel Shays was genuinely exasperated and under his leadership rebels marched and prevented state supreme court from meeting State government sent troops against them and rebels attacked Springfield weaponry ---Uprising then collapsed and Shay fled Hoped to force authorities to heed them with arms and state legislature made some concessions to their demands at next sessions

NULLIFICATION

If a special state convention decided that an act of congress violated constitution, it could interpose its authority and nullify the law within its boundaries Nullification, in United States constitutional history, is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional. Some leaders discussed nullifying or refusing to accept tariff of 1832 The state legislature provided for the election of a special convention which contained a solid majority of nullifiers ---Convention passed an ordinance of nullification which prohibited the collection of tariff duties in the state after feb 1, 1833 Every state had the right to disregard federal law that they claim unconstitutional State rights had just as much power as federal

UNCLE TOM'S CABIN

Important in increasing sectional tensions Brought home the evils of slavery to more people in north Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe ---She was not an abolitionist and had no first hand knowledge of slavery ---In gathering material for her book she depended on abolitionist writers Enormous success One and didn't seek to convert readers to racial equality Southerners pointed out the picture of plantation life was distorted and her slaves weren't typical Success came from approach of subject Slave uncle tom Avoided accusatory tone

MARBURY V. MADISON

In 1800, Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams in the presidential election Just before leaving office, Adams appointed judges from his federalist party, were approved by the senate and signed by the pres The last step before these judges could take office was a commission ---A formal piece of paper that said these guys are good to go and this is their job These commissions hadn't been delivered yet which meant that the judges couldn't start their jobs Jefferson said not so fast on those commissions and had secretary of state James Madison keep them from being delivered One of the prospective judges was William Marbury and he wanted his job and brought the case to the supreme court ---Marbury wanted the court to issue a writ of mandamus which is a court order ---Marbury wanted the court to order Madison to show why he couldn't get his commission Supreme Court chief justice John Marshall, also appointed by adams, ruled on the case ---If Marshall refused to order Madison to give Marbury the job, it would be said that he didn't stand up to Jefferson but if he ordered ---Manbury be seated he would place court in conflict with President ---First he ruled that Marbury had the right to receive his commission ---Also ruled Marbury had the right to remedy, to have his wrong righted ---IMPORTANT: Ruled supreme court didn't have the power to make Madison hand over Marbury's commission ------>He had the court ruled on itself ------>He brought up the Judiciary Act of 1789 which was law that gave supreme court power to rule in cases like this but Marshall ruled section 13 of this law violated the constitution because it gave the court powers the constitution said it shouldn't have —> wasn't supreme court's place to rule and it shouldn't in a decision like this ------>Constitution was supreme law of the land —> turning to constitution is judicial review ---Reasoned that Marbury should have his commission but court couldn't compel Madison to give it to him. Marbury's request for a court order was unconstitutional because congress couldn't legally give supreme court the right to issue orders

DRAWBACKS

In extreme cases the railroads gave large shippers drawbacks They were rebates on the business of a shipper's competitors

UNITED STATES STEEL

JP Morgan put together the world's first billion dollar corporation included all the Carnegie properties, the Federal Steel Company, and such important fabricators of finished products as the American Steel and Wire Company, and American Tim plate Company, etc U.S. Steel was capitalized at $1.4 billion

TRAIL OF TEARS

Jackson set forth context but didn't set forth orders to remove Attributed to Jackson but actually happened under Van Burren but Jackson set the stage After Jackson left the white house, the US forced 15,000 Cherokee to leave Georgia for Oklahoma and at least 4,000 died along the way Forced removals of natives Jackson's controversial action

BANK WAR

Jackson was elected to president and was determined to destroy the Second Bank of the US Dominated Jackson's 2nd term Jackson won a complete victory but was not beneficial to economy The Bank War was the name given to the campaign begun by President Andrew Jackson in 1833 to destroy the Second Bank of the United States, after his reelection convinced him that his opposition to the bank had won national support. Opposition to bank of Us was unorganized until jackson brought it together and the bank was quickly destroyed Insisted bank was unconstitutional and Jackson saw it as a dangerous private monopoly making the rich richer Jackson ordered withdrawal of government funds from bank ---Led to chain of events where the boom was over

MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR

James K Polk favored expansion and he believed in taking Texas and that is could be reannexed Texas was now in the campaign In Polk's inaugural address he started the American claim to the entire region The country was at war with Mexico which had broken out because of the expansionist spirit Because of its size and wealth, US bullied Mexico and Mexico had defaulted on debts owed the US Mexico made no effort to reconquer texas but never recognized Texas independence Polk ordered Zachary Taylor into Texas to defend the border but Taylor stopped not wishing to provoke the Mexicans Polk sent John Slidell as an envoy on a secret mission to Mexico to try to obtain disputed territory by negotiation ---Was authorized to cancel the Mexican debt in return for recognition for the annexation of Texas and acceptance of Rio Grande boundary but Mexico refused to receive Slidell Then General Mariano Paredes the new Mexican head of state reaffirmed Mexico's claim to all of Texas Polk asked Congress to declare war ---Without actually declaring war, congress voted to raise and supply troops From first battle outcome of Mexican war was not in doubt and within a week mexicans had been driven across Rio Grande ---Mex army was poorly equipped and poorly led Polk insisted on directing grand strategy and supervising the little details ---He wanted a small war just big enough for a peace treaty but not big enough for presidency ---His plan was to clear Mexicans out from Texas, take possession of New mex and Cali, and March on to Mex city Opposition to war was growing After fall of Mexico city, Mexican government was in turmoil and Polk had authorized payment of $30 million for New Mex and Cali Nicholas P. Trist negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe

MONROE DOCTRINE

James Monroe's most significant achievement with help of secretary of state John Quincy Adams Completion of America's withdrawal from Europe 2 factors met in this pronouncement ---Russians maintained interest in fishing and fur trading along the NW coast of NA and Vzar extended his claim South to the 51st parallel and forbade ships of other powers to enter coastal waters North of that point which was disturbing to US ---All regions from Rio Grande to S America had won independence which caused concern for US American continents are no longer subjects for any new European colonial establishment Monroe included a policy statement in his annual message to congress and was dignified with Monroe Doctrine title ---American continents are not to be considered as subjects for future colonization ---Europe's political system diff from US and two shouldn't be mixed ---Any attempt to extend European control to countries without had already won independence would be the manifestation of unfriendly disposition toward US Principles laid out attracted little notice and were dismissed Final state in evolution of American independence

KENTUCKY & VIRGINIA RESOLVES

Jefferson believed Alien & Sedition Acts violated the 1st amendment Jefferson and Madison drew up resolutions arguing laws were unconstitutional ---Madison presented to Virginia legislature ---Jefferson presented to Kentucky legislature Jefferson believed each state had equal right to judge for itself when constitution was violated ---State could declare law unconstitutional Neither kentucky or virginia tried to implement these resolves or prevent enforcement of Alien & Sedition Acts

ELASTIC CLAUSE

Jefferson disagreed that bank was constitutional because congress could only do what the constitution specifically authorized The elastic clause says that laws can be passed if necessary and proper and this msut be interpreted literally or congress would have too much power Bank not necessary and shouldn't be authorized

ELECTION OF 1800

Jefferson or Burr? ---Constitution didn't distinguish between President and Vice Pres ------>Electors with 2 votes and most votes= pres; runner-up = VP ---Each received equal amounts of votes so ----House of Representatives had to choose ---On the first ballot, Jefferson was 1 short of winning ---Through 35 ballots, deadlock persisted Hamilton had deciding vote in the end ------> He detested Burr so Jefferson became Pres and Burr VP

LEWIS & CLARK

Jefferson planned exploration of Louisiana and region beyond Appointed Meriwether Lewis to command expedition and Lewis chose WIlliam Clark as his companion officer Jefferson's interest in west was scientific and political ---Soil, country, animals, climate, plants, minterlas ---Fur trade ---Instructed that Lewis establic official relations with the Indians in Spanish territories Gathered a group Shipped back boxes of plants, bones, Indian artifacts, animal skins Were later accompanied by Sacagawea and her french-canadian husband who served as interpreters and guests Water route through Rockies to Pacific did not exist They located several passes across Rockies Established friendly relations with many Indian tribes —> pleace and fur trade Brought back wealth of data about country and its resources Journals published and maps published which were sources for scientists, students, and future explorers

HARPERS FERRY

John Brown gathered group of followers and staged attack on Harpers Ferry Plan was to seize fed arsenal there, arm the slaves, and establish a black republic in mountains of virginia Overpowered nigh watchmen, Brown and men occupied arsenal and rifle factory Robert E Lee soon trapped Brown's men in an engine house and Brown was captured WHite southerners reacted irrational bc northerners in s states were arrested, beat, lynched Brown charged with treason, conspiracy, murder Hanged and became hero for North and symbol of Northern ruthlessness for South

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

John Dickinson prepared draft of national constitution Larger states objected to equal representation with smaller states States with western land claims refused to cede them to central government Articles submitted for ratification ---Approval of all states required before articles went into effect Provided legal basis of authority Each state regardless of size had 1 vote Created the union —> only a "league of friendship" Article defined limit of national power ---Government lacked ability and authority to impose tax was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution.

Election of 1896

John Palmer (gold bug, D) vs William Jennings Bryan (D), vs. William McKinley (R) Palmer ran to injure Bryan at the start the R seemed to have everything in their favor but Bryan failed to win over the N the newspaper came out almost unanimously for the R McKinley won the election

THE MARXISTS: Daniel De Leon

Leading voice of the socialist labor party excoriated american labor unions

TRANSCONTINENTAL TREATY

Luis de Onis set out to negotiate a treaty with John Quincy Adams to determine western boundary In the end Onis could only yield ---He saved texas for spain but accepted boundary of Louisiana territory that followed rivers to the continental divide and 42nd parallel to the pacific Treaty established by Onis and Adams declaring the boundary of the Louisiana Territory AKA the US Definite line of boundary to the Pacific

REPUBLICAN PARTY

Made up of former free soilers, conscience whigs and anti-Nebraska Democrats Purely sectional Sprang up spontaneously throughout old northwest and caught on with a rush in New England Party of freedom ---Not abolitionists but most abolitionists voted republican Insisted slavery be kept out of the territories Believes if AMerica was to remain a land of opportunity, free white labor must have exclusive access to the west Party appealed to voters who disapproved slavery and to those who wished to keep blacks (free or slave) out of their state Won over 100 seats in House of Representatives

LOUISIANA PURCHASE

Major achievement of Jefferson's first term The acquisition of the huge area between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains An accidental byproduct of European Political adjustments and the whim of Napoleon Bonaparte —> not planned Jefferson understood that US must have access to Mississippi and New Orleans or eventually lose everything beyond the Appalachians When Jefferson learned Spain gave Louisiana back to France this worried Jefferson and he send his minister Robert R. Livingston to France Napoleon was planning new ventures in North America and wanted to create French West Indian sugar plantations Jefferson urged Minister Livingston to attempt the purchase of New Orleans and Florida or simply a tract of land near the mouth of the Mississippi where a new port could be constructed Spanish heightened tension by declaring American boats could no longer deposit and store their goods in New Orleans Warehouses ---Jefferson appointed James Monroe as chief negotiator and sent him to Paris offering $10 million for New Orleans and Florida Napoleon could no longer spare troops to recapture the Island or hold Louisiana and he needed the money ---Ordered foreign minister Talleyrand to offer all of Louisiana to Americans ---Monroe arrived and decided that for $15 million, US would have Louisiana Jefferson didn't believe gov had power under constitution to add new territory or grant American citizenship but ended up saying the good sense of the country wanted Louisiana

POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

Merit of appearing to be democratic To resolve territorial problem it was introduced that organizing new territories without mention of slavery and leaving it to local settlers, through territorial legislature which was summed up as pop sovereignty allowed congress to escape responsibility of deciding question themselves Popular sovereignty, or the sovereignty of the peoples' rule, is part of the seven principle, that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people People's rule/rule by the people Principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people through their elected representatives who are source of all political power

TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO

Mexico accepted the Rio Grande as boundary of Texas Mexico ceded New Mexico and upper California to US US agreed to pay Mexico $15 million and take on claims of American citizens against Mexico

WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON

More proactive and less accomodating to local sensibilities Called for "immediate" abolition Established "The Liberator" which was a newspaper The New England Anti-Slavery society supported WLG's position and was organized by him Slaves must be freed immediately and treated as equals Compensated emancipation was unacceptable Burning a copy of the constitution became a regular figure at society sponsored public lectures Refused to engage in political activity to achieve goals Few whites found his argument convincing and were outraged

PROCLAMATION OF 1763

New western policy that no settlers were to cross Appellation divide British had to put up posts along frontier to protect Indians from settlers and visa versa Only licensed traders can do business with Indians beyond line Purchase of Indian land forbidden George Washington totally ignored proclamation and continued to stake out claims

WHIGS

Opposition to Jackson Party of modernization, looking forward to future Wanted to use federal and state government to promote economic growth Jackson dominated democrats but whigs were anti-Jackson Part of 2 party system Could not accept logic of Jacksonian finance Implied distaste for too powerful executives Together with clay and calhoun Anyone who understood banking almost obliged to become a whig Some were spiritual descendants of Hamilton who disturbed by administration's refusal to approach economic problems from a national perspective Show to develop as effective party organization Sole unifying was opposition to Jackson

THE OREGON TRAIL

Oregon was more alluring to Americans and there was glowing reports from the scene People began to cross the continental divide It was a tortuous path ---Each group became a self governing community on the march with regulations democratically agreed on for purpose of keeping order and promoting discipline ---Indians could attack, accidents on the trail, unsanitary conditions, exposure to the elements, travel taxing for women

ELIZABETH CADY STANTON

Organized the Seneca Falls Convention An activist in the movement to abolish slavery Called together the first conference to address Women's rights and issues in Seneca Falls Applying the analysis of human freedom developed in the Abolitionist movement, Stanton and others began the public career of modern feminist analysis The Declaration of the Seneca Falls Convention was signed by 58 women and 32 men

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER

Pattern of competition leading to combination and monopoly is illustrated by the history of the petroleum industry Founded the Standard Oil Company which was the giant among oil refiners Obtained from the railroads a 10 percent rebate and drawbacks on its competitors' shipments cut prices locally to force small independents to see out or face ruin supplied its own outlets with meat, sugar, and other products at artificially low prices to help crush stores that handles other brands of kerosene employed spies to track down the customers of independents and offer them oil at bargain prices Exploited at every possibly technical advance Employed fair means and foul to persuade competitors either to sell out of to join forces Controlled 90% of the nation's oil-refining capacity along with a network of oil pipelines and large reserves of petroleum achieved monopoly and acted to protect his gains by forming a new type of business organization: trust Worth over $800 million Standard Oil trust was not a corporation and had no charter or any legal existence at all

FORCE BILL

People feared Jackson would commit some rush act ---People believed in dealing with controversy by discussion and compromise Administration leaders introduced a new tariff bill and a force bill ---Force bill granted president additional authority to execute the revenue laws Jackson was willing to see tariff reduced but insisted he was determined to enforce the law Force Bill became a dead letter

SPOILS SYSTEM

Practice Jackson used in which a political parties gives government jobs to supporters, friends, and relatives New concept of political office as reward for victory Eager for the "spoils" an army of politicians invaded washington Removed or appointed for political reasons and removals not entirely justified

Chester A Arthur

Pros after Garfield Abolitionist an early convert to the R party defender of the spoils system handled patronage matters with restraint and gave nominal support to the movement for vicil service reform political failure

COMMON SENSE

Pushed colonists toward final break Publication of Common Sense by Thomas Paine Called for complete independence Attacked George III and idea of monarchy Said colonists had power to begin world

MISSOURI COMPROMISE

Question concerning admission of Missouri to the Union as a slave state Missourians petitioned for statehood Missouri Enabling Act was legislation that permitted missourians to draft a state constitution ---James Tallmadge introduced an amendment prohibiting the further introduction of slavery and providing all staves born in Missouri after territory became state would be freed at age 25 but this amendment failed Compromise was that Missouri entered the Union as a slave state Maine was admitted as a free state to preserve balance in senate Proposal by Jesse B. Thomas adopted which prohibited slavery in all other parts of Louisiana Purchase N of a certain latitude ---Southerners accepted

REBATES

Railroads acted to increase freight by reducing rates more, on a selective basis, awarding rebates to large shippers in order to capture their business Secret reductions below published rates Giving discounts to those who shipped in volume made economic sense

BLEEDING KANSAS

Series of violent political confrontations in the US involving anti-slavery "free staters" and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian" of "southern" elements in Kansas In november an election was held in Kansas to pick a territorial delegate to congress ---A large band of missourians crossed to kansas to vote for a proslavery candidate and elected him early Border ruffians came to kansas and elected a proslavery territorial legislature which enacted a slave code and laws prohibiting abolitionist agitation anti slavery settlers refused to recognize this regime and held own elections Sack of lawrence ---John brown took law in own hands and was an extremist ---By his reckoning 5 free soilers were killed by proslavery forces so at the Pottawatomie Creek massacre Brown stole into a settlement at night and 5 unsuspecting men were dragged and murdered Violence suited political interest of republicans to make situation in kansas worse and there were exaggerated accounts of bleeding kansas in newspapers Main responsibility for kansas tragedy was piece administration

TECUMSEH

Shawnee Chief Effort to reverse the trend by binding all the tribes east of Mississippi into a great confederation Persuaded tribes to join him "Let the white race perish" By 1811 thousands of Indians were organizing to drive the whites off Indian land In the war of 1812, during the Canada invasion, communications were threatened by Tecumseh General Harrison led army in a series of inconclusive battles against British troops and Indians led by Tecumseh Perry destroyed British vessels in a bloody battle and Americans controlled Lake Erie and Tecumseh died and Indians lost heart

WILLIAM PITT

Showdown battle for North America control between England and France???? For the 7 years war King George II allowed William Pitt to take over leadership of the war effort Pitt recognized the potential of America and realized war had to be won He poured all his resources to America borrowed lots of money

Marcus Alonzo Hanna

Spent money of his own on McKinley's reconvention campaign Before R realized how effective Bryan was, Hanna perceived the danger and sprang into action certain that money was the key to political power he raised a campaign fund and used persuasion and intimidation for contributions he sent 1,500 speakers into doubtful districts McKinley conducted Front porch campaign ---Guided by Hanna, McKinley honed the front porch method to perfection

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES: OIL, STEEL

Steel ---Transformation of iron manufacturing affected the nation ---Big change came in the development of ways to mass-produce steel ---Pure form (wrought iron), ordinary cast iron, steel—> superior to other kinds of iron ---Steel was so expensive it could not be used for bulky products until the invention of the Bessemer process ------> The Bessemer process discovered that a stream of air directed into a mass of molten iron caused the carbon and other impurities to combine with oxygen and burn off. When measured amounts of carbon silicon and manganese were added the brew became steel -------> What had been a rare metal could now be produced in great quantities Oil --- Before the invention of the gasoline engine, the most important petroleum product was kerosene -------> tech advances came and early refiners had learned how to "crack" petroleum by applying higher temps to crude oil in order to rearrange its molecular structure --- increasing percentage of kerosene

ANDREW CARNEGIE

Steel industry Robber baron Income of $50,000 a year Decided to specialize in the iron business preferred to expand in bad times when it cost less grasped the importance of technological improvements he built the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works named after his biggest customer He employed chemists and other specialists and soon made steel from iron oxides that other manufacturers had discarded as waste sold rails by paying "commissions" to railroad purchasing agents He was not above reneging on a contract if he thought it profitable and safe Carnegie Steel Company dominated the industry

DECLARATION OF RIGHTS AND GRIEVANCES

The Declaration of Rights and Grievances was a document written by the Stamp Act Congress and passed on October 14, 1765. It declared that taxes imposed on British Colonists without their formal consent were unconstitutional. The Declaration of Rights raised fourteen points of colonial protest but was not directed exclusively at the Stamp Act of 1765, which required that documents, newspapers, and playing cards be printed on special stamped and taxed paper.

William Marcy Tweed

The most notorious of the city bosses his "Tweed Ring" extracted tens of millions of dollars from NYC was swiftly jailed

RAILROADS

The most significant driver of American economic development Emphasis in railroad construction was organizing integrated systems Lines had high fixed costs To earn profits the railroads had to carry as much traffic as possible The Erie railroad was another important system which extended from NY to Cleveland, and other cities System of Time zones developed because of the railroad Railroad management was a kind of profession To speed the settlement of new regions and future business, land-grant railroads sold property cheaply and on easy terms George Pullman invented the sleeping car Railroads stimulated economic development in other was because the development of powerful locomotives gave rise to advances in steam and machine technology

Munn v. Illinois

The railroads protested insisting that they are being deprived of property without due process of law in this case, it involved a grain elevator whose owner had refused to comply with a state warehouse act the supreme court upheld the constitutionality of this kind of act justices ruled that any business that served as a public interest was subject to state control Legislatures might fix maximum charges ---if the charges seemed unreasonable to the parties concerned, they should direct their complaints to the legislatures or to the voters not to the courts

Depression of 1893

The silver and gold lovers warned of economic disaster if their policies were not followed the london banking house collapsed and a financial panic precipitated a worldwide industrial depression discontented industrial workers added their voices to the companies of midwestern farmers pres cleveland believed that the controversy over the silver had caused the depression by taking the confidence of the business community while the nation floundered in depression, a series of events further undermined public confidence the gov tried to sell bonds for gold as the press election approached with the populists demanding unlimited coinage of silver, the major parties found it impossible to continue straddling the money question many farmers blamed falling prices on the fed gov's return to hard money

MANIFEST DESTINY

The special virtues of American institutions demanded that they replicate themselves throughout the land and the providence of God that result inevitable The term for attitude that US could and was destined to stretch from coast to coast ---Not everyone agreed with this belief Fired imaginations to prompt westward expansion for years Stimulated by the growth of the population Revived flood of immigration with little regard for political boundaries

TEXAS WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE

The transcontinental treaty had drawn boundary of US to exclude Texas Americans began settling in area because for a time MExican authorities offered free land and local autonomy but the flood of American settlers gabe mexicans second thoughts At the Alamo Americans took refuge in the Alamo and Mexicans killed everyone After the Alamo there was another slaughter at Goliad ---After this peaceful settlement of the dispute between Tex and Mex was impossible Texas had declared independence The South worried that Texas dominated by GB might abolish slavery and Tyler saw annexation as a chance to revive his fortunes John C Calhoun was new sec of state but those who might have welcomed annexation didn't and Texas couldn't be accepted into US

VIRTUAL REPRESENTATION

There was taxation without representation Difference between virtual representation where every member stood for interests of entire empire vs actual representation where you represent by geography

COMPROMISE OF 1850

Union was at stake and Henry Clay rose to save the day ---Clay put away his ambition and concentrated on a national problem ---California must be free and admitted to Union but South must have compensation so he drew up a plan Clay drew up a plan and consulted his whig rival and obtained general approval and laid his proposal before senate Clay suggested California be brought directly into Union as a free state ---The rest of the SW could be organized as a territory without mention of slavery ---Southerners would retain the right to bring slaves there but none would do so Empty lands in dispute along Texas border should be assigned to New Mexico territory ---In exchange US should take over Texas' pre annexation debts Slave trade should be abolished in District of Columbia A more effective fugitive slave law should be enacted and strictly enforced in the North Proposal brought on big debates The majority favored the compromise

WILMOT PROVISO

War brought new territory into union and Northerners felt compelled to try to check the president and to assure constituents that they would resist admission of further slave territory Congressmen introduced an amendment ---Provided as a fundamental condition to the acquisition of territory from Mexico that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory Southerners found it insulting ---Was passed in House but defeated in Senate dominated by southerners To counter the Proviso, Calhoun introduced resolutions

WASHINGTON'S NEUTRALITY

When France went to war with England, question of America's obligations under Alliance of 1778 ---Treaty required US to defend the French West Indies ---Nation was in no position to enter war ---Washington issued a proclamation of neutrality The french sent representative to US to seek support ---Edmond-Charles Genet was welcomed to towns ---He concluded that proclamation of neutrality was a harmless pleasantry to throw dust in eyes of British ---He violated US laws to operate US privateers against British shipping—> when he continued to commission privateers, Washington requested his recall

GREAT COMPROMISE

Who shall control the national government? Larger states pushed for representation in national legislature based on population Smaller states wished to maintain existing system of equal representation of each state regardless of population ---Virginia plan and New Jersey plan Compromise: ---Lower branch of legislature is House of Representatives: places assigned according to population and filled by popular vote ---Upper house is senate: each state has 2 members elected by legislature

BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS

Word from Ghent travelled slowly and British were gathering army Armada sent out for New Orleans ---Didn't approach city like expected but instead came from the east through swamps and came close to city before being detected Andrew Jackson ---Commanded the defenses of New Orleans ---Won impressive victories Misjudged approach of Major General Sir Edward Pakenham but was ready when news reached him British rested and planned to take city next morning ---Jackson rushed up men and guns ---British were surprised but rallied ------>Battle was inconclusive ---Redcoats pouring in from fleet, so Jackson fell back 5 miles below new orleans and dug in At night, patrols slipped out with knife to stalk British sentries Pakenham ordered an all out frontal assault and Redcoats moved forward and expected Americans to run ---Americans didn't and riflemen opened up Massive British defeat Word of Jackson's triumph and news from Ghent reached Washington simultaneously so it is easy to confuse order of the war actually ending at Ghent ---Jackson was the "Hero of New Orleans"

SOCIAL DARWINISM

Yale professor William Graham Sumner used the survival of the fittest analogy in teaching undergraduates --- that if another professor took away sumner's job then it is sumner's fault because his business is to teach so well that no one can take the job away The belief that activities of people, that is their business and social relationships, were governed by the Darwinian principle that "the fittest" will always survive if allowed to exercise their capacities without restriction

REFORMER: HENRY DEMAREST LLOYD

a journalist devoted years to preparing a denunciation of the standard oil company his forceful but uncomplicated arguments and his references to official docs made his book convincing to thousands book was more than attack on standard oil he attacked the application of darwin's concept of survival of the fittest to economic and social affairs

Jacob Riis

a reporter who captured the horror of the crowded warrens in his classic study of life in the slums

ROBBER BARONS

a term of scorn applied to wealthy capitalists who obtained their wealth and status through exploitation of workers and questionable business practices The search for wealth led to corrupt business practices Carnegie, Morgan, Rockfeller

Tariff reform

almost no one in the US believed in elimination duties on imports majority opinion was high tariffs foster the growth of industry and create jobs and reducing tariffs and labor is the first to suffer the Democrats professed to believe in moderation many repub endorsed tariff reform in principle but when particular schedules came up for discussion must demanded the heist rates for industries in their own districts

Tenements

apartment house crowded with 24-34 room apartments unhealthy and liked indoor toilets

Wizard of Oz

author of the WOO was a fan of William Jennings Bryan perhaps wrote the story as an allegory of the election Dorthy's silver slippers follows the yellow (gold) brick road crude to free the munchkins (oppressed little people) from the wicked Witch of the east (corporations and financers) Liberation is to come in the Emerald city (greenbacks) through the invention of a kindly but ultimately ineffective wizard (Bryan)

J. Pierpont Morgan

banker, robber baron the consequent reorganizations brought most of the big systems under the control of finances --> notably JP morgan Representatives of the bankers sat on the board of every line they saved and their influence was predominant put to gather United States Steel

REFORMER: EDWARD BELLAMY

compared nineteenth century society to a lumbering stagecoach upon which the favored few rode in comfort while the mass of people hauled them along life's route socialism ---suggested that socialism was an ideal state in which all citizens shared equally ---it would arrive without revolution or violence

James A Garfield

had been a compromise choice at the republican convention his election precipitated a battle over patronage the new president standing in a no man's land between contending factions with in the party was shot

Political machine

hierarchical bureaucracies ruled by a single leader loose knit neighborhood organizations headed by ward bosses anyone in trouble with the law could obtain a hearing from the ward boss the bosses educated the immigrants in the complexities of american civilization A political machine is a political group in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses the more visible and better known city bosses played even less socially justifiable roles than ward bosses the system developed and survived because too many middle class city dwellers were indifferent to the fate of the poor

Streetcar trolley

invention of the electric trolley car put an end to horse car transportation trolleys were cheaper and less unsightly lines soon radiated outward from city centers allowed big city department stores to flourish before their introduction, urban communities were limited by the distances people could walk to work and streetcars increased the radius from city center

LAISSEZ FAIRE

many people professed to believe in a government policy of noninterference in the economy things regulate themselves meaning that God regulates them by his general laws

Pendleton Act

passed under Chester Arthur's administration congress passed this act classifying about 10% of all gov jobs and creating the bipartisan civil service commission to administer competitive examination for these positions made it illegal to force officeholders to make political contributions empowered the press to expand the list of classified positions at his discretion

Eugene V. debs

pullman strike Debs headed the American Railway union and some pullman workers belonged to it after the strike dragged on, the union voted to refuse to handle trains with Pullman cars The union was willing to handle main trains but the owners refused to run train unless they were made up a full complement of cars When Ullman cars were added to mail trains, workers refused to move them When debs defied a federal injection to end the walkout, he was jailed but as visits by a number of prominent socialists ---he became a socialist

Patronage

sponsorship they argued that patronage was the lifeblood of politics parties could not function without armies of loyal political workers workers expected and deserved that reward of office when their efforts had victory at the polls

CULT OF TRUE WOMANHOOD

term used by some historians to describe what they consider to have been a prevailing value system among the upper and middle classes during the nineteenth century in the US & GB. This value system emphasized new ideas of femininity, the woman's role within the home and the dynamics of work and family. "True women", according to this idea, were supposed to possess four cardinal virtues: piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness. The idea revolved around the woman being the center of the family; she was considered "The light of the home". The women and men who most actively promoted these standards were generally white and Protestant;Although all women were supposed to emulate this ideal of femininity, black, working class, and immigrant women were often excluded from the definition of "true women" because of social prejudice Domestic in the home New in society that women need to stay at home After economic conditions improved through the market revolution and trasportation booms, woomen and children were no longer required to work in the field as they did before Increased factory jobs for men placed increased homemaking and childrearing burdens on women Defined and established women's primary roles as homemakers and wives/mothers Any other interests such as careers and hobbies were frowned upon Husband earns money Women started having fewer children which allowed women to devote additional time on the children they already had Belief that real women must strive to be the ideal wife and mother Limited economic opportunities for women

Civil service reform

the federal bureaucracy needed overhauling as society grew more complex the gov took on or functions need for personal administration increased corruption flourished waste and inefficiency were normal the collection of tariff duties offered the greatest opportunity for venality with a succession of relatively ineffective presidents and congress that squandered its energies on private bills the administration of the gov was inefficient need for reform but politicians refused to surrender the power of dispensing gov jobs to their lieutenants without regard for their qualifications when reformers suggested establishing the modest, nonpartisan civil service, politicians of both parties subjected them to insults and ridicule

Bimetallism

the price of all goods depends on the volume of money in circulation traditionally the US had been on a bimetallic standard the federal government issued goth gold an silver dollars the discover of so much gold lowered its price relative to silver a system allowing the unrestricted currency of two metals (e.g., gold and silver) as legal tender at a fixed ratio to each other.

"New" immigration

the spreading effects of industrialization in Europe caused a shift in the sources of American immigration from N and W to S and E sections of the continent ---GB and Germany supplied half as must as they had 25 years before mostly peasants and seemed more ordinarily clannish immigrant who saved in order to bring his family to American was more typical some were refugees who were desperately eager to become eAmericans while keeping their culture Directors or charitable organizations aided the immigrants

Bloody shirt

the term became part of the language after a massach congressman dramatically displays to his colleagues in the House the bloodstained shirt of an Ohio carpetbagger who had been logged by terrorists democrats fault and reminded voters who started civil war listen voter bc we didn't start the war referred to the tactic of reminding the electorate of the northern states that the men who had precipitated the civil war had been democrat ---should democrats regain power, former rebels would run the government and undo all the work accomplished at such sacrifice during the war every scoundrel or incompetent who sought office under the Republican banner waved the bloody shirt in order to diver the attention of N voters

Unions

the workers' response to the big corporation a combination designed to eliminate competition for jobs and to provide efficient organization for labor the growth of national craft unions quickened leaders of unions were visionaries opposed the wage system, strikes, and anything that increased the laborers' sense of being members of the working class

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

took the knights' place Samuel Gompers was the president of the AFL ---originally interested in utopian social reforms ---toyed with the idea of forming a workers' political party ---Experience led them to concentrate on organizing skilled workers and fighting for higher wages and shorter hours Accepted the fact that most workers would remain wage earners all their lies and tried to develop in them a sense of common purpose and pride in their skills and station strike was best weapon of the federate worked for things like the 8 hr day

Knights of labor

union they supported political objectives that had no direct connection with working conditions ---currency reform ---curbing of land speculation ---rejected the idea that workers must resign themselves to remain wage earners ---by looking their resources, working people could advance up the economic ladder and enter the capitalist class supported some advanced ideas welcomed blacks, women, immigrants, unskilled workers the 8 hour day was one of their basic demands

Haymarket Bombing

when a striker was killed in a fracas at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, the anarchists called a protest meeting at Haymarket Square Police intervened to break up the meeting someone hurled a bomb into their ranks 7 police were killed an other injured no tie between the bombing but they were connected with the 8 hr work day and public tended to associate it with violence and radicalism its members declined and soon it ceased to exist