US HISTORY: Midterm

an unworkable solution for the territories of Kansas and Nebraska.

"Bleeding Kansas" demonstrated that popular sovereignty was

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

Francis Marion

"Swamp Fox"; known for his guerrilla tactics and victories

the Union could not continue with both free states and slave states

"We are now far into the fifth year, since a policy was initiated, with the avowed object, and confident promise, of putting an end to slavery agitation. Under the operation of that policy, that agitation has not only, not ceased, but has constantly augmented. In my opinion, it will not cease, until a crisis shall have been reached, and passed. 'A house divided against itself cannot stand.' I believe this government cannnot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other." —Abraham Lincoln, 1858 To what did Abraham Lincoln refer when he said, "A house divided against itself cannot stand."?

slavery

"[T]he maintenance . . . of the rights of the States, and especially the right of each State to order and control its own domestic institutions according to its own judgment [alone], is essential to that balance of power on which the perfection and endurance of our political fabric depend. . . ." —Abraham Lincoln, 1st inaugural address, March 4, 1861 What is the "domestic institution" that Lincoln is referring to in his inaugural address?

Reconquista

"reconquest", battle ending in 1492, reestablished Spanish Christian rule on the Iberian Peninsula after 700 years of Muslim dominance

Executive Branch

(President) Enforces laws

New Jersey Plan

(Small state plan) A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

Dr.Mud

(idk how important this is) the doctor who treats Booth's broken leg and, because he assisted Booth, is later convicted as being part of the conspiracy.

Jacksons Response to Carolina

*Jackson declares them of the action of treason*

Antietam

*Kahoot* Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation following the Union victory here:

Thomas Jeffersons Embargo Act of 1807

*Prohibited Americans from shipping goods to Europe, and brought a standstill to the once thriving foreign trade* - Congress repealed the act in 1809

False

*T/F* Later in history, another state secedes.

True

*T/F* There were battles after Lee's surrender?

The Bostonian Revolutions

- 1813 - 3 revolutions - Cabot Lowell, Nathan Appleton, and Patrick Tracy Jackson built a weaving factory in Massachusetts and by 1822 they had enough money for more - *Change in Lowell - is an example of the industrial revolution because by the late 1820s it was a min manufacturing center*

Support of BUS

- Henry Clay and Webster - Nicholas Biddle - wants bank to repay loans and refuses new loans - hoped these actions would make a new bank charter

No supporters of BUS

- Jackson said it was a monster and that it corrupted the statesmen and wanted to "destroy our republican institution" - Jackson tried to kill it in second election

*What happened in the 19th century?*

- New approaches to manufacturing - interchangeable parts

Henry Clay

- Said American system would unite the nations economy and the south and west would buy the norths products - Persuaded Congress to adopt the Missouri Compromise

two-term tradition

- The two term tradition was created by or originated from George Washington, basically every president would work for two years and then voluntarily resign, even though there were no laws that said that they had to resign at a specific time. This tradition was carried out until the 1940 election of Franklin Roosevelt

Effects of the Industrial Revolution on the North

- They invested their money in manufacturing - they discovered what the did grow, they can sell at the city markets - little demand of slavery - 1804 almost all voluntarily abolished slavery

John Tyler

- VP of Harrison

What happened to the rest of the Louisiana territory?

- Was split in two: one for slaves and one free - it divided at the 36 30 north latitude line - south was legal slavery and north of it except Missouri was illegal slavey

William Henry Harrison

- Whig presidential candidate in 1840 and won - portrayed as a old hero - portrayed opponent - van burden - as a aristocrat

*South Carolina Secedes from the Union*

- declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and hat if the government wanted to collect duties than the leave the union

How did Henry Clay affect the election of 1824?

- he had power in the house and was able to let the election go either way but he did not trust Jackson's lack of political experience

Controversy of 1818

- issue- Slavery - US consisted of 10 free states and 11 slave states - Illinois was the eleventh free state - Southerners then expected Missouri to be the 11th slave stated to keep a balance - Although New York rep. Amended the Missouri statehood for them to free slaves

Effects of the Industrial Revolution on the South

- not in favor of industrial - already had the huge profit in the crops

Andrew Jackson

- opposed John Quincy Adams - Won popular vote in the election of 1824 - accused Adams of stealing the election with a corruption bargain - followers left the republican part for the democratic Republican Party

Calhouns Nullification theory

- question the application of federal laws in sovereign states. - *constitution established by 13 the states then each one. Has the right to nullify a federal law that they consider unconstitutional* - *he believed if government refused a state to nullify then the state can withdraw from the Union*

What did Henry Clay propose as a compromise?

- the tariff bill would gradually lower duties over ten year period

Steps for a territory to become a state

- when a territory's population reached about 60,000 - people petition to the Union for admission - draft a constitution - elect representatives - then become apart of the US when Congress approves

Maryland

-1632 became the first proprietary colony to serve as a refuge for English Catholic

3/5 Compromise

-each slave would count for 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation purposes

Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward

-the ruling made it impossible for states to interfere with the contracts

Federal Government

... assumed supreme national authority after the war

*1815 President Madison made a three point plan*

1. Developing transportation systems and other internal improvements 2. Establishing a protective tariff 3. Resurrecting the national bank ( established while Washington was president under Hamiltons guidance and influence of Jefferson)

Mexican Restrictions

1. Must be Roman Catholic 2. Must Follow Mexican Constitution 3. Become Mexican Citizens 4. No Salvery

Renaissance

14th century - 16th century, more secular age, freedom of thought, importance of teh individual, renewed interest in classical learning, after Middle Ages

de Soto

1539 de Soto, Spain, Explores lower Mississippi River

King James I

1566-1625 King of England who, in 1606, gave the Virginia Company of London a charter to set up a colony in Virginia

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

George Grenville

1763 British Prime Minister and first Lord of the Treasury who had to come up with a plan to reduce Britain's debt

ALexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Cotton Kingdom

1820S The states that made up the cotton Kingdom: Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama

St. Augustine

1st colony in Florida set up by Spain

Middle Ages

5th century - 14th century, began with the collapse of the Roman Empire; no effective government and threats of famine, disease (Bubonic Plague), and foreign invasion

John Quincy Adams

6th president of the U.S. that was the first son President - appoints Clay as Secretary of State

Martin Van Buren

8th President of the United States (1782-1862) - tried helping the panic of 1837 by reducing federal spending but cause the prices to drop further

The Erie Canal

A 363 mile long artificial waterway connecting the Hudson River with Lake Erie, built between 1817 and 1825

New York

A Conscription riot broke out in _______ where whites attacked well-dressed men who could pay the $300 and free blacks because they feared that freed slaves would take their jobs.

Indian Removal Act

A Law enacted in 1830 that forced Native American people east of the Mississippi to move to lands in the West - five tribes - Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Creek, and Chickasaw

presidio

A Spanish fort

Panic of 1837

A US financial crisis in which banks closed and the credit system collapsed, resulting in many bankruptcies and high unemployment - many banks and New York stopped accepting paper currency - the currency that was being used was gold and silver

Clara Barton

A Union nurse who cared for the sick and wounded at the front lines and, because of her courage under fire at Antietam, she is described as the "angel of the battlefield."

Parliament

A bicameral, or two-house, legislature.

What did the antifederalists add to the documents of the new constitution?

A bill of rights

Joint-Stock Company

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

French & Indian War

A conflict between the British and the French with their Indian Allies.

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

Annapolis Convention

A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention

Nationalism

A devotion to the interests and culture of ones's nation - established by John Quincy Adams when he was Secretary of State

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

English Bill of Rights

A document guaranteeing a number of freedoms and restating many of the rights granted in the Magna Carta.

Magna Carta

A document that King John was forced to accept in 1215 by English nobles. The first time that legal limits were placed on the king

Proclamation of 1763

A document that ordered colonial settlers to remain east of the Appalachian Mountains.

Gettysburg Address

A famous speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln in November 1863, at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg.

National Road

A federally funded road begun in 1811 and by 1838 extending from Cumberland Maryland to Vandalia Illinois

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Bull Run

A little creek, 25 miles from the Union capital, where an inexperienced group of Union soldiers matched a group of equally inexperienced Confederate soldiers. The Union originally gained the upper hand but the Confederates pulled a victory.

Fort Pillow

A location in Tennessee where a gruesome massacre of over 200 African-Amerian prisoners and some whites were murdered by Confederate troops.

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning seeds from cotton fibers invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 - allowed the south to grow cotton for a profit - increased slavery

Military Rule vs. Federal System

A military government is generally any government that is administrated by military forces, whether this government is legal or not under the laws of the jurisdiction at issue, and whether this government is formed by natives or by an occupying power A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units. b. Advocacy of such a system of government. 2. Federalism The doctrine of the Federalist Party.

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

Monroe Doctrine

A policy of the US opposition to any European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere, announced by President Monroe in 1823

Mercantilism

A policy stating that that a nation or an empire could build wealth and power by developing its industries and exporting manufactured goods in exchange for gold and silver.

American System

A pre- Civil War set of measures designed to unify the nation and strengthen its economy by means of protective tariffs, a national bank, and such internal improvements as the development of a transportation system

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attemp to gain more land; colonial rebellion against the governor of Virginia

Quivira

A region that captives of the Coronado expedition claimed was laden with gold and silver

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Seven Days' Battles

A series of battles between Lee and McClellan in Virginia that forced the Union into retreat

Navigation Acts

A series of trade laws that were enacted by Parliament in the 1600s to obtain more sailors, ships and trade. All trade moving in and out of britian had to move in and out of British ports on British ships with British sailors.

Antietam

A sluggish creek where McClellan and Lee fought. The clash was the bloodiest single-day in American history. McClellan decided to do nothing rather than move against the Confederates and win the war. The battle was a standoff but the South, because of casualties, had to retreat.

Benjamin Franklin

A successful printer whose hunger for knowledge embodied enlightenment ideals

Triangular Trade

A system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Britain, and Africa

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Great Awakening

A time when powerful evangelical preachers traveled from town to town giving emotion-packed sermons.

Mali

A.D. 1200 - A.D. 1400, most famous ruler - Mansa Musa, expanded west to Atlantic Coast, increased role of Islam, led to the founding of famous university in Timbuktu

Songhai

A.D. 1400, Askia Muhammad, Islamic state of education based at Timbuktu, rich from trade

Ghana

A.D. 300 - A.D. 1200, earliest kingdom of West Africa, expanded from the Sahara to the Gulf of Guinea and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Niger River, trade lead to Muslim influence

was morally wrong and wanted to end it.

Abolitionists believed that slavery

According to the theory of mercantilism, what was the relationship between a colony and its mother country

According to the theory of mercantilism, the relationship between a colony and its mother country was that a colony provided all the goods and services to the mother country exclusively

How did Africans react to their enslavement?

Africans were not happy about their enslavement, but they could not go home and could not escape for the most part. They pretended to be dumb and would break tools to get out of work

Three months

After Fort Sumter, Lincoln calls for 75,000 men to serve for ...

Arkansas, Tennessee,and N. Carolina

After Virginia secedes, these three states follow

Compromise

After the Emancipation Proclamation, this would no longer be an option

Metacom

Aka King Philip, Native American ruler, who in 1675 led attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts

Force Bill

Allowed federal government to use the army and navy against South Carolina if state authorities resisted paying their duties

British East India Company

Almost bankrupt company that the British government decided to help

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

ACS

American Colonization Society, to encourage free slaves to move to Africa.

George Rogers Clark

American frontiersman who captured a series of British forts along the Ohio River during the Revolutionary war.

Anthony Wayne

American general who forced Cornwallis to retreat to Yorktown

Benedict Arnold

American general who had military success at Saratoga, but later sold American military secrets to the British

William Dawes

American patriot who rode with Paul Revere to warn that the British were advancing on Lexington and Concord

right of deposit

Americans reached an agreement with Spain that would allow free navigation along the Mississippi River

Causes of Tensions

Americans stayed Protestant, smuggled slaves, were Mexican citizens on paper but devoted to America

Loyalists

Americans who supported the British; Tories

Adams Onis Treaty

An 1819 agreement in which Spain gave over control of the territory of Floridians to the United States.

McCulloch v. Maryland

An 1819 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that Maryland had no right to ta the Bank of the United States, thereby strengthening the power of the federal government's control over the economy

Amelia Bloomer

An American women's rights and temperance advocate. Published articles

William Penn

An English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

Salutary Neglect

An English policy formed after the Glorious Revolution that allowed colonial self-rule.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in Europe.

Pontiac's Rebellion

An uprising, after an ottawa Chief's prominents in the attack of Detroit

Old Hickory

Andrew Jackson

Shay's Rebellion (1786-1787)

Angered by taxes & debts, Daniel Shay led a rebellion against the American Gov't. (SHOWED how Articles of Confederation were weak) the people didn't have a commercial bank and had to borrow from each other; were in large debt. Uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes, was a protest against the land being taken away and the taxes that they had worked for in Revolutionary war

1835

Anglo-Texans revolted against Mexican government, seizing Mexicans garrisons at Goliad and San Antonio

Second Great Awakening

Another religious revival, lasted for half a century, influenced American Church membership and moved them to work for a wide variety of social reforms

John Hancock

Arrested for smuggling, but would later go on to become an important figure in the founding of America

Virginia secedes

As a direct result of Lincolns' call for men ...

Moctezuma

Aztec ruler, invited the Spanish into his city to intimidate the Spanish, seized and killed by Spanish

Goal of Articles of Confederation

Be the first constitution; provide a strong national government

labor-saving machines

Because of the draft in the North, people resorted to buying ... to account for the lack of labor

Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri

Border, slave states

New York City

Britain first landed troops here under General George Howe

Cuba, Philippines

Britain seized these Spanish colonies when Spain entered the French and Indian War

Where did the industrial Revolution actually start in?

Britian

Charles Cornwallis

British General who was surrounded and surrendered at Yoktown

William Pitt

British Prime Minister who helped to win the Seven Years War by sending more troops to North America and India

John Forbes

British commander who captured Fort Duquesne and burned it

William Howe

British commander who replaced General Gage

James Wolfe

British commander who sailed up the St. Lawrence River to capture Quebec City

Fort Duquesne

British fort that the French seized and named this

War of 1812

British navy blockaded much of the coast line and the US was not able to get into or out of the harbors

Battle of Kings Mountain

British tried to subdue colonists living in the Appalachian Mtns, but lost at this battle

How were women treated throughout the Colonies?

By law and custom, there were few opportunities for women outside the home; most women were legal dependents of men.

Effects of California's mass migration

California becomes a state, white miners terrorized and killed Native Americans, mob violence

Quebec City

Capture of this city was a major turning point in the French and Indian War in North America

Cause and Effects of the Alamo

Cause: to end rebellion against Mexican government, stop Texas from further creating a republic and getting accepted into the Union Effect: Sam Houston led attack capturing Santa Anna, he signed a treaty giving 1/3 of Mexico to USA, Americans rallied, beginning of the war

Oregon Territory Compromise

Cause: to get North to accept Annexation of Texas Effect: June 1846 Polk compromised with Britain (against original promise) to split Oregon Territory at 49th parallel of latitude We got: Washington, Oregon, Idaho They Got: Canadian Providence of British Columbia Polk compromised because the nation could not afford 2 wars and he would rather fight weak Mexico than strong, powerful Britain

Charles Townshend

Chancellor of the Exchequer who proposed a new series of taxes on the colonists in 1767

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court - for McColloh vs Maryland he guided the Supreme Court to a ruling that strengthened the federal government's control over the economy - declared the Bank of the United State constitutional - made several decisions that blocked state interference with business and commerce

Pontiac

Chief of the Ottawa tribe who was convinced to go to war against the British

Intolerable Acts

Coercive Acts and Quebec Acts together

Albany Conference

Colonial representatives met with Iroquois leaders in New York

Quartering Act

Colonists had to provide barracks for British troops

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Patriots

Colonists who wanted independence from Britain; Whigs

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop, part of the Great Puritan Migration, founded by puritans. Had a theocratic republic. "City upon a hill"

Major Anderson

Commander of Fort Sumter.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Compromise between northern and southern states at the Constitutional Convention that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives.

Great Compromise

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

push-pull factors

Conditions that draw people to another location (pull factors) or cause people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region (push factors)

deteriorated

Confederate morale, after the defeat at Vicksburg and Gettysburg was ...

Supreme Court

Consists of nine justices, each appointed by the President and confirmed by Congress. The appointment is for life. Supreme Court exercises the power to determine the constitutionality of statutes (laws)

Valley Forge

Continental Army's camp during the winter of 1777-1778

Key participants in Shay's rebellion

Daniel Shay, Wealthy Merchants, Angry Citizens, Tax collectors

inflation

Decrease in value of money

It was a draw

Did the Monitor or the Merrimack win?

XYZ Affair (1797)

Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many in the U.S. called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged an undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean.

Declaration of Independence

Document that proclaimed American independence from Britain

John Dickinson

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.

Albany Plan of Union

Drafted by Benjamin Franklin the plan called on the colonies to unite under British rule and cooperate with one another in war.

paper currency

During the war, the federal government required ALL citizens to accept ...

Nathan Hale

Dutch schoolteacher who was caught as an American spy and killed

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Effects: addition of new states treaty making peace with Americans, forced Mexico to give up the Northern 1/3 of their country and added 1.2 million square miles of territory to the USA

Bank of the United States

Either of the tow national banks funded by the federal government and private investors established by Congress the first in 1791 and the second in 1816 - second bank went out of business after five years

Northwest Ordinance

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

Separatists

English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers

Edward Braddock

English commander who arrived with 1,400 troops to fight the French

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Virginia Company of London

English joint stock company established by royal charter by James I of England on April 10, 1606 with the purpose of establishing colonial settlements in North America

Purpose of the Northwest Ordinance

Establish rules for territories applying for statehood

Samuel Slater

Established in *Pawtucket, Rhode Island* the first American working factory in textiles

South Advantages

Experienced generals, defensive, fought on homeground, highly-motivated soldiers

Paul Revere

Famous rider who warned the colonists that the "British are coming"

guerrilla warfare

Fighting by small groups using tactics such as the ambush.

Edmund Randolph

First Attorney General proposed the Virginia Plan

Crispus Attucks

First casualty of the American Revolution at the Boston Massacre

African Methodist Episcopal Church

First independent Africa American denomination

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It was a morale boost because it showed that the Americans could hold their own

Massachusetts School Law of 1647

First public education legislation in America. It declared that towns with 50 or more families had to hire a schoolmaster and that towns with over 100 families had to found a grammar school.

Dorothea Dix

First superintendent of women nurses

Convention of 1818

Fixed the Us boarder at the 49th parallel and up to the Rocky Mountains

Anglican Church

Form of Protestant Christianity set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death

republic

Form of government in where power resides with a body of citizens entitled to vote

Lord Baltimore

Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Who can vote?

Free men can vote and african Americans and women can not - in the 1828 election the people who voted more than tripled in Jackson's favor

emancipation

Freedom

Citizen Genet

French minister to the US, broke rules of diplomacy by appealing directly to Americans

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who helped train American troops

Treaty of Greenville

Gave the United States claim to most Indian lands in the Northwest Territory.

Stonewall Jackson

General in the Confederate army, led Confederate army to a victory in the 1st Battle of Bull Run.

John Cabot

Genoese mariner, employed by English, sailed to Newfoundland, 1497

Amerigo Vaspucci

Genoese mariner, explored enough of South America's coast to deem it a new continent, "America"

President of the Constitutional Convention

George Washington

Mt. Vernon Conference

George Washington hosted this at his home in VA (1785); VA, MD, PA, and DE reps agreed that problems were serious enough with the Articles of Confederation to prompt further discussions at a later meeting in Annapolis, MD

executive departments; cabinet

George Washington organized new departments of the executive (law-enforcing) branch. These appointments had to be confirmed by the Senate. The term for the heads of the executive departments appointed by the president. (p. 110)

Florida

Given to Britain by Spain to gain back their other colonies

Quebec Acts

Governor and council appointed by the king would run Quebec

Marquis Duquesne

Governor of New France who ordered a chain of forts built from Lake Ontario to the Ohio River

Viceroy

Governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of his or her king or sovereign; think Spanish colonies.

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.

Framers of the Constitution

Group of delegates who drafted the United States Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention in 1787

Northern States

Had more free people

National Bank

Hamilton's big idea; fiercely opposed by Jefferson and Democratic-Rep. The bank would regulate money and draw investors; showed that the constitution could be construed in many a way.

spread anti-slavery sentiment in the North.

Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncles Tom's Cabin infuriated the South because it

How did Jefferson feel about the constitution?

He didn't like it, but gave into it hoping they would see he was right and change it later.

James Otis

He distributed a pamphlet around the colonies that would lead to the famous slogan "No taxation without representation"

What did the Govenor of Virginia do about Ft. Duquesne

He sent George washington to fight the french

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Helped ensure that the federal government have power to regulate just about everything that crosses state line

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

who formed the Whig Party?

Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, and Daniel Webster

He condemned slavery and affirmed the idea of African Americans' natural rights.

How did Lincoln approach the issue of slavery in his speeches?

Shays Rebellion Goal

If enough people didn't pay the tax of gold and silver coins back to the wealthy merchants, the state would have to put an end to it.

Maryland

If this border state had seceded, the Union capital would have been in enemy territory

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

In 1793, President George Washington issued a proclamation the U.S. would remain neutral in the war between Britain and France. (p. 111)

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Public Land Act (1796)

In 1796, this act established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable prices. (p. 113)

Treaty of New Echota

In 1835, Gave the Cherokee $5 million and land west of the Mississippi and their old land ones to the state - although in 1838 there were still 20,000 Cherokee who still was in the east and the troops made them leave

destroy south's will to fight

In 1864, Grant and Sherman's goal was to ...

no state can lawfully leave the Union by its own action.

In Abraham Lincoln's inaugural address, he declared that

infant industries

In Alexander Hamilton's Financial Program, these newly developing businesses needed to be protected from foreign competition in the form of tariffs on imported goods

the rise of the Free Soil Party.

In the election of 1848 the major parties were forced to take a stand on slavery because of

George McClellan

In the election of 1864, the democrats joined the pro-southern party and nominated ... with a platform of immediate armistice

the results of the Mexican War.

In the late 1840s, what led to the question of whether slavery should expand to the territories?

civilians

In total war, you not only fight armies but also ...

Powhatan

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia

Judiciary Branch

Interprets laws, contains federal courts

Prosecution of Mormons

Isolated, the Mormons were hated by their neighbors, because of practices such as allowing a man to have more than one wife, Smith was murdered.

Outcome of Shay's Rebellion

It made the people think that maybe we need a stronger government to prevent rebellions, strengthen the economy and provide an army

How was the Constitution ratified?

It took 9 out of the 13 states to approve the Constitution, which made it go into effect.

Describe the triangular trade. What types of good were moved in each leg of the triangle?

It was the network of trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. England made money from every part of the trade route.

Christopher Columbus

Italian mariner from Genoa, sought a route to China to revive the Christian struggle against Islam, underestimated the size of the Earth

1828 election

Jackson characterized Adams as intellectual and portrayed himself as humble - Jackson won

James K. Polk

Jacksonian Democrat and slave holder supported by Southern expansionists, from Tennesse, devoutly believed in the Manifest Destiny, promised North Oregon Territory so they would accept annexation of Texas, threatened to fight Britain if it not concede all of Oregon, vow to obtain both Oregon and Texas helped him win decisive electoral victory

John C. Calhoun

Jacksons an Adams VP, from South Carolina - made the tariff of admonition - supported the protective tariff of 1816

end the agitation over the issue of slavery.

James Buchanan promised to

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Tarrif of abominations

John C. Calhoun's name for an 1828 tariff increase that seemed to Southerners to be enriching the North at their expense

John Calvin/Calvinism

John Calvin was born in France in 1509. He converted to the Protestant beliefs as a young adult. Although he initially followed the teaching of Martin Luther and the Lutheran Church, he eventually led a new set of beliefs that became known as "Calvinism." Calvinism promoted the following ideas which were not completely shared by the Lutherans.: Predestination - the "elect" of God - God has preordained who will get into Heaven. Wealth is a sign of God's approval. Calvin's ideas are very popular with the rising middle classes (bourgeoisie) across Europe. Calvin settled in Geneva Switzerland and became known as a major leader of the Protestant reformation while living in that city. Followers of Calvin's teaching become known in England as "Puritans" and in France his followers were known as "Huguenots." In other parts of Western Europe they were generally referred to as Calvinists. The "Parable of the Talents" was used by Calvin as a religious and moral justification for accumulating large sums of wealth. Hard work and the accumulation of wealth was viewed as a sign of God's approval (the "Protestant Ethic"). Calvin was NOT against the charging of interest (usury) which had been considered sinful by most Christians throughout the Middle Ages. Calvin also claimed that "ungodly kings" should not be obeyed. (This notion began to lead to a popular Protestant and Enlightenment view of "sovereignty by the people.") Calvinism spread rapidly across western Europe among the newly rising middle classes.

Maryland

John Wilkes Booth was from Maryland, which caused his saltiness because he had his rights suspended during the war.

Virginia Company

Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

Kentucky riflemen defeated several Indian tribes, bringing an end to Indian resistance in the Northwest.

George III

King of England during the American Revolution whom the colonists appealed to to help them

Alien Act and Sedition Acts

Laws that stated that U.S. citizens could not join any plots against the government's policies and made it illegal to write, print, utter, or publish any false or hostile words against the government or its policies. Authorized the President to deport aliens considered dangerous and to detain enemy aliens during times of war

John Adams

Lawyer who defended smuggles and would later go on the serve as leader during the Revolution and president

Horace Mann

Lead in the Massachusetts senate, fought against corporal or physical punishments in schools

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Rush Bagot Treaty (1817)

Led the us and Canada to demilitarizing their boarder

was

Lee (was/was not) offered generous terms in the surrender.

Vicksburg

Lee invaded the North to pull troops away from ...

letters of marque

License to private ship owners authorizing them to attack British merchant ships

What did the English Bill of Rights do? Did these include Americans

Limited royal power- government can not collect unapproved taxes, can't interfere with freedom of speech, can't punish citizens for complaining This did not include Americans

Fired

Lincoln ___________ McClellan after he failed to end the war at the Battle of Antietam.

presidential

Lincoln's actions of expanding _______________________ power set precedent

preserve the Union

Lincoln's primary goal as president

Nova Scotia

Location of the vice-admiralty courts

What was admitted as a free state?

Maine

Bull Run

Many people believed that this battle was the end of the war, but it was only the beginning

Boston Tea Party

Men climbed aboard ships in Boston Harbor and dumped 342 chests of tea into the water

Why did most European immigrants prefer the Middle Colonies?

Most European immigrants preferred the middle colonies because it had a warmer climate and was already very diverse

Federal

National

Iroquois

Native American tribe that agreed to remain neutral during the French and Indian War

Algonquin

Native Americans found living over a large area from the Atlantic coast to the Great Lakes.

Townshend Acts

New Chancellor of the Exchequer introduced a new series of regulations and taxes in 1767

How did the climate and geography of New England affect their economy?

New England is an area with cold winters, a short growing season and a rugged landscape. New England could not raise the crops most in demand by Europeans.

New states gained from the Mexican American War

New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, California, Texas, and western Colorado

United

New of Fort Sumter (united/divided) North

Tories

Nickname for Loyalists

Whigs

Nickname for Patriots

What about the government under the Articles of Confederation make it powerless?

No president, no executive or judicial branch

Texas- free or slave state?

North: feared the addition of a large, powerful slave state would drastically upset balance in Congress South: approved-- continued message of slavery and favored them in Congress

Legislative Representation

Number of representatives based on states populations, senate representation is the same for all.

Fort Sumter

One of the remaining, important forts located in South Carolina on an island in Charleston harbor. Major Anderson, the fort's commander was being forced to surrender or face an attack. Lincoln decided not to reinforce the fort but rather sent in food for the soldiers. The Confederacy attacked and took control of the fort. *Battle that started the Civil War*

Dr. Samuel Prescott

One of the riders who helped Paul Revere spread the word about the British advancement; he was able to escape and warn Concord

Which was the only colony with more than one college? name them.

Only New Jersey had more than one college, the College of New Jersey (Princeton), and Queens College (Rutgers).

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption.

Sons of Liberty

Organized by Isaac Sears to hold outdoor meetings and demonstrations

Sam Adams

Organized colonial resistance in Massachusetts

Boston Massacre

Outbreak of violence between British troops and colonists in 1770

John Trumball, Charles Wilson Peale

Painters who created art of the heroic deeds and leaders of the Revolution

Plymouth Company

Permitted to colonize the land of virginia between the latitudes of thirty-eight and forty-five degrees.(1606)

nonimportation agreement

Pledge not to buy English goods

Democratic-Republican

Political party known for its support of strangers state governments, founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1792 in opposition to the Federalist Party

Pedro Alvarez Cabral

Portugese fleet commander, discovered the coast of Brazil, 1500

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese explorer, directed the efforts to sail into the Atlantic, spread Christianity, outflanked Muslim domination in trade, founded a school of navigation

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese mariner, learned how to use the counterclockwise winds of the South Atlantic to get around southern Africa, 1487

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese, used Bartolomeu Dias's discovery to reach India, opened an immensely profitable trade

Albany Plan of Union

Proposed by Benjamin Franklin that the colonies unite under a federal government; rejected

Thomas Paine

Published a very famous pamphlet Common Sense

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

Tea Act

Refunded most taxes on tea

How did England disrespect the USA

Rejected new doctrine of free trade

Stamp Act Congress

Reps from 9 colonies met to draft a list of grievances

Miners trading posts

San Francisco

Why did people in New England Place so much more emphasis on education than people of other regions?

Schooling was more available in New England than elsewhere in the colonies. By the mid 1600s, Massachusetts law required towns to provide schools where students could learn the basics of reading and writing.

protect their property and their way of life.

Seceding states believed that they had to leave the Union in order to

Olive Branch Petition

Sent to King George III asking for an end to hostilities

First Continental Congress

September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts and published Continental Association

Middle Passage

Shippers carried the enslaved Africans across the Atlantic

Treaty of Hartford

Signed at the end of the Pequot War and officially dissolved the Pequot nation. (1638)

civil rights

Since the Civil War, Presidents have cited national security as pretext to suspension of ...

invest

Since the north grew rich from the war, they had more money to ...

What kind of state was Missouri?

Slave

slave trade

Slave traders bought and sold humans as property.

Phillis Wheatley

Slave, was the first African American to publish a book.

How did slavery in the North differ from slavery in the south?

Slavery differed in the north and the south because in the south there was more need for cheap labor to work hard on plantations, while in the north there was little need for slaves because there was little need for cheap labor, but in the north they were used as house sevants.

Why did slavery take root and begin to spread in America

Slavery took root and began to spread in america because free labor is always great and why not get almost free labor from Africa

Brigham Young

Smith's successor, led the Mormons far west

Why did so many people from Scotland emigrate to America?

So many people emigrated from Scotland to America because they wanted more land, were poorer peasants, farmers and wanted to avoid war

North vs. South on Wilmot Proviso

South opposed, North supported

de Las Casas

Spanish Priest who fought for better treatment of the Native Americans.

Juan de Onate

Spanish explorer and conquistador. He claimed New Mexico for Spain in 1598 and served as its governor until 1607.

Coronado

Spanish explorer who was searching for the Seven Cities of Gold. Claimed AR, NM, TX, OK, KS for the Spanish.

Presidios

Spanish military bases built to protect the missions

Hernan Cortes

Spanish, led a group of about 600 volunteers from Cuba to the coast of Mexico, 1519, born in 1485, university training as a lawyer, left Spain and went to Cuba and became rich from plantations

Pet banks

State banks that held government funds and were called this due to their loyalty to the Democratic Party

Federalists

Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption.

Saratoga

Surrender here was a turning point in the American Revolution

customs duties

Taxes on imported and exported goods

Stamp Act

Taxes placed printed materials, newspapers, pamphlets, posters, wills, mortgages, deeds, license, diplomas, dice, playing cards

Praying Towns

Term for New England settlements where Indians from various tribes were gathered to be Christianized

Sam Houston

Texan, drew Santa Anna eastward into a trap where they crushed Mexican army at Batlle of San Jacinto-- captured Santa Anna; first president of Texas who requested annexation formally to Congress

Tejanos

Texas' small Hispanic population

Tejanos

Texas' small Mexican Population

Federalist Era

The 1790s were known as the Federalist Era because they were dominated by two Federalist presidents (Washington and Adams) and saw the power of the central government increase. It also saw the formation of the two-party system in American politics.

What were the 2 mjor seaports in the middle colonies

The 2 major seaports in the middle colonies were New York and Philadelphia

What were the 3 major cash crops grown in the south?

The 3 major cash crops grown in the south were tobacco, indigo, rice

What was Benjamin Franklin trying to do in the Albany Plan of Union

The Albany Plan was a unifying government for the 13 colonies

war

The British threatened ... because of the Trent Affair, but Lincoln avoided this by releasing the two men.

Worcester v. Georgia

The Cherokee Nation won recognition as a distinct political community - Jackson refused to listen to the Supreme Court - John Ross wanted to stay and fight but the others were thinking of relocating

Connecticut Plan

The Connecticut Plan called for a two-house Congress in which both types of representation (population and equal representation between states) would be applied, and is also known as the Great Compromise Plan.

were the property of their owners.

The Dred Scott decision stated that slaves

moral

The Emancipation Proclamation turned the war from political to ...

Britain

The Emancipation would discourage __________ from supporting the Confederacy

The Federalists Papers

The Federalist Papers is a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pseudonym "Publius" to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution.

Why did the French building of Ft. Duquesne anger the British Governor of Virginia?

The French building of Ft. Duquesne angered the governor of Virginia because French were able to know travel the good all into the back country

(NOT) it prioritized states' rights over the rights of the federal government.

The Fugitive Slave Act angered Northerners because

it increased federal intervention in the affairs of independent states.

The Fugitive Slave Act angered Northerners because

required all citizens to support the slave system.

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 angered northerners because it

Describe the events of the Glorious Revolution. What document Grow out of it?

The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James. Parliament had established its right to limit the English monarch's power and to control succession to the throne during this time. THe kingship was given to William and Mary assuming they agreed to the rights of Parliament

How did the local Indian tribes benefit from fighting between the French and the British?

The Indians benefited from their middle position between the competing empires, both the French and the British wanted the Indians on their side.

Mayflower Compact (1620)

The Mayflower Compact, signed by 41 English colonists on the ship Mayflower on November 11, 1620, was an early step toward written frameworks of government in what is now the United States. The compact was drafted to prevent dissent among Puritans and non-separatist Pilgrims who had landed at Plymouth a few days earlier.

Describe the Navigation Acts. What did they do, and how did Americas React?

The Navigation Acts were a set of laws that required all British goods to go through British ports and leave on British ships with a British crew. this meant that Britain had to be included in all of the Americans trading and Americans were annoyed about that

African American

The North halted prisoner exchanges when the South refused to return ... soldiers

Britain

The South asked ______________ to recognize the Confederaion as an idependent nation (they remained neutral)

cease-fire

The South wanted to hold out in the war long enough for a ...

Treaty of Paris

The Treaty of Paris ended the war triumphantly for the british who kept canada, the Great lakes Country, the Ohio River Valley and Florida.

Ulysses S. Grant

The Union general who led the army that invaded Western Tennessee. He had failed at everything he had tried in civilian life but was a decisive military commander. His forces captured two important forts: fort Henry on the Tennessee River and fort Donelson on the Cumberland River. He was ambushed at the Shiloh but regrouped and launched a counterattack.

North Advantage

The Union had more resources, people,workers, farms, money and trains.

national debt

The amount of money a national government owes to other governments or its people

would not

The battle of Gettysburg crippled the South and ensured that Lee (would/would not) be able to invade the North again.

What was the biggest seaport in New England

The beggest seaport in New England was boston

At the beginning of the French & Indian War, what was the goal of the British

The beginning of the war marked the goals to get ft Deucane

Industrial Revolution

The change in social and economic organization that resulted from the replacement of large scale industrial production

Describe the conditions of the "Middle Passage".

The conditions of the middle passage incuced being packed tightly with little room and often being chained together so you could not move

What crop was the biggest export from the Middle Colonies?

The crop that was the biggest export from the Middle Colonies was Wheet

What was the difference between the enlightenment and the Great awakening. How did Enlightenment thinkers view the power of government?

The difference between the great awakening and the enlightenment was the the enlightenment was when people went around town preaching, while the great awakening was a vast quick expansion. ENlightenment thinkers challenged the government ways

What were the dominant crops in the south?

The dominant crops in the south were cotton, tobacco, sugar, indigo, rice, and to a lesser extent okra, yam, sweet potato, peanuts, and watermelon.

widended

The economic gap between the North and South (widened/shrunk) after the Civil War

Lincoln won without a single Southern electoral vote.

The election of 1860 showed that the North and the South were two distinct political entities because

the competition of opposing political groups.

The events of "Bleeding Kansas" can be attributed to

Pequot War (1637)

The expansion of English settlement led to wars against the native peoples. In this war, 700 Pequots were killed by the colonists and their Indian allies.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Bill of Rights; amendments

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, added to protect the rights of individual citizens and adopted in 1781. (p. 108) drafted by Madison in 1791; guarantees that Anti-Federalists wanted against possible abuses of power by the central (or federal) government

George McClellan

The general that led the Union army, nicknamed the Armuy of the Potomac. He was an excellent administrator and popular with his troops but also extremely cautious. He refused to move against Richmond until he had more men and even then he refused to march. He lost against Lee in the Seven Days' Battles but ordered his men on Lee and gained a victory at the Antietam.

railroad system

The government during the war tried to help businesses with the construction of the ...

Habeas Corpus

The idea that no one could be held in prison without being charged with a specific crime. The idea that a colony would send raw goods

What key right did the trial of John Peter Zenger ensure for all Americans?

The key right that cae out of the trial of peter Zenger was freedom of the press was ensured for all Americans

Winfield Scott

The leader of the army at the beginning of the civil war

What was the major seaport in the south?

The major seaport in the south was Charlestown.

Trail of Tears

The marches in which the Cherokee people were forcibly removed from Georgia to the Indian territory on 1838-1840 with thousand of Cherokee dying on the way - the Cherokee Indian took when they were forcibly removed from their land, 1/4 of them died - 800 mile trip on foot — beginning of October and November

Constitutional Convention

The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution.

Matthew Brady

The most famous photographer during the Civil War

Whig Party

The political party formed in 1834 to oppose the policies of Andrew Jackson

Spoils System

The practice of winning candidates rewarding their supporters with government jobs - practiced by Jackson's party

Why did Parliament issue the proclamation of 1763? What was it intended to do?

The proclamation was in tended to keep people east of the app mountains

*Mass Production*

The production of goods in large quantities made possible by the use of machinery and the division of labor - led people from working in home out and into factories

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Electoral College System

The system responsible for electing the president. The number of delegates in each state is the sum of their representatives and senators. This system was instituted because the Framers feared that direct election of the president would lead to mob rule.

What were the two main sectors of the New England economy?

The two main sectors of the New England economy were fishing, lumber, and trade.

Democrats

These people said the emancipation would prolong the war by antagonizing the South

Vicksburg and Gettysburg

These two battles doomed the South to defeat

Second Continental Congress

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army,

Queen Elizabeth I

This "virgin" queen ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England

Sally Tompkin

This Southern nurse was promoted to captain

David Farragut

This admiral shut down the major port of Mobile Bay, AL

Rifle

This and Minnie ball made firing more accurate and let the soldiers reload faster

Shiloh

This battle taught both the Union and the Confederacy that they need to fight in a different way that in the past and demonstarted how bloody the war would be

Stonewall Jackson

This man was mistaken for a Yankee, and shot. He died from Pneumonia later.

Radical republicans

This party nominated John C. Fremont and favored harsher punishment for the South

National Union Party

This party, previously known as the Republican party, nominated Andrew Jackson (pro-union southerner) as Lincoln's running mate

Pinckney's Treaty (1795)

This treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi River and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans

Pickett's Charge

This was a famous charge that failed during the Battle of Gettysburg

tariffs; excise taxes

This was part of Federalist Alexander Hamilton's economic plan. High tariffs were placed on imported goods to help new and developing industries. (p. 110)

Purpose of the Constitutional Convention

To revise the Articles of Confederation

~600,000

Total number of deaths in the Civil War

Treaty of Paris

Treaty that ended the French and Indian War

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

USA obtained another 29,640 square miles in Southern Arizona and New Mexico; bougth this to facilitate railroad across continent

citizens who helped a runaway slave could be imprisoned.

Under the new Fugitive Slave Act passed in 1850,

Gouverneur Morris

United States statesman who led the committee that produced the final draft of the United States Constitution (1752-1816)

Virginia Plan

Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population

Robert Dinwiddie

Virginia governor who built a fort in Pennsylvania

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Virginia no longer had an official church and state could not longer collect taxes for churches

did not, down

Wages (did/did not) rise with the prices, causing the standard of living to go (up/down)

Metacom (King Philip)

Wampanoag chief who led a brutal campaign against Puritan settlements in New England between 1675 and 1676. Though he himself was eventually captured and killed, his wife and son sold into slavery, his assault halted New England's westward expansion for several decades.

Fort Necessity

Washington retreated and built this fort

Henry Knox

Washington's (an the 1st) Secretary of War

Washington's Farewell Address

Washington's final speech to Americans before stepping down from office, gave warnings to the U.S - stay neutral/no political parties -do not get involved in European Affairs - do not make permanent alliances with foreign powers - do not fall into sectionalism

antislavery

West Virginia, which was _______ secedes from Virginia and is admitted to the Union in 1863

Harriet Tubman

What conductor on the Underground Railroad was known as "Black Moses"?

Border ruffians raided the anti-slavery town of Lawrence, Kansas.

What event started "Bleeding Kansas"?

California would be admitted as a free state.

What provision did the Compromise of 1850 include?

McClellan found Lee's plans (Lee and Stonewall's armies were separated

What stroke of luck allowed McClellan to gain the courage to move against Lee?

They were entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

What was Lincoln's view on African Americans?

Trent Affair

When James Mason and John Slidell (diplomats) traveled aboard a British ship (the Trent) when an American warship (San Jacinto) arrested the two men.

Attack

When faced with the dilemma of Fort Sumter, Davis decided to ...

Sent in food for hungry soldiers

When faced with the dilemma of Fort Sumter, Lincoln decided to ...

African Americans

Which group is this? -had a higher mortality rate because they caught diseases -When captured, they were executed on the spot or returned to slavery

African Americans

Which group is this? -originally wasn't able to serve in the war but after a few laws could serve -could only serve in separate regiments -could not rise above Captial -earned less money

Slaves

Which group is this? -sabotaged plantations -waited for Union army -Many fled beyond Union lines -gradually weakend plantation system

Women

Which group is this? -took over jobs at farms and in businesses while men were away -eventually gained government jobs

the attack at Fort Sumter

Which of the following events directly caused the outbreak of the Civil War?

Missouri Compromise

Which of these were nullified by the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

Henry Clay

Whig candidate who opposed annexation

Andrew Johnson

Who is the president after Lincoln's death?

Martin Van Buren

Who was the Free-Soil Party's candidate for President?

Confederacy (Lee v Hooker)

Who won the Battle of Chancellorsville?

Union

Who won the Battle of Gettysburg?

Union

Who won the Battle of Shiloh?

Confederacy

Who won the First Battle of Bull Run?

Confederacy (Lee)

Who won the Second Battle of Bull Run?

Confederacy

Who won the Seven Days' Battles?

Union

Who won the battle at Petersburg?

Union

Who won the battle of Antietam?

Union

Who won the battle of Vicksburg?

Lincoln

Who won the election of 1864?

Stephen Douglas

Who wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854?

Lincoln convinced senators to vote against the compromise.

Why did Crittenden's Compromise fail?

Few Americans would join a rebellion organized by Brown.

Why did John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry fail?

to assure the Southern states that they would make their own decisions about slavery

Why did Lincoln refer to the right of each State to control its own affairs in his inaugural address?

They believed that Lincoln was hostile to slavery.

Why did South Carolina secede from the Union?

to win the support of Britain and France.

Why did the Confederate States of America write a constitution that prohibited importing slaves from other countries?

for his attempt to seize the arsenal at Harper's Ferry

Why was Abolitionist John Brown executed?

Anaconda Plan

With the fall of Vicksburg and Port Hudson, another part of the ... was fulfilled

Anne Hutchinson

Woman who challenged Purtian religous authorities in Massachusetts Bay. Puritan authorities banished her because she challenged religious doctrine, gender roles. clerical authority, and claimed to have had revelations from God

Molly Pitcher, Margaret Corbin

Women who made valuable contributions in the American Revolution

John Paul Jones

Won an impressive naval battle against the British even though his ship almost sank

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Written by Jefferson and Madison Republican documents that argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional

George Washington

Young officer asked to raise a militia to expel French who would later go on to command the Continental Army

George Washington

Young, Ambitious Virginian, whom Dinwiddie entrusted the command to.

Inflation

_____________ devalued Confederate currency and ruined established families

John Wilkes Booth

a 26-year-old actor and Southern sympathizer who murdered Lincoln during the production of Our American Cousin at Fort's Theatre. He managed to escape and twelve days later was trapped in a Virginia barn and killed.

Copperhead

a Northern Democrat who advocated making peace with the Confederacy during the Civil War. The most famous was Clement Vallandigham.

Lyman Beecher

a Yale-educated minister, traveled and urged people to read the Bile, join a Church and embrace religion. Became the president of the new Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati.

Habeas Corpus

a court order requiring authorities to bring a prisoner before the court so that the court can determine whether the prisoner is being held legally. Abraham Lincoln initially suspended this in Maryland and Davis later followed with the Confederacy.

Frederick Douglass

a former slave, abolitionist, filled literature halls with stories

bicameral legislature

a lawmaking body made up of two chambers or parts

Chancellorsville

a location in Virginia where the South had defeated the north (Lee v Hooker) in 1863

Iroquois League

a loose confederation of five Iroquois peoples: Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas, mainly a ritual forum for promoting peaceful cooperation among the member natives

Castas

a middle-level status between Europeans at the top; and Amerindians and blacks at the bottom

Manifest Destiny

a notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Common Sense

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain

Senate

a part of Congress; based on an equal number of representatives from each state (2).

Missonary

a person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country.

Andersonville

a prison camp in Georgia, run by Henry Wirz, that was known for its terrible hygiene conditions. The prison was overcrowded and had no shelter for the prisoners, causing disease to spread. About a third of the prisoners died.

Coercive Acts

a series of British measures passed in 1774 and designed to punish the Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party

Missouri Compromise

a series of agreements passed by congress in 1820-1821 to maintain the balance of power between slaves states and free states and Monroe signed in 1820

Shiloh

a small Tennessee church, where Confederate troops ambushed Grant's troops. Many Union soldiers died but Grant launched a counterattack that caused the Confederates to retreat.

Income Tax

a tax that Congress enacted in 1863 on earnings that helped to pay for the war.

Anaconda Plan

a three-part strategy by which the Union proposed to defeat the Confederacy in the Civil War 1. The Union navy would blockade Southern ports so they could neither export cotton nor import manufactured goods. 2. Union riverboats and armies would move down the Mississippi and split the Confederacy in tow 3. Union armies would capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia

ice age

a time lasting thousands of years during which the earth is covered by ice and glaciers

Vicksburg

a town in Mississippi that was one of the only two Confederate holdouts preventing the Union from taking control of the Mississippi. Grant attempted two frontal assaults but, when those failed, he lay siege to the city. On July 4 (same day as Gettysburg), the city fell.

Gettysburg

a town in Pensylvania where the most decisive battle of the war was fought. Confederate soldiers led by A.P. Hill encountered Union soldiers while looking for shoes and the two armies fought. The Confederates, originally, took hold of the town but the Union held the high ground. When the Union artillery fell silent on the third day, Lee ordered Longstreet and Pickett to press forward, but the Union surprised the Confederates and attacked. Lee then decided to retreat back to Virginia

public school movement

a.k.a common school movement, sought to establish a system of tax supported public school

Commercial Compromise

allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce yet prohibited any tariffs on exported goods. Significance: This agreement incorporated the needs of both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists to some degree.

How did the crusades help to expand Europe's horizons?

allowed Europeans to come in contact with other cultures and lands

Thirteenth Amendment

an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1865, that has abolished slavery and involuntary servitude.

Emancipation Proclamation

an executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, freeing the slaves in all regions behind Confederate lines. It did not free any slaves immediately because it did not apply to Southern territory already occupied by Union troops nor to the slave states that had not seceded. It gave the war a high moral purpose by turning the struggle into a fight to free the slaves.

Red Cross

an international organization that provides relief to people in times of war or natural disaster. Clara Barton founded the American branch in 1881.

Monitor

an ironclad ship used by the North in the Civil War.

Merrimack

an ironclad ship used by the South in the Civil War

United States Sanitary Commission

an organization set up by the US government to improve hygienic conditions of army camps and recruit and train nurses

committee of correspondence

an organization that spread information through the colonies

Ohio River Valley

area of contention between French and British- French and Indian War is started here

Why did Ottawa Indians, led by the war Chief Pontiac, attach the British fort in Detroit

because they wanted to get it back for the French

Dorothea Dix

began teaching in Prisons, helped change the injustice done against people in Prison, fought to build hospitals for the mentally ill

What were three common cultural characteristics shared by most Native Americans?

believed spirits were everywhere around them, took advantage of their environments' offerings, used everything in animals

Delaware River

body of water Washington famously crossed before launching the attack on December 25, 1776

utopian communities

chose to distance themselves from society, shared property, labor and family life. aspired to be perfect communities

minutemen

citizen soldiers who could be ready to fight at a minute's notice

Royal Proclamation of 1763

colonists could not settle west of the line along Appalachian Mountains

Charter Colony

colony established by a group of settlers who had been given a formal document allowing them to settle

War Profiteering

companies who make money off of selling weapons and other goods during war

Pequot War

conflict between English settlers and Pequot Indians over control of land and trade in eastern Connecticut

Noah Webster

created the American Spelling book

How did Spain disrespect the USA

cut off American trade in New Orleans

New Dow

earned a worldwide reputation for his lectures in alcohol abuse, mayor of Portland Maine, secured "Maine Law"

Temperance movement

effort to end alcohol abuse, some wanted complete ban while others wanted moderations

Ferdinand Magellan

encircled the entire glob,; filled in details on the map, 1519-1522

Democrats viewpoints on the war

enthusiastically in favor of the war

Catharine Beecher and Emma Willard

established schools for women in Connecticut, Ohio and N.Y.

Southern States

feared the northern states would take them over, viewed slavery as essential to the southern economy and society.

what did the articles of confederation form instead of a nation?

firm league of friendship between states

Lexington, Concord

first battles of the Revolutionary War

henry daivd thoreau

followed Emerson and wad jailed after refusing to pay taxed to support the Mexican American war

Discrimination on California's new Constitution

forbid slaves in California as well as free blacks-- no African Americans allowed-- did not want to compete with southern slave holders who could use slave labor to seek gold, nor did miners want free blacks in California

Effects of miner's wealthy investors

forced people to mine their mines and enjoyed a heavy profit

Sojourner Truth

former slave who held audiences spellbound with her speeches

Alamo Attack

fortified former mission in San Antonio, after 12 days of cannon fire, Mexicans overran walls of the Alamo, refusing to keep prisoners, the defenders including Jim Boiw, Davie Crocket, and a dozen tejanos were slaughtered

French and Indian War

frontier fighting b/t French and British that was part of the bigger Seven Years' War

Declaratory Act

gave Parliament the power to make laws for the colonies

writs of assistance

general search warrants that enabled customs officers to enter any location during the day to look for evidence of smuggling

General Zachary Taylor

general who led troops during the Mexican-American war

Why did West Africa become an important trade center?

gold, salt, ivory, and other valuable resources, SLAVES

Unitarians

groups organized believing that God is a single divine being or a unity.

Married Women's Property

guarantied property rights for women.

Elizabeth Blackwell and Ann Preston

helped establish medical training for women

Underground railroad

helped many slaves escape to Mexico where slavery was banned

Autonomy

independent control over one's own affairs

Why was Spain eager to find a new route across the Atlantic?

inspired by earlier discoveries of islands in the west, wanted to find another route to China

permanent alliances

keeping alliances with countries that cannot change. Washington warned against them.

Mexican Advantages in the war

knew the land, will to fight, language

Northwest Territory

lands northwest of the Appalachians, covered by the Land Ordinance of 1785

What building style did the Mississippian culture take from Mexican culture?

large towns built around central plazas, pyramids made of earth

Gag rule

law which prohibited debate and discussion in Congress about slavery

Richard Allen

lead a Philadelphian church and united with the African Methodist Episcopal Church.

Stephen Austin

led American emigrants into Texas forming the samll town of Austin

Annexation

legally adding land area to a state in the United States

National Bank Act

legislation passed in 1863 to make banking safer for investors. It's revisions included a system of federally chartered banks, new requirements for loans, and a system for the inspection of banks.

How did the ice age lead to the migration of people to the Americas?

made the sea level drop, revealed a land bridge, allowed people to walk across and follow their prey

Legislative Branch

makes laws, contains house of representatives and senate

California Gold Rush

mass migration of 80,000 fortune seekers into California in hopes of finding riches

Texas-Mexican Providence

modern day state of Texas that Mexico invited Americans to settle in as long as they followed the 4 restrictions; offered cheap, farmable land, in the hopes of gaining an economic and political advantage with the Americans

US Advantages in the Mexican American War

more populous, wealthier, had superbly trained military officers, industry to rapidly produce supplies, larger, advanced artillery, navy, Mexicans divided

Mansa Musa

most famous ruler of Mali, died in 1332

Lone Star Republic

name of Texas' new nation due to the one star on the flag

What role did disease play in the defeat of the native populations of the Americas?

nearly completely wiped out the whole population

White miners vs. Minorities Discrimination

new comers to west coast asserted dominance over Chinese by enforcing tax on foreigners, white miners terrorized and killed Native Americans by the tousands

North vs. South California Conflict

new free state would tip regional balance in the Senate, westward expansion became major source of divisiom

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

no power to tax, President lacked power, no money to buy ships or pay soldiers

Living conditions of miners

not a lot of food, slept on floor, worked dawn till dusk, over crowded living conditions

Pope's Rebellion

occurred when a Pueblo leader named Popé convinced other tribal leaders to end Spanish missionaries efforts to suppress the Pueblo's native religion.

William Lloyd Garrison

one of the leading abolitionists. Published America's first antislavery article.

Charles Grandison Finney

one of the most influential revivalists and former attorney. Proclaimed his own faith. He had an evangelical style of worship

Virginia Resolves

only the House had the right to tax Virginians

Whigs viewpoints on the war

opposed war, especially those from the North; believed Polk deliberately provoked war by sending troops into Texas; feared Polk wouldn't settle for even the biggest version of Texas but planned to annex the adjacent Northern Mexican providences including New Mexico; conquered territories might then become slave states increasing southern power in congress; did not dare block declaration of war because war had popular support and remembered demise of Federalist party after it opposed the War of 1812

Daughters of Liberty

organization of colonial women formed to protest British policies by spinning their own cloth

Political Parties

organization that tries to influence gov. policy by promoting its ideas and backing candidates for office

Headright system

parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Mexican government's issues

people not unified due to Santa Anna's dictatorship, Santa Anna made all dicisons in the best issue of the military not the best intrest of the country

Unstable Mexican Government

people not united due to Santa Anna's dictatorship

Mestizos

people of Native American and European descent

Emigrants

people who leave a country to live somewhere else

Anti-Federalists

people who opposed the Constitution

Two desired changes to the Articles of Confederation

power to regulate interstate and international commerce, power to tax people

A. Jackson-- US Congress

president before Polk, privately favored annexation but could not overcome opposition in Congress

Wilmot Proviso

proposed by David Wilmot of Pennsylvania, proposal to ban slavery in any land won from Mexico, broke party unity and instead divided Congress largely across sectional lines, passed in house of representatives but failed narrowly in the senate, reappeared in every session of Congress for the next 15 years only to fail in the Senate; brought slavery issue to the forefront and weakened the two major political parties

revivalists

protestant preachers who believed that Americans had become immoral.

What role did landownership hold in West African culture?

provided for those in the village who worked on the land

Mexican American Texas border disputes

reinflamed when Texas entered the union as a slave state in 1845, debate over Rio Grande being boundary of Texas (was decided it would be at the Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago)

Ratification of the Constitution

required 9 out of 13 states to ratify (approve) it to become law.

General Santa Anna

ruthless general who seized power in Mexico City; favored centralized, authoritarian government dominated by the military (troubled those who preferred a decentralized federal system, angered Americans who wanted autonomy); captured at BAttle of San Jacinto and fearing execution signed a treaty giving 1/3 of Mexico to the USA-- Mexico did not honor this because he was forced to sign it

How did the Portuguese come in contact with West Africans?

searching for golf

What was the structure of European society during the 1400s?

small portion of less than 5% of people ruled the poor, controllers were extremely rich , everyone else was extremely poor, very top - king/queen, poor rented land from aristocrats to farm or be artisans or shopkeepers

Appomattox Court House

small town in Virginia, near Appomattox, Virginia where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865 ending the Civil War

Conquistador

soldiers who explored central Mexico and defeated Indian civilizations there

Joseph Smith

spoke and wrote of visions he said directed him to found a new religious group, organized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with members called Mormons.

What did the Anti-Federalists fear?

strong national government like England's

Nat Turner

successful for carrying out the plans for slave revolt, but was not successful

adobe

sun-dried brick made from earth, water, and straw

Federalists

supporters of the Constitution

Royal colonies and Proprietary Colonies

term for provincial colonies; colonies that were under the direct control of the King, who usually appointed a Royal Governor. vs Owned by a person (always a white male) or family, who could make laws and appoint officials as he or they pleased.

Robert E. Lee

the General of the Confederate Army after General Joseph E. Johnston was wounded. He was willing to go beyond military textbooks and originally opposed secession. He declined an offer to head the Union army but chose to stand with his home state of Virginia. He won the Seven Days' Battles against McClellan and went to move against the Union capital. His troops won the Second Battle of Bull Run but had to retreat at the Antietam

local funds

the argument about State's rights moved to whether state or national government should determine how to use ...

What was the biggest difference between immigrants to the south compared to New England?

the biggest difference was that in the south, people had big plantations while in the north, immigrants fished and exported goods

David G. Farragut

the commander of the Union fleet that seized New Orleans in the spring of 1862 as well as Baton Rogue and Natchez.

Federal Courts

the courts of the national government that deal with problems between states, with the constitution, and with laws made by congress

Conscription

the drafting of citizens for military service. The Confederate law drafted white men (18-35) but allowed people to hire someone to serve in place of them and did not draft planters who owned 20 or more slaves, making the rule only really apply to poor people. The Union law drafted white men (20-45) but also allowed people to hire substitutes or to avoid this altogether by paying a $300 fee.

Articles of Confederation

the first constitution of the United States

House of Burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legislative acts.

Columbian Exchange

the global exchange of goods and ideas between Europe, Asian, Africa, and the Americas after Columbus made his first transatlantic voyage in 1492

What was the Columbian Exchange?

the global exchange of goods and ideas between Europe, Asian, Africa, and the Americas after Columbus made his first transatlantic voyage in 1492

matrilineal

the inheritance of family names and property followed the female line in the family

Battle of Yorktown

the last major battle of the American Revolution

Legislative Branch

the lawmaking branch of government

Mayans

the leading peoples along the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean coast, after the Olmecs

Congress

the legislature of the United States government

House of Representatives

the lower house of Congress, consisting of a different number of representatives from each state, depending on population

William Tecumseh Sherman

the man that Grant appointed as commander of the military division of the Mississippi. He, similar to Grant, believed in total war (fighting civilians as well as soldiers) and raided Georgia. From there, he marched North, leaving destruction in his path (especially in SC) and living off the land; however, when he reached North Carolina, he started to men the war wounds by handing out food and oth er supplies

Sherman's March to the Sea

the march to Georgia to cut off parts of the Wouth

Aztecs

the most powerful people in the highlands of central Mexico

Seneca Falls Convention

the nation's first Women's Convention

What actions did Parliament take that made the colonists so angry?

they in encted a standing army and taxed the Americans

What rights did the Magna Carta Guarantee to English Nobles?

this document guaranteed certain rights for English nobility, the church, and to a lesser extent, the commoners. Magna Carta said that the king could not tax the nobility without talking to the nobility, they also could not be put in jail without a full trial.

49ers

those searching for gold, traveled by land trails, ship around the tip of South America, or short land passage at the Isthmus at Panama

Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

thought women should be allowed in the men's business meeting

Ratify

to approve

Penitentiary movement

to change prisons into something less brutal and safer.

abolition movement

to end slavery, mostly northern

What was Columbus's purpose in sailing west across the Atlantic?

to search for China

migrate

travel a long distance

Moral suasion

trying to effect change by persuading people through moral arguments

Gettysburg

turning point of the war

Kivas

underground chambers in a Pueblo village, used by the men for religious ceremonies or councils

David Walker

used religion as the base for blistering attack on slavery

manumission

voluntary freeing of slaves

Why were the Portuguese venturing into the Atlantic Ocean?

wanted to spread Christianity and outflank Muslim domination in trade

Why did Spain and Britain not take the USA Seriously?

we and our confederation were weak

Economic Oppertunity

what Mexico saw allowing Americans to settle in Texas as

women's movement

working for greater rights for women