US HISTORY: Midterm
an unworkable solution for the territories of Kansas and Nebraska.
"Bleeding Kansas" demonstrated that popular sovereignty was
James Madison
"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.
Virginia Plan
"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.
Francis Marion
"Swamp Fox"; known for his guerrilla tactics and victories
the Union could not continue with both free states and slave states
"We are now far into the fifth year, since a policy was initiated, with the avowed object, and confident promise, of putting an end to slavery agitation. Under the operation of that policy, that agitation has not only, not ceased, but has constantly augmented. In my opinion, it will not cease, until a crisis shall have been reached, and passed. 'A house divided against itself cannot stand.' I believe this government cannnot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other." —Abraham Lincoln, 1858 To what did Abraham Lincoln refer when he said, "A house divided against itself cannot stand."?
slavery
"[T]he maintenance . . . of the rights of the States, and especially the right of each State to order and control its own domestic institutions according to its own judgment [alone], is essential to that balance of power on which the perfection and endurance of our political fabric depend. . . ." —Abraham Lincoln, 1st inaugural address, March 4, 1861 What is the "domestic institution" that Lincoln is referring to in his inaugural address?
Reconquista
"reconquest", battle ending in 1492, reestablished Spanish Christian rule on the Iberian Peninsula after 700 years of Muslim dominance
Executive Branch
(President) Enforces laws
New Jersey Plan
(Small state plan) A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress
Dr.Mud
(idk how important this is) the doctor who treats Booth's broken leg and, because he assisted Booth, is later convicted as being part of the conspiracy.
Jacksons Response to Carolina
*Jackson declares them of the action of treason*
Antietam
*Kahoot* Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation following the Union victory here:
Thomas Jeffersons Embargo Act of 1807
*Prohibited Americans from shipping goods to Europe, and brought a standstill to the once thriving foreign trade* - Congress repealed the act in 1809
False
*T/F* Later in history, another state secedes.
True
*T/F* There were battles after Lee's surrender?
The Bostonian Revolutions
- 1813 - 3 revolutions - Cabot Lowell, Nathan Appleton, and Patrick Tracy Jackson built a weaving factory in Massachusetts and by 1822 they had enough money for more - *Change in Lowell - is an example of the industrial revolution because by the late 1820s it was a min manufacturing center*
Support of BUS
- Henry Clay and Webster - Nicholas Biddle - wants bank to repay loans and refuses new loans - hoped these actions would make a new bank charter
No supporters of BUS
- Jackson said it was a monster and that it corrupted the statesmen and wanted to "destroy our republican institution" - Jackson tried to kill it in second election
*What happened in the 19th century?*
- New approaches to manufacturing - interchangeable parts
Henry Clay
- Said American system would unite the nations economy and the south and west would buy the norths products - Persuaded Congress to adopt the Missouri Compromise
two-term tradition
- The two term tradition was created by or originated from George Washington, basically every president would work for two years and then voluntarily resign, even though there were no laws that said that they had to resign at a specific time. This tradition was carried out until the 1940 election of Franklin Roosevelt
Effects of the Industrial Revolution on the North
- They invested their money in manufacturing - they discovered what the did grow, they can sell at the city markets - little demand of slavery - 1804 almost all voluntarily abolished slavery
John Tyler
- VP of Harrison
What happened to the rest of the Louisiana territory?
- Was split in two: one for slaves and one free - it divided at the 36 30 north latitude line - south was legal slavery and north of it except Missouri was illegal slavey
William Henry Harrison
- Whig presidential candidate in 1840 and won - portrayed as a old hero - portrayed opponent - van burden - as a aristocrat
*South Carolina Secedes from the Union*
- declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and hat if the government wanted to collect duties than the leave the union
How did Henry Clay affect the election of 1824?
- he had power in the house and was able to let the election go either way but he did not trust Jackson's lack of political experience
Controversy of 1818
- issue- Slavery - US consisted of 10 free states and 11 slave states - Illinois was the eleventh free state - Southerners then expected Missouri to be the 11th slave stated to keep a balance - Although New York rep. Amended the Missouri statehood for them to free slaves
Effects of the Industrial Revolution on the South
- not in favor of industrial - already had the huge profit in the crops
Andrew Jackson
- opposed John Quincy Adams - Won popular vote in the election of 1824 - accused Adams of stealing the election with a corruption bargain - followers left the republican part for the democratic Republican Party
Calhouns Nullification theory
- question the application of federal laws in sovereign states. - *constitution established by 13 the states then each one. Has the right to nullify a federal law that they consider unconstitutional* - *he believed if government refused a state to nullify then the state can withdraw from the Union*
What did Henry Clay propose as a compromise?
- the tariff bill would gradually lower duties over ten year period
Steps for a territory to become a state
- when a territory's population reached about 60,000 - people petition to the Union for admission - draft a constitution - elect representatives - then become apart of the US when Congress approves
Maryland
-1632 became the first proprietary colony to serve as a refuge for English Catholic
3/5 Compromise
-each slave would count for 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation purposes
Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward
-the ruling made it impossible for states to interfere with the contracts
Federal Government
... assumed supreme national authority after the war
*1815 President Madison made a three point plan*
1. Developing transportation systems and other internal improvements 2. Establishing a protective tariff 3. Resurrecting the national bank ( established while Washington was president under Hamiltons guidance and influence of Jefferson)
Mexican Restrictions
1. Must be Roman Catholic 2. Must Follow Mexican Constitution 3. Become Mexican Citizens 4. No Salvery
Renaissance
14th century - 16th century, more secular age, freedom of thought, importance of teh individual, renewed interest in classical learning, after Middle Ages
de Soto
1539 de Soto, Spain, Explores lower Mississippi River
King James I
1566-1625 King of England who, in 1606, gave the Virginia Company of London a charter to set up a colony in Virginia
Mayflower Compact
1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.
King Philip's War
1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.
George Grenville
1763 British Prime Minister and first Lord of the Treasury who had to come up with a plan to reduce Britain's debt
ALexander Hamilton
1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.
Alexander Hamilton
1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.
Cotton Kingdom
1820S The states that made up the cotton Kingdom: Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama
St. Augustine
1st colony in Florida set up by Spain
Middle Ages
5th century - 14th century, began with the collapse of the Roman Empire; no effective government and threats of famine, disease (Bubonic Plague), and foreign invasion
John Quincy Adams
6th president of the U.S. that was the first son President - appoints Clay as Secretary of State
Martin Van Buren
8th President of the United States (1782-1862) - tried helping the panic of 1837 by reducing federal spending but cause the prices to drop further
The Erie Canal
A 363 mile long artificial waterway connecting the Hudson River with Lake Erie, built between 1817 and 1825
New York
A Conscription riot broke out in _______ where whites attacked well-dressed men who could pay the $300 and free blacks because they feared that freed slaves would take their jobs.
Indian Removal Act
A Law enacted in 1830 that forced Native American people east of the Mississippi to move to lands in the West - five tribes - Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Creek, and Chickasaw
presidio
A Spanish fort
Panic of 1837
A US financial crisis in which banks closed and the credit system collapsed, resulting in many bankruptcies and high unemployment - many banks and New York stopped accepting paper currency - the currency that was being used was gold and silver
Clara Barton
A Union nurse who cared for the sick and wounded at the front lines and, because of her courage under fire at Antietam, she is described as the "angel of the battlefield."
Parliament
A bicameral, or two-house, legislature.
What did the antifederalists add to the documents of the new constitution?
A bill of rights
Joint-Stock Company
A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.
Federalist Papers
A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.
French & Indian War
A conflict between the British and the French with their Indian Allies.
New Jersey Plan
A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress
Annapolis Convention
A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention
Nationalism
A devotion to the interests and culture of ones's nation - established by John Quincy Adams when he was Secretary of State
Roger Williams
A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south
English Bill of Rights
A document guaranteeing a number of freedoms and restating many of the rights granted in the Magna Carta.
Magna Carta
A document that King John was forced to accept in 1215 by English nobles. The first time that legal limits were placed on the king
Proclamation of 1763
A document that ordered colonial settlers to remain east of the Appalachian Mountains.
Gettysburg Address
A famous speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln in November 1863, at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg.
National Road
A federally funded road begun in 1811 and by 1838 extending from Cumberland Maryland to Vandalia Illinois
Encomienda
A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it
Bull Run
A little creek, 25 miles from the Union capital, where an inexperienced group of Union soldiers matched a group of equally inexperienced Confederate soldiers. The Union originally gained the upper hand but the Confederates pulled a victory.
Fort Pillow
A location in Tennessee where a gruesome massacre of over 200 African-Amerian prisoners and some whites were murdered by Confederate troops.
Cotton Gin
A machine for cleaning seeds from cotton fibers invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 - allowed the south to grow cotton for a profit - increased slavery
Military Rule vs. Federal System
A military government is generally any government that is administrated by military forces, whether this government is legal or not under the laws of the jurisdiction at issue, and whether this government is formed by natives or by an occupying power A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units. b. Advocacy of such a system of government. 2. Federalism The doctrine of the Federalist Party.
Pocahontas
A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.
Monroe Doctrine
A policy of the US opposition to any European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere, announced by President Monroe in 1823
Mercantilism
A policy stating that that a nation or an empire could build wealth and power by developing its industries and exporting manufactured goods in exchange for gold and silver.
American System
A pre- Civil War set of measures designed to unify the nation and strengthen its economy by means of protective tariffs, a national bank, and such internal improvements as the development of a transportation system
Bacon's Rebellion
A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attemp to gain more land; colonial rebellion against the governor of Virginia
Quivira
A region that captives of the Coronado expedition claimed was laden with gold and silver
Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
Seven Days' Battles
A series of battles between Lee and McClellan in Virginia that forced the Union into retreat
Navigation Acts
A series of trade laws that were enacted by Parliament in the 1600s to obtain more sailors, ships and trade. All trade moving in and out of britian had to move in and out of British ports on British ships with British sailors.
Antietam
A sluggish creek where McClellan and Lee fought. The clash was the bloodiest single-day in American history. McClellan decided to do nothing rather than move against the Confederates and win the war. The battle was a standoff but the South, because of casualties, had to retreat.
Benjamin Franklin
A successful printer whose hunger for knowledge embodied enlightenment ideals
Triangular Trade
A system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Britain, and Africa
Checks and Balances
A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
Great Awakening
A time when powerful evangelical preachers traveled from town to town giving emotion-packed sermons.
Mali
A.D. 1200 - A.D. 1400, most famous ruler - Mansa Musa, expanded west to Atlantic Coast, increased role of Islam, led to the founding of famous university in Timbuktu
Songhai
A.D. 1400, Askia Muhammad, Islamic state of education based at Timbuktu, rich from trade
Ghana
A.D. 300 - A.D. 1200, earliest kingdom of West Africa, expanded from the Sahara to the Gulf of Guinea and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Niger River, trade lead to Muslim influence
was morally wrong and wanted to end it.
Abolitionists believed that slavery
According to the theory of mercantilism, what was the relationship between a colony and its mother country
According to the theory of mercantilism, the relationship between a colony and its mother country was that a colony provided all the goods and services to the mother country exclusively
How did Africans react to their enslavement?
Africans were not happy about their enslavement, but they could not go home and could not escape for the most part. They pretended to be dumb and would break tools to get out of work
Three months
After Fort Sumter, Lincoln calls for 75,000 men to serve for ...
Arkansas, Tennessee,and N. Carolina
After Virginia secedes, these three states follow
Compromise
After the Emancipation Proclamation, this would no longer be an option
Metacom
Aka King Philip, Native American ruler, who in 1675 led attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts
Force Bill
Allowed federal government to use the army and navy against South Carolina if state authorities resisted paying their duties
British East India Company
Almost bankrupt company that the British government decided to help
John Adams
America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."
ACS
American Colonization Society, to encourage free slaves to move to Africa.
George Rogers Clark
American frontiersman who captured a series of British forts along the Ohio River during the Revolutionary war.
Anthony Wayne
American general who forced Cornwallis to retreat to Yorktown
Benedict Arnold
American general who had military success at Saratoga, but later sold American military secrets to the British
William Dawes
American patriot who rode with Paul Revere to warn that the British were advancing on Lexington and Concord
right of deposit
Americans reached an agreement with Spain that would allow free navigation along the Mississippi River
Causes of Tensions
Americans stayed Protestant, smuggled slaves, were Mexican citizens on paper but devoted to America
Loyalists
Americans who supported the British; Tories
Adams Onis Treaty
An 1819 agreement in which Spain gave over control of the territory of Floridians to the United States.
McCulloch v. Maryland
An 1819 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that Maryland had no right to ta the Bank of the United States, thereby strengthening the power of the federal government's control over the economy
Amelia Bloomer
An American women's rights and temperance advocate. Published articles
William Penn
An English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.
Sir Walter Raleigh
An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."
Salutary Neglect
An English policy formed after the Glorious Revolution that allowed colonial self-rule.
Enlightenment
An intellectual movement in Europe.
Pontiac's Rebellion
An uprising, after an ottawa Chief's prominents in the attack of Detroit
Old Hickory
Andrew Jackson
Shay's Rebellion (1786-1787)
Angered by taxes & debts, Daniel Shay led a rebellion against the American Gov't. (SHOWED how Articles of Confederation were weak) the people didn't have a commercial bank and had to borrow from each other; were in large debt. Uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes, was a protest against the land being taken away and the taxes that they had worked for in Revolutionary war
1835
Anglo-Texans revolted against Mexican government, seizing Mexicans garrisons at Goliad and San Antonio
Second Great Awakening
Another religious revival, lasted for half a century, influenced American Church membership and moved them to work for a wide variety of social reforms
John Hancock
Arrested for smuggling, but would later go on to become an important figure in the founding of America
Virginia secedes
As a direct result of Lincolns' call for men ...
Moctezuma
Aztec ruler, invited the Spanish into his city to intimidate the Spanish, seized and killed by Spanish
Goal of Articles of Confederation
Be the first constitution; provide a strong national government
labor-saving machines
Because of the draft in the North, people resorted to buying ... to account for the lack of labor
Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri
Border, slave states
New York City
Britain first landed troops here under General George Howe
Cuba, Philippines
Britain seized these Spanish colonies when Spain entered the French and Indian War
Where did the industrial Revolution actually start in?
Britian
Charles Cornwallis
British General who was surrounded and surrendered at Yoktown
William Pitt
British Prime Minister who helped to win the Seven Years War by sending more troops to North America and India
John Forbes
British commander who captured Fort Duquesne and burned it
William Howe
British commander who replaced General Gage
James Wolfe
British commander who sailed up the St. Lawrence River to capture Quebec City
Fort Duquesne
British fort that the French seized and named this
War of 1812
British navy blockaded much of the coast line and the US was not able to get into or out of the harbors
Battle of Kings Mountain
British tried to subdue colonists living in the Appalachian Mtns, but lost at this battle
How were women treated throughout the Colonies?
By law and custom, there were few opportunities for women outside the home; most women were legal dependents of men.
Effects of California's mass migration
California becomes a state, white miners terrorized and killed Native Americans, mob violence
Quebec City
Capture of this city was a major turning point in the French and Indian War in North America
Cause and Effects of the Alamo
Cause: to end rebellion against Mexican government, stop Texas from further creating a republic and getting accepted into the Union Effect: Sam Houston led attack capturing Santa Anna, he signed a treaty giving 1/3 of Mexico to USA, Americans rallied, beginning of the war
Oregon Territory Compromise
Cause: to get North to accept Annexation of Texas Effect: June 1846 Polk compromised with Britain (against original promise) to split Oregon Territory at 49th parallel of latitude We got: Washington, Oregon, Idaho They Got: Canadian Providence of British Columbia Polk compromised because the nation could not afford 2 wars and he would rather fight weak Mexico than strong, powerful Britain
Charles Townshend
Chancellor of the Exchequer who proposed a new series of taxes on the colonists in 1767
John Marshall
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court - for McColloh vs Maryland he guided the Supreme Court to a ruling that strengthened the federal government's control over the economy - declared the Bank of the United State constitutional - made several decisions that blocked state interference with business and commerce
Pontiac
Chief of the Ottawa tribe who was convinced to go to war against the British
Intolerable Acts
Coercive Acts and Quebec Acts together
Albany Conference
Colonial representatives met with Iroquois leaders in New York
Quartering Act
Colonists had to provide barracks for British troops
Indentured Servants
Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years
Patriots
Colonists who wanted independence from Britain; Whigs
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop, part of the Great Puritan Migration, founded by puritans. Had a theocratic republic. "City upon a hill"
Major Anderson
Commander of Fort Sumter.
Three-Fifths Compromise
Compromise between northern and southern states at the Constitutional Convention that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives.
Great Compromise
Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house
push-pull factors
Conditions that draw people to another location (pull factors) or cause people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region (push factors)
deteriorated
Confederate morale, after the defeat at Vicksburg and Gettysburg was ...
Supreme Court
Consists of nine justices, each appointed by the President and confirmed by Congress. The appointment is for life. Supreme Court exercises the power to determine the constitutionality of statutes (laws)
Valley Forge
Continental Army's camp during the winter of 1777-1778
Key participants in Shay's rebellion
Daniel Shay, Wealthy Merchants, Angry Citizens, Tax collectors
inflation
Decrease in value of money
It was a draw
Did the Monitor or the Merrimack win?
XYZ Affair (1797)
Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many in the U.S. called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged an undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean.
Declaration of Independence
Document that proclaimed American independence from Britain
John Dickinson
Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.
Albany Plan of Union
Drafted by Benjamin Franklin the plan called on the colonies to unite under British rule and cooperate with one another in war.
paper currency
During the war, the federal government required ALL citizens to accept ...
Nathan Hale
Dutch schoolteacher who was caught as an American spy and killed
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
Effects: addition of new states treaty making peace with Americans, forced Mexico to give up the Northern 1/3 of their country and added 1.2 million square miles of territory to the USA
Bank of the United States
Either of the tow national banks funded by the federal government and private investors established by Congress the first in 1791 and the second in 1816 - second bank went out of business after five years
Northwest Ordinance
Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states
Separatists
English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers
Edward Braddock
English commander who arrived with 1,400 troops to fight the French
Quakers
English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania
Virginia Company of London
English joint stock company established by royal charter by James I of England on April 10, 1606 with the purpose of establishing colonial settlements in North America
Purpose of the Northwest Ordinance
Establish rules for territories applying for statehood
Samuel Slater
Established in *Pawtucket, Rhode Island* the first American working factory in textiles
South Advantages
Experienced generals, defensive, fought on homeground, highly-motivated soldiers
Paul Revere
Famous rider who warned the colonists that the "British are coming"
guerrilla warfare
Fighting by small groups using tactics such as the ambush.
Edmund Randolph
First Attorney General proposed the Virginia Plan
Crispus Attucks
First casualty of the American Revolution at the Boston Massacre
African Methodist Episcopal Church
First independent Africa American denomination
Battle of Bunker Hill
First major battle of the Revolutions. It was a morale boost because it showed that the Americans could hold their own
Massachusetts School Law of 1647
First public education legislation in America. It declared that towns with 50 or more families had to hire a schoolmaster and that towns with over 100 families had to found a grammar school.
Dorothea Dix
First superintendent of women nurses
Convention of 1818
Fixed the Us boarder at the 49th parallel and up to the Rocky Mountains
Anglican Church
Form of Protestant Christianity set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death
republic
Form of government in where power resides with a body of citizens entitled to vote
Lord Baltimore
Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.
James Oglethorpe
Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.
Who can vote?
Free men can vote and african Americans and women can not - in the 1828 election the people who voted more than tripled in Jackson's favor
emancipation
Freedom
Citizen Genet
French minister to the US, broke rules of diplomacy by appealing directly to Americans
Marquis de Lafayette
French soldier who helped train American troops
Treaty of Greenville
Gave the United States claim to most Indian lands in the Northwest Territory.
Stonewall Jackson
General in the Confederate army, led Confederate army to a victory in the 1st Battle of Bull Run.
John Cabot
Genoese mariner, employed by English, sailed to Newfoundland, 1497
Amerigo Vaspucci
Genoese mariner, explored enough of South America's coast to deem it a new continent, "America"
President of the Constitutional Convention
George Washington
Mt. Vernon Conference
George Washington hosted this at his home in VA (1785); VA, MD, PA, and DE reps agreed that problems were serious enough with the Articles of Confederation to prompt further discussions at a later meeting in Annapolis, MD
executive departments; cabinet
George Washington organized new departments of the executive (law-enforcing) branch. These appointments had to be confirmed by the Senate. The term for the heads of the executive departments appointed by the president. (p. 110)
Florida
Given to Britain by Spain to gain back their other colonies
Quebec Acts
Governor and council appointed by the king would run Quebec
Marquis Duquesne
Governor of New France who ordered a chain of forts built from Lake Ontario to the Ohio River
Viceroy
Governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of his or her king or sovereign; think Spanish colonies.
Pilgrims
Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.
Framers of the Constitution
Group of delegates who drafted the United States Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention in 1787
Northern States
Had more free people
National Bank
Hamilton's big idea; fiercely opposed by Jefferson and Democratic-Rep. The bank would regulate money and draw investors; showed that the constitution could be construed in many a way.
spread anti-slavery sentiment in the North.
Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncles Tom's Cabin infuriated the South because it
How did Jefferson feel about the constitution?
He didn't like it, but gave into it hoping they would see he was right and change it later.
James Otis
He distributed a pamphlet around the colonies that would lead to the famous slogan "No taxation without representation"
What did the Govenor of Virginia do about Ft. Duquesne
He sent George washington to fight the french
John Rolfe
He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.
Gibbons v. Ogden
Helped ensure that the federal government have power to regulate just about everything that crosses state line
John Smith
Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.
who formed the Whig Party?
Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, and Daniel Webster
He condemned slavery and affirmed the idea of African Americans' natural rights.
How did Lincoln approach the issue of slavery in his speeches?
Shays Rebellion Goal
If enough people didn't pay the tax of gold and silver coins back to the wealthy merchants, the state would have to put an end to it.
Maryland
If this border state had seceded, the Union capital would have been in enemy territory
Judiciary Act of 1789
In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.
Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)
In 1793, President George Washington issued a proclamation the U.S. would remain neutral in the war between Britain and France. (p. 111)
Whiskey Rebellion
In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.
Public Land Act (1796)
In 1796, this act established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable prices. (p. 113)
Treaty of New Echota
In 1835, Gave the Cherokee $5 million and land west of the Mississippi and their old land ones to the state - although in 1838 there were still 20,000 Cherokee who still was in the east and the troops made them leave
destroy south's will to fight
In 1864, Grant and Sherman's goal was to ...
no state can lawfully leave the Union by its own action.
In Abraham Lincoln's inaugural address, he declared that
infant industries
In Alexander Hamilton's Financial Program, these newly developing businesses needed to be protected from foreign competition in the form of tariffs on imported goods
the rise of the Free Soil Party.
In the election of 1848 the major parties were forced to take a stand on slavery because of
George McClellan
In the election of 1864, the democrats joined the pro-southern party and nominated ... with a platform of immediate armistice
the results of the Mexican War.
In the late 1840s, what led to the question of whether slavery should expand to the territories?
civilians
In total war, you not only fight armies but also ...
Powhatan
Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia
Judiciary Branch
Interprets laws, contains federal courts
Prosecution of Mormons
Isolated, the Mormons were hated by their neighbors, because of practices such as allowing a man to have more than one wife, Smith was murdered.
Outcome of Shay's Rebellion
It made the people think that maybe we need a stronger government to prevent rebellions, strengthen the economy and provide an army
How was the Constitution ratified?
It took 9 out of the 13 states to approve the Constitution, which made it go into effect.
Describe the triangular trade. What types of good were moved in each leg of the triangle?
It was the network of trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. England made money from every part of the trade route.
Christopher Columbus
Italian mariner from Genoa, sought a route to China to revive the Christian struggle against Islam, underestimated the size of the Earth
1828 election
Jackson characterized Adams as intellectual and portrayed himself as humble - Jackson won
James K. Polk
Jacksonian Democrat and slave holder supported by Southern expansionists, from Tennesse, devoutly believed in the Manifest Destiny, promised North Oregon Territory so they would accept annexation of Texas, threatened to fight Britain if it not concede all of Oregon, vow to obtain both Oregon and Texas helped him win decisive electoral victory
John C. Calhoun
Jacksons an Adams VP, from South Carolina - made the tariff of admonition - supported the protective tariff of 1816
end the agitation over the issue of slavery.
James Buchanan promised to
Revolution of 1800
Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."
Tarrif of abominations
John C. Calhoun's name for an 1828 tariff increase that seemed to Southerners to be enriching the North at their expense
John Calvin/Calvinism
John Calvin was born in France in 1509. He converted to the Protestant beliefs as a young adult. Although he initially followed the teaching of Martin Luther and the Lutheran Church, he eventually led a new set of beliefs that became known as "Calvinism." Calvinism promoted the following ideas which were not completely shared by the Lutherans.: Predestination - the "elect" of God - God has preordained who will get into Heaven. Wealth is a sign of God's approval. Calvin's ideas are very popular with the rising middle classes (bourgeoisie) across Europe. Calvin settled in Geneva Switzerland and became known as a major leader of the Protestant reformation while living in that city. Followers of Calvin's teaching become known in England as "Puritans" and in France his followers were known as "Huguenots." In other parts of Western Europe they were generally referred to as Calvinists. The "Parable of the Talents" was used by Calvin as a religious and moral justification for accumulating large sums of wealth. Hard work and the accumulation of wealth was viewed as a sign of God's approval (the "Protestant Ethic"). Calvin was NOT against the charging of interest (usury) which had been considered sinful by most Christians throughout the Middle Ages. Calvin also claimed that "ungodly kings" should not be obeyed. (This notion began to lead to a popular Protestant and Enlightenment view of "sovereignty by the people.") Calvinism spread rapidly across western Europe among the newly rising middle classes.
Maryland
John Wilkes Booth was from Maryland, which caused his saltiness because he had his rights suspended during the war.
Virginia Company
Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.
Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)
Kentucky riflemen defeated several Indian tribes, bringing an end to Indian resistance in the Northwest.
George III
King of England during the American Revolution whom the colonists appealed to to help them
Alien Act and Sedition Acts
Laws that stated that U.S. citizens could not join any plots against the government's policies and made it illegal to write, print, utter, or publish any false or hostile words against the government or its policies. Authorized the President to deport aliens considered dangerous and to detain enemy aliens during times of war
John Adams
Lawyer who defended smuggles and would later go on the serve as leader during the Revolution and president
Horace Mann
Lead in the Massachusetts senate, fought against corporal or physical punishments in schools
Democratic-Republicans
Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank
Rush Bagot Treaty (1817)
Led the us and Canada to demilitarizing their boarder
was
Lee (was/was not) offered generous terms in the surrender.
Vicksburg
Lee invaded the North to pull troops away from ...
letters of marque
License to private ship owners authorizing them to attack British merchant ships
What did the English Bill of Rights do? Did these include Americans
Limited royal power- government can not collect unapproved taxes, can't interfere with freedom of speech, can't punish citizens for complaining This did not include Americans
Fired
Lincoln ___________ McClellan after he failed to end the war at the Battle of Antietam.
presidential
Lincoln's actions of expanding _______________________ power set precedent
preserve the Union
Lincoln's primary goal as president
Nova Scotia
Location of the vice-admiralty courts
What was admitted as a free state?
Maine
Bull Run
Many people believed that this battle was the end of the war, but it was only the beginning
Boston Tea Party
Men climbed aboard ships in Boston Harbor and dumped 342 chests of tea into the water
Why did most European immigrants prefer the Middle Colonies?
Most European immigrants preferred the middle colonies because it had a warmer climate and was already very diverse
Federal
National
Iroquois
Native American tribe that agreed to remain neutral during the French and Indian War
Algonquin
Native Americans found living over a large area from the Atlantic coast to the Great Lakes.
Townshend Acts
New Chancellor of the Exchequer introduced a new series of regulations and taxes in 1767
How did the climate and geography of New England affect their economy?
New England is an area with cold winters, a short growing season and a rugged landscape. New England could not raise the crops most in demand by Europeans.
New states gained from the Mexican American War
New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, California, Texas, and western Colorado
United
New of Fort Sumter (united/divided) North
Tories
Nickname for Loyalists
Whigs
Nickname for Patriots
What about the government under the Articles of Confederation make it powerless?
No president, no executive or judicial branch
Texas- free or slave state?
North: feared the addition of a large, powerful slave state would drastically upset balance in Congress South: approved-- continued message of slavery and favored them in Congress
Legislative Representation
Number of representatives based on states populations, senate representation is the same for all.
Fort Sumter
One of the remaining, important forts located in South Carolina on an island in Charleston harbor. Major Anderson, the fort's commander was being forced to surrender or face an attack. Lincoln decided not to reinforce the fort but rather sent in food for the soldiers. The Confederacy attacked and took control of the fort. *Battle that started the Civil War*
Dr. Samuel Prescott
One of the riders who helped Paul Revere spread the word about the British advancement; he was able to escape and warn Concord
Which was the only colony with more than one college? name them.
Only New Jersey had more than one college, the College of New Jersey (Princeton), and Queens College (Rutgers).
Anti-Federalists
Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption.
Sons of Liberty
Organized by Isaac Sears to hold outdoor meetings and demonstrations
Sam Adams
Organized colonial resistance in Massachusetts
Boston Massacre
Outbreak of violence between British troops and colonists in 1770
John Trumball, Charles Wilson Peale
Painters who created art of the heroic deeds and leaders of the Revolution
Plymouth Company
Permitted to colonize the land of virginia between the latitudes of thirty-eight and forty-five degrees.(1606)
nonimportation agreement
Pledge not to buy English goods
Democratic-Republican
Political party known for its support of strangers state governments, founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1792 in opposition to the Federalist Party
Pedro Alvarez Cabral
Portugese fleet commander, discovered the coast of Brazil, 1500
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portuguese explorer, directed the efforts to sail into the Atlantic, spread Christianity, outflanked Muslim domination in trade, founded a school of navigation
Bartolomeu Dias
Portuguese mariner, learned how to use the counterclockwise winds of the South Atlantic to get around southern Africa, 1487
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese, used Bartolomeu Dias's discovery to reach India, opened an immensely profitable trade
Albany Plan of Union
Proposed by Benjamin Franklin that the colonies unite under a federal government; rejected
Thomas Paine
Published a very famous pamphlet Common Sense
John Winthrop
Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"
Tea Act
Refunded most taxes on tea
How did England disrespect the USA
Rejected new doctrine of free trade
Stamp Act Congress
Reps from 9 colonies met to draft a list of grievances
Miners trading posts
San Francisco
Why did people in New England Place so much more emphasis on education than people of other regions?
Schooling was more available in New England than elsewhere in the colonies. By the mid 1600s, Massachusetts law required towns to provide schools where students could learn the basics of reading and writing.
protect their property and their way of life.
Seceding states believed that they had to leave the Union in order to
Olive Branch Petition
Sent to King George III asking for an end to hostilities
First Continental Congress
September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts and published Continental Association
Middle Passage
Shippers carried the enslaved Africans across the Atlantic
Treaty of Hartford
Signed at the end of the Pequot War and officially dissolved the Pequot nation. (1638)
civil rights
Since the Civil War, Presidents have cited national security as pretext to suspension of ...
invest
Since the north grew rich from the war, they had more money to ...
What kind of state was Missouri?
Slave
slave trade
Slave traders bought and sold humans as property.
Phillis Wheatley
Slave, was the first African American to publish a book.
How did slavery in the North differ from slavery in the south?
Slavery differed in the north and the south because in the south there was more need for cheap labor to work hard on plantations, while in the north there was little need for slaves because there was little need for cheap labor, but in the north they were used as house sevants.
Why did slavery take root and begin to spread in America
Slavery took root and began to spread in america because free labor is always great and why not get almost free labor from Africa
Brigham Young
Smith's successor, led the Mormons far west
Why did so many people from Scotland emigrate to America?
So many people emigrated from Scotland to America because they wanted more land, were poorer peasants, farmers and wanted to avoid war
North vs. South on Wilmot Proviso
South opposed, North supported
de Las Casas
Spanish Priest who fought for better treatment of the Native Americans.
Juan de Onate
Spanish explorer and conquistador. He claimed New Mexico for Spain in 1598 and served as its governor until 1607.
Coronado
Spanish explorer who was searching for the Seven Cities of Gold. Claimed AR, NM, TX, OK, KS for the Spanish.
Presidios
Spanish military bases built to protect the missions
Hernan Cortes
Spanish, led a group of about 600 volunteers from Cuba to the coast of Mexico, 1519, born in 1485, university training as a lawyer, left Spain and went to Cuba and became rich from plantations
Pet banks
State banks that held government funds and were called this due to their loyalty to the Democratic Party
Federalists
Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption.
Saratoga
Surrender here was a turning point in the American Revolution
customs duties
Taxes on imported and exported goods
Stamp Act
Taxes placed printed materials, newspapers, pamphlets, posters, wills, mortgages, deeds, license, diplomas, dice, playing cards
Praying Towns
Term for New England settlements where Indians from various tribes were gathered to be Christianized
Sam Houston
Texan, drew Santa Anna eastward into a trap where they crushed Mexican army at Batlle of San Jacinto-- captured Santa Anna; first president of Texas who requested annexation formally to Congress
Tejanos
Texas' small Hispanic population
Tejanos
Texas' small Mexican Population
Federalist Era
The 1790s were known as the Federalist Era because they were dominated by two Federalist presidents (Washington and Adams) and saw the power of the central government increase. It also saw the formation of the two-party system in American politics.
What were the 2 mjor seaports in the middle colonies
The 2 major seaports in the middle colonies were New York and Philadelphia
What were the 3 major cash crops grown in the south?
The 3 major cash crops grown in the south were tobacco, indigo, rice
What was Benjamin Franklin trying to do in the Albany Plan of Union
The Albany Plan was a unifying government for the 13 colonies
war
The British threatened ... because of the Trent Affair, but Lincoln avoided this by releasing the two men.
Worcester v. Georgia
The Cherokee Nation won recognition as a distinct political community - Jackson refused to listen to the Supreme Court - John Ross wanted to stay and fight but the others were thinking of relocating
Connecticut Plan
The Connecticut Plan called for a two-house Congress in which both types of representation (population and equal representation between states) would be applied, and is also known as the Great Compromise Plan.
were the property of their owners.
The Dred Scott decision stated that slaves
moral
The Emancipation Proclamation turned the war from political to ...
Britain
The Emancipation would discourage __________ from supporting the Confederacy
The Federalists Papers
The Federalist Papers is a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pseudonym "Publius" to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution.
Why did the French building of Ft. Duquesne anger the British Governor of Virginia?
The French building of Ft. Duquesne angered the governor of Virginia because French were able to know travel the good all into the back country
(NOT) it prioritized states' rights over the rights of the federal government.
The Fugitive Slave Act angered Northerners because
it increased federal intervention in the affairs of independent states.
The Fugitive Slave Act angered Northerners because
required all citizens to support the slave system.
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 angered northerners because it
Describe the events of the Glorious Revolution. What document Grow out of it?
The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James. Parliament had established its right to limit the English monarch's power and to control succession to the throne during this time. THe kingship was given to William and Mary assuming they agreed to the rights of Parliament
How did the local Indian tribes benefit from fighting between the French and the British?
The Indians benefited from their middle position between the competing empires, both the French and the British wanted the Indians on their side.
Mayflower Compact (1620)
The Mayflower Compact, signed by 41 English colonists on the ship Mayflower on November 11, 1620, was an early step toward written frameworks of government in what is now the United States. The compact was drafted to prevent dissent among Puritans and non-separatist Pilgrims who had landed at Plymouth a few days earlier.
Describe the Navigation Acts. What did they do, and how did Americas React?
The Navigation Acts were a set of laws that required all British goods to go through British ports and leave on British ships with a British crew. this meant that Britain had to be included in all of the Americans trading and Americans were annoyed about that
African American
The North halted prisoner exchanges when the South refused to return ... soldiers
Britain
The South asked ______________ to recognize the Confederaion as an idependent nation (they remained neutral)
cease-fire
The South wanted to hold out in the war long enough for a ...
Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris ended the war triumphantly for the british who kept canada, the Great lakes Country, the Ohio River Valley and Florida.
Ulysses S. Grant
The Union general who led the army that invaded Western Tennessee. He had failed at everything he had tried in civilian life but was a decisive military commander. His forces captured two important forts: fort Henry on the Tennessee River and fort Donelson on the Cumberland River. He was ambushed at the Shiloh but regrouped and launched a counterattack.
North Advantage
The Union had more resources, people,workers, farms, money and trains.
national debt
The amount of money a national government owes to other governments or its people
would not
The battle of Gettysburg crippled the South and ensured that Lee (would/would not) be able to invade the North again.
What was the biggest seaport in New England
The beggest seaport in New England was boston
At the beginning of the French & Indian War, what was the goal of the British
The beginning of the war marked the goals to get ft Deucane
Industrial Revolution
The change in social and economic organization that resulted from the replacement of large scale industrial production
Describe the conditions of the "Middle Passage".
The conditions of the middle passage incuced being packed tightly with little room and often being chained together so you could not move
What crop was the biggest export from the Middle Colonies?
The crop that was the biggest export from the Middle Colonies was Wheet
What was the difference between the enlightenment and the Great awakening. How did Enlightenment thinkers view the power of government?
The difference between the great awakening and the enlightenment was the the enlightenment was when people went around town preaching, while the great awakening was a vast quick expansion. ENlightenment thinkers challenged the government ways
What were the dominant crops in the south?
The dominant crops in the south were cotton, tobacco, sugar, indigo, rice, and to a lesser extent okra, yam, sweet potato, peanuts, and watermelon.
widended
The economic gap between the North and South (widened/shrunk) after the Civil War
Lincoln won without a single Southern electoral vote.
The election of 1860 showed that the North and the South were two distinct political entities because
the competition of opposing political groups.
The events of "Bleeding Kansas" can be attributed to
Pequot War (1637)
The expansion of English settlement led to wars against the native peoples. In this war, 700 Pequots were killed by the colonists and their Indian allies.
Jamestown
The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution
Bill of Rights; amendments
The first ten amendments to the Constitution, added to protect the rights of individual citizens and adopted in 1781. (p. 108) drafted by Madison in 1791; guarantees that Anti-Federalists wanted against possible abuses of power by the central (or federal) government
George McClellan
The general that led the Union army, nicknamed the Armuy of the Potomac. He was an excellent administrator and popular with his troops but also extremely cautious. He refused to move against Richmond until he had more men and even then he refused to march. He lost against Lee in the Seven Days' Battles but ordered his men on Lee and gained a victory at the Antietam.
railroad system
The government during the war tried to help businesses with the construction of the ...
Habeas Corpus
The idea that no one could be held in prison without being charged with a specific crime. The idea that a colony would send raw goods
What key right did the trial of John Peter Zenger ensure for all Americans?
The key right that cae out of the trial of peter Zenger was freedom of the press was ensured for all Americans
Winfield Scott
The leader of the army at the beginning of the civil war
What was the major seaport in the south?
The major seaport in the south was Charlestown.
Trail of Tears
The marches in which the Cherokee people were forcibly removed from Georgia to the Indian territory on 1838-1840 with thousand of Cherokee dying on the way - the Cherokee Indian took when they were forcibly removed from their land, 1/4 of them died - 800 mile trip on foot — beginning of October and November
Constitutional Convention
The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution.
Matthew Brady
The most famous photographer during the Civil War
Whig Party
The political party formed in 1834 to oppose the policies of Andrew Jackson
Spoils System
The practice of winning candidates rewarding their supporters with government jobs - practiced by Jackson's party
Why did Parliament issue the proclamation of 1763? What was it intended to do?
The proclamation was in tended to keep people east of the app mountains
*Mass Production*
The production of goods in large quantities made possible by the use of machinery and the division of labor - led people from working in home out and into factories
French Revolution
The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.
Electoral College System
The system responsible for electing the president. The number of delegates in each state is the sum of their representatives and senators. This system was instituted because the Framers feared that direct election of the president would lead to mob rule.
What were the two main sectors of the New England economy?
The two main sectors of the New England economy were fishing, lumber, and trade.
Democrats
These people said the emancipation would prolong the war by antagonizing the South
Vicksburg and Gettysburg
These two battles doomed the South to defeat
Second Continental Congress
They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army,
Queen Elizabeth I
This "virgin" queen ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England
Sally Tompkin
This Southern nurse was promoted to captain
David Farragut
This admiral shut down the major port of Mobile Bay, AL
Rifle
This and Minnie ball made firing more accurate and let the soldiers reload faster
Shiloh
This battle taught both the Union and the Confederacy that they need to fight in a different way that in the past and demonstarted how bloody the war would be
Stonewall Jackson
This man was mistaken for a Yankee, and shot. He died from Pneumonia later.
Radical republicans
This party nominated John C. Fremont and favored harsher punishment for the South
National Union Party
This party, previously known as the Republican party, nominated Andrew Jackson (pro-union southerner) as Lincoln's running mate
Pinckney's Treaty (1795)
This treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi River and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans
Pickett's Charge
This was a famous charge that failed during the Battle of Gettysburg
tariffs; excise taxes
This was part of Federalist Alexander Hamilton's economic plan. High tariffs were placed on imported goods to help new and developing industries. (p. 110)
Purpose of the Constitutional Convention
To revise the Articles of Confederation
~600,000
Total number of deaths in the Civil War
Treaty of Paris
Treaty that ended the French and Indian War
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
USA obtained another 29,640 square miles in Southern Arizona and New Mexico; bougth this to facilitate railroad across continent
citizens who helped a runaway slave could be imprisoned.
Under the new Fugitive Slave Act passed in 1850,
Gouverneur Morris
United States statesman who led the committee that produced the final draft of the United States Constitution (1752-1816)
Virginia Plan
Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population
Robert Dinwiddie
Virginia governor who built a fort in Pennsylvania
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
Virginia no longer had an official church and state could not longer collect taxes for churches
did not, down
Wages (did/did not) rise with the prices, causing the standard of living to go (up/down)
Metacom (King Philip)
Wampanoag chief who led a brutal campaign against Puritan settlements in New England between 1675 and 1676. Though he himself was eventually captured and killed, his wife and son sold into slavery, his assault halted New England's westward expansion for several decades.
Fort Necessity
Washington retreated and built this fort
Henry Knox
Washington's (an the 1st) Secretary of War
Washington's Farewell Address
Washington's final speech to Americans before stepping down from office, gave warnings to the U.S - stay neutral/no political parties -do not get involved in European Affairs - do not make permanent alliances with foreign powers - do not fall into sectionalism
antislavery
West Virginia, which was _______ secedes from Virginia and is admitted to the Union in 1863
Harriet Tubman
What conductor on the Underground Railroad was known as "Black Moses"?
Border ruffians raided the anti-slavery town of Lawrence, Kansas.
What event started "Bleeding Kansas"?
California would be admitted as a free state.
What provision did the Compromise of 1850 include?
McClellan found Lee's plans (Lee and Stonewall's armies were separated
What stroke of luck allowed McClellan to gain the courage to move against Lee?
They were entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
What was Lincoln's view on African Americans?
Trent Affair
When James Mason and John Slidell (diplomats) traveled aboard a British ship (the Trent) when an American warship (San Jacinto) arrested the two men.
Attack
When faced with the dilemma of Fort Sumter, Davis decided to ...
Sent in food for hungry soldiers
When faced with the dilemma of Fort Sumter, Lincoln decided to ...
African Americans
Which group is this? -had a higher mortality rate because they caught diseases -When captured, they were executed on the spot or returned to slavery
African Americans
Which group is this? -originally wasn't able to serve in the war but after a few laws could serve -could only serve in separate regiments -could not rise above Captial -earned less money
Slaves
Which group is this? -sabotaged plantations -waited for Union army -Many fled beyond Union lines -gradually weakend plantation system
Women
Which group is this? -took over jobs at farms and in businesses while men were away -eventually gained government jobs
the attack at Fort Sumter
Which of the following events directly caused the outbreak of the Civil War?
Missouri Compromise
Which of these were nullified by the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
Henry Clay
Whig candidate who opposed annexation
Andrew Johnson
Who is the president after Lincoln's death?
Martin Van Buren
Who was the Free-Soil Party's candidate for President?
Confederacy (Lee v Hooker)
Who won the Battle of Chancellorsville?
Union
Who won the Battle of Gettysburg?
Union
Who won the Battle of Shiloh?
Confederacy
Who won the First Battle of Bull Run?
Confederacy (Lee)
Who won the Second Battle of Bull Run?
Confederacy
Who won the Seven Days' Battles?
Union
Who won the battle at Petersburg?
Union
Who won the battle of Antietam?
Union
Who won the battle of Vicksburg?
Lincoln
Who won the election of 1864?
Stephen Douglas
Who wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854?
Lincoln convinced senators to vote against the compromise.
Why did Crittenden's Compromise fail?
Few Americans would join a rebellion organized by Brown.
Why did John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry fail?
to assure the Southern states that they would make their own decisions about slavery
Why did Lincoln refer to the right of each State to control its own affairs in his inaugural address?
They believed that Lincoln was hostile to slavery.
Why did South Carolina secede from the Union?
to win the support of Britain and France.
Why did the Confederate States of America write a constitution that prohibited importing slaves from other countries?
for his attempt to seize the arsenal at Harper's Ferry
Why was Abolitionist John Brown executed?
Anaconda Plan
With the fall of Vicksburg and Port Hudson, another part of the ... was fulfilled
Anne Hutchinson
Woman who challenged Purtian religous authorities in Massachusetts Bay. Puritan authorities banished her because she challenged religious doctrine, gender roles. clerical authority, and claimed to have had revelations from God
Molly Pitcher, Margaret Corbin
Women who made valuable contributions in the American Revolution
John Paul Jones
Won an impressive naval battle against the British even though his ship almost sank
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Written by Jefferson and Madison Republican documents that argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional
George Washington
Young officer asked to raise a militia to expel French who would later go on to command the Continental Army
George Washington
Young, Ambitious Virginian, whom Dinwiddie entrusted the command to.
Inflation
_____________ devalued Confederate currency and ruined established families
John Wilkes Booth
a 26-year-old actor and Southern sympathizer who murdered Lincoln during the production of Our American Cousin at Fort's Theatre. He managed to escape and twelve days later was trapped in a Virginia barn and killed.
Copperhead
a Northern Democrat who advocated making peace with the Confederacy during the Civil War. The most famous was Clement Vallandigham.
Lyman Beecher
a Yale-educated minister, traveled and urged people to read the Bile, join a Church and embrace religion. Became the president of the new Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati.
Habeas Corpus
a court order requiring authorities to bring a prisoner before the court so that the court can determine whether the prisoner is being held legally. Abraham Lincoln initially suspended this in Maryland and Davis later followed with the Confederacy.
Frederick Douglass
a former slave, abolitionist, filled literature halls with stories
bicameral legislature
a lawmaking body made up of two chambers or parts
Chancellorsville
a location in Virginia where the South had defeated the north (Lee v Hooker) in 1863
Iroquois League
a loose confederation of five Iroquois peoples: Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas, mainly a ritual forum for promoting peaceful cooperation among the member natives
Castas
a middle-level status between Europeans at the top; and Amerindians and blacks at the bottom
Manifest Destiny
a notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.
Common Sense
a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain
Senate
a part of Congress; based on an equal number of representatives from each state (2).
Missonary
a person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country.
Andersonville
a prison camp in Georgia, run by Henry Wirz, that was known for its terrible hygiene conditions. The prison was overcrowded and had no shelter for the prisoners, causing disease to spread. About a third of the prisoners died.
Coercive Acts
a series of British measures passed in 1774 and designed to punish the Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party
Missouri Compromise
a series of agreements passed by congress in 1820-1821 to maintain the balance of power between slaves states and free states and Monroe signed in 1820
Shiloh
a small Tennessee church, where Confederate troops ambushed Grant's troops. Many Union soldiers died but Grant launched a counterattack that caused the Confederates to retreat.
Income Tax
a tax that Congress enacted in 1863 on earnings that helped to pay for the war.
Anaconda Plan
a three-part strategy by which the Union proposed to defeat the Confederacy in the Civil War 1. The Union navy would blockade Southern ports so they could neither export cotton nor import manufactured goods. 2. Union riverboats and armies would move down the Mississippi and split the Confederacy in tow 3. Union armies would capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia
ice age
a time lasting thousands of years during which the earth is covered by ice and glaciers
Vicksburg
a town in Mississippi that was one of the only two Confederate holdouts preventing the Union from taking control of the Mississippi. Grant attempted two frontal assaults but, when those failed, he lay siege to the city. On July 4 (same day as Gettysburg), the city fell.
Gettysburg
a town in Pensylvania where the most decisive battle of the war was fought. Confederate soldiers led by A.P. Hill encountered Union soldiers while looking for shoes and the two armies fought. The Confederates, originally, took hold of the town but the Union held the high ground. When the Union artillery fell silent on the third day, Lee ordered Longstreet and Pickett to press forward, but the Union surprised the Confederates and attacked. Lee then decided to retreat back to Virginia
public school movement
a.k.a common school movement, sought to establish a system of tax supported public school
Commercial Compromise
allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce yet prohibited any tariffs on exported goods. Significance: This agreement incorporated the needs of both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists to some degree.
How did the crusades help to expand Europe's horizons?
allowed Europeans to come in contact with other cultures and lands
Thirteenth Amendment
an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1865, that has abolished slavery and involuntary servitude.
Emancipation Proclamation
an executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, freeing the slaves in all regions behind Confederate lines. It did not free any slaves immediately because it did not apply to Southern territory already occupied by Union troops nor to the slave states that had not seceded. It gave the war a high moral purpose by turning the struggle into a fight to free the slaves.
Red Cross
an international organization that provides relief to people in times of war or natural disaster. Clara Barton founded the American branch in 1881.
Monitor
an ironclad ship used by the North in the Civil War.
Merrimack
an ironclad ship used by the South in the Civil War
United States Sanitary Commission
an organization set up by the US government to improve hygienic conditions of army camps and recruit and train nurses
committee of correspondence
an organization that spread information through the colonies
Ohio River Valley
area of contention between French and British- French and Indian War is started here
Why did Ottawa Indians, led by the war Chief Pontiac, attach the British fort in Detroit
because they wanted to get it back for the French
Dorothea Dix
began teaching in Prisons, helped change the injustice done against people in Prison, fought to build hospitals for the mentally ill
What were three common cultural characteristics shared by most Native Americans?
believed spirits were everywhere around them, took advantage of their environments' offerings, used everything in animals
Delaware River
body of water Washington famously crossed before launching the attack on December 25, 1776
utopian communities
chose to distance themselves from society, shared property, labor and family life. aspired to be perfect communities
minutemen
citizen soldiers who could be ready to fight at a minute's notice
Royal Proclamation of 1763
colonists could not settle west of the line along Appalachian Mountains
Charter Colony
colony established by a group of settlers who had been given a formal document allowing them to settle
War Profiteering
companies who make money off of selling weapons and other goods during war
Pequot War
conflict between English settlers and Pequot Indians over control of land and trade in eastern Connecticut
Noah Webster
created the American Spelling book
How did Spain disrespect the USA
cut off American trade in New Orleans
New Dow
earned a worldwide reputation for his lectures in alcohol abuse, mayor of Portland Maine, secured "Maine Law"
Temperance movement
effort to end alcohol abuse, some wanted complete ban while others wanted moderations
Ferdinand Magellan
encircled the entire glob,; filled in details on the map, 1519-1522
Democrats viewpoints on the war
enthusiastically in favor of the war
Catharine Beecher and Emma Willard
established schools for women in Connecticut, Ohio and N.Y.
Southern States
feared the northern states would take them over, viewed slavery as essential to the southern economy and society.
what did the articles of confederation form instead of a nation?
firm league of friendship between states
Lexington, Concord
first battles of the Revolutionary War
henry daivd thoreau
followed Emerson and wad jailed after refusing to pay taxed to support the Mexican American war
Discrimination on California's new Constitution
forbid slaves in California as well as free blacks-- no African Americans allowed-- did not want to compete with southern slave holders who could use slave labor to seek gold, nor did miners want free blacks in California
Effects of miner's wealthy investors
forced people to mine their mines and enjoyed a heavy profit
Sojourner Truth
former slave who held audiences spellbound with her speeches
Alamo Attack
fortified former mission in San Antonio, after 12 days of cannon fire, Mexicans overran walls of the Alamo, refusing to keep prisoners, the defenders including Jim Boiw, Davie Crocket, and a dozen tejanos were slaughtered
French and Indian War
frontier fighting b/t French and British that was part of the bigger Seven Years' War
Declaratory Act
gave Parliament the power to make laws for the colonies
writs of assistance
general search warrants that enabled customs officers to enter any location during the day to look for evidence of smuggling
General Zachary Taylor
general who led troops during the Mexican-American war
Why did West Africa become an important trade center?
gold, salt, ivory, and other valuable resources, SLAVES
Unitarians
groups organized believing that God is a single divine being or a unity.
Married Women's Property
guarantied property rights for women.
Elizabeth Blackwell and Ann Preston
helped establish medical training for women
Underground railroad
helped many slaves escape to Mexico where slavery was banned
Autonomy
independent control over one's own affairs
Why was Spain eager to find a new route across the Atlantic?
inspired by earlier discoveries of islands in the west, wanted to find another route to China
permanent alliances
keeping alliances with countries that cannot change. Washington warned against them.
Mexican Advantages in the war
knew the land, will to fight, language
Northwest Territory
lands northwest of the Appalachians, covered by the Land Ordinance of 1785
What building style did the Mississippian culture take from Mexican culture?
large towns built around central plazas, pyramids made of earth
Gag rule
law which prohibited debate and discussion in Congress about slavery
Richard Allen
lead a Philadelphian church and united with the African Methodist Episcopal Church.
Stephen Austin
led American emigrants into Texas forming the samll town of Austin
Annexation
legally adding land area to a state in the United States
National Bank Act
legislation passed in 1863 to make banking safer for investors. It's revisions included a system of federally chartered banks, new requirements for loans, and a system for the inspection of banks.
How did the ice age lead to the migration of people to the Americas?
made the sea level drop, revealed a land bridge, allowed people to walk across and follow their prey
Legislative Branch
makes laws, contains house of representatives and senate
California Gold Rush
mass migration of 80,000 fortune seekers into California in hopes of finding riches
Texas-Mexican Providence
modern day state of Texas that Mexico invited Americans to settle in as long as they followed the 4 restrictions; offered cheap, farmable land, in the hopes of gaining an economic and political advantage with the Americans
US Advantages in the Mexican American War
more populous, wealthier, had superbly trained military officers, industry to rapidly produce supplies, larger, advanced artillery, navy, Mexicans divided
Mansa Musa
most famous ruler of Mali, died in 1332
Lone Star Republic
name of Texas' new nation due to the one star on the flag
What role did disease play in the defeat of the native populations of the Americas?
nearly completely wiped out the whole population
White miners vs. Minorities Discrimination
new comers to west coast asserted dominance over Chinese by enforcing tax on foreigners, white miners terrorized and killed Native Americans by the tousands
North vs. South California Conflict
new free state would tip regional balance in the Senate, westward expansion became major source of divisiom
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
no power to tax, President lacked power, no money to buy ships or pay soldiers
Living conditions of miners
not a lot of food, slept on floor, worked dawn till dusk, over crowded living conditions
Pope's Rebellion
occurred when a Pueblo leader named Popé convinced other tribal leaders to end Spanish missionaries efforts to suppress the Pueblo's native religion.
William Lloyd Garrison
one of the leading abolitionists. Published America's first antislavery article.
Charles Grandison Finney
one of the most influential revivalists and former attorney. Proclaimed his own faith. He had an evangelical style of worship
Virginia Resolves
only the House had the right to tax Virginians
Whigs viewpoints on the war
opposed war, especially those from the North; believed Polk deliberately provoked war by sending troops into Texas; feared Polk wouldn't settle for even the biggest version of Texas but planned to annex the adjacent Northern Mexican providences including New Mexico; conquered territories might then become slave states increasing southern power in congress; did not dare block declaration of war because war had popular support and remembered demise of Federalist party after it opposed the War of 1812
Daughters of Liberty
organization of colonial women formed to protest British policies by spinning their own cloth
Political Parties
organization that tries to influence gov. policy by promoting its ideas and backing candidates for office
Headright system
parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.
Mexican government's issues
people not unified due to Santa Anna's dictatorship, Santa Anna made all dicisons in the best issue of the military not the best intrest of the country
Unstable Mexican Government
people not united due to Santa Anna's dictatorship
Mestizos
people of Native American and European descent
Emigrants
people who leave a country to live somewhere else
Anti-Federalists
people who opposed the Constitution
Two desired changes to the Articles of Confederation
power to regulate interstate and international commerce, power to tax people
A. Jackson-- US Congress
president before Polk, privately favored annexation but could not overcome opposition in Congress
Wilmot Proviso
proposed by David Wilmot of Pennsylvania, proposal to ban slavery in any land won from Mexico, broke party unity and instead divided Congress largely across sectional lines, passed in house of representatives but failed narrowly in the senate, reappeared in every session of Congress for the next 15 years only to fail in the Senate; brought slavery issue to the forefront and weakened the two major political parties
revivalists
protestant preachers who believed that Americans had become immoral.
What role did landownership hold in West African culture?
provided for those in the village who worked on the land
Mexican American Texas border disputes
reinflamed when Texas entered the union as a slave state in 1845, debate over Rio Grande being boundary of Texas (was decided it would be at the Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago)
Ratification of the Constitution
required 9 out of 13 states to ratify (approve) it to become law.
General Santa Anna
ruthless general who seized power in Mexico City; favored centralized, authoritarian government dominated by the military (troubled those who preferred a decentralized federal system, angered Americans who wanted autonomy); captured at BAttle of San Jacinto and fearing execution signed a treaty giving 1/3 of Mexico to the USA-- Mexico did not honor this because he was forced to sign it
How did the Portuguese come in contact with West Africans?
searching for golf
What was the structure of European society during the 1400s?
small portion of less than 5% of people ruled the poor, controllers were extremely rich , everyone else was extremely poor, very top - king/queen, poor rented land from aristocrats to farm or be artisans or shopkeepers
Appomattox Court House
small town in Virginia, near Appomattox, Virginia where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865 ending the Civil War
Conquistador
soldiers who explored central Mexico and defeated Indian civilizations there
Joseph Smith
spoke and wrote of visions he said directed him to found a new religious group, organized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with members called Mormons.
What did the Anti-Federalists fear?
strong national government like England's
Nat Turner
successful for carrying out the plans for slave revolt, but was not successful
adobe
sun-dried brick made from earth, water, and straw
Federalists
supporters of the Constitution
Royal colonies and Proprietary Colonies
term for provincial colonies; colonies that were under the direct control of the King, who usually appointed a Royal Governor. vs Owned by a person (always a white male) or family, who could make laws and appoint officials as he or they pleased.
Robert E. Lee
the General of the Confederate Army after General Joseph E. Johnston was wounded. He was willing to go beyond military textbooks and originally opposed secession. He declined an offer to head the Union army but chose to stand with his home state of Virginia. He won the Seven Days' Battles against McClellan and went to move against the Union capital. His troops won the Second Battle of Bull Run but had to retreat at the Antietam
local funds
the argument about State's rights moved to whether state or national government should determine how to use ...
What was the biggest difference between immigrants to the south compared to New England?
the biggest difference was that in the south, people had big plantations while in the north, immigrants fished and exported goods
David G. Farragut
the commander of the Union fleet that seized New Orleans in the spring of 1862 as well as Baton Rogue and Natchez.
Federal Courts
the courts of the national government that deal with problems between states, with the constitution, and with laws made by congress
Conscription
the drafting of citizens for military service. The Confederate law drafted white men (18-35) but allowed people to hire someone to serve in place of them and did not draft planters who owned 20 or more slaves, making the rule only really apply to poor people. The Union law drafted white men (20-45) but also allowed people to hire substitutes or to avoid this altogether by paying a $300 fee.
Articles of Confederation
the first constitution of the United States
House of Burgesses
the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legislative acts.
Columbian Exchange
the global exchange of goods and ideas between Europe, Asian, Africa, and the Americas after Columbus made his first transatlantic voyage in 1492
What was the Columbian Exchange?
the global exchange of goods and ideas between Europe, Asian, Africa, and the Americas after Columbus made his first transatlantic voyage in 1492
matrilineal
the inheritance of family names and property followed the female line in the family
Battle of Yorktown
the last major battle of the American Revolution
Legislative Branch
the lawmaking branch of government
Mayans
the leading peoples along the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean coast, after the Olmecs
Congress
the legislature of the United States government
House of Representatives
the lower house of Congress, consisting of a different number of representatives from each state, depending on population
William Tecumseh Sherman
the man that Grant appointed as commander of the military division of the Mississippi. He, similar to Grant, believed in total war (fighting civilians as well as soldiers) and raided Georgia. From there, he marched North, leaving destruction in his path (especially in SC) and living off the land; however, when he reached North Carolina, he started to men the war wounds by handing out food and oth er supplies
Sherman's March to the Sea
the march to Georgia to cut off parts of the Wouth
Aztecs
the most powerful people in the highlands of central Mexico
Seneca Falls Convention
the nation's first Women's Convention
What actions did Parliament take that made the colonists so angry?
they in encted a standing army and taxed the Americans
What rights did the Magna Carta Guarantee to English Nobles?
this document guaranteed certain rights for English nobility, the church, and to a lesser extent, the commoners. Magna Carta said that the king could not tax the nobility without talking to the nobility, they also could not be put in jail without a full trial.
49ers
those searching for gold, traveled by land trails, ship around the tip of South America, or short land passage at the Isthmus at Panama
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
thought women should be allowed in the men's business meeting
Ratify
to approve
Penitentiary movement
to change prisons into something less brutal and safer.
abolition movement
to end slavery, mostly northern
What was Columbus's purpose in sailing west across the Atlantic?
to search for China
migrate
travel a long distance
Moral suasion
trying to effect change by persuading people through moral arguments
Gettysburg
turning point of the war
Kivas
underground chambers in a Pueblo village, used by the men for religious ceremonies or councils
David Walker
used religion as the base for blistering attack on slavery
manumission
voluntary freeing of slaves
Why were the Portuguese venturing into the Atlantic Ocean?
wanted to spread Christianity and outflank Muslim domination in trade
Why did Spain and Britain not take the USA Seriously?
we and our confederation were weak
Economic Oppertunity
what Mexico saw allowing Americans to settle in Texas as
women's movement
working for greater rights for women
