U.S. History

What items were exchanged in the Age of Exploration?

From Europe came horses, cows, and sheep, and from the Americas came not only gold and silver but also tomatoes, cocoa, tobacco, potatoes, and corn, while from India, China, and Japan came tea - enriching merchants, governments, and the dining tables of Europeans.

in America's early years, 1800-mid1800's what were Americas 3 main ideas behind foreign policy

1. Isolationism: the US govt did not intend to establish colonies though they planned to expand within North America 2. No entangling alliances: both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were opposed to forming any permanent alliances with other countries or getting involved in their internal issues 3. Nationalism: a positive patriotic feeling about the US blossomed quickly among its citizens, particularly after the War of 1812 when the US defeating Britain. The industrial revolution also sparked nationalism by allowing even the most far-flung areas of us to communicate with each other via telegraph and expanding the railroad

What was the Mercator Projection?

In 1569, a Flemish cartographer named Gerardus Mercator produced the first world map on a flat linear projection drawn correctly to scale, which, because it enabled more-efficient seagoing navigation, became a standard in mapmaking

what were the 3 main phases of Reconstruciton

1. Presidential Reconstruction was largely driven by Andrew Johnson's policies, the presidential phase of reconstruction was lenient on the South and allowed continued discrimination and control over blacks 2. Congressional Reconstruction was controlled largely by radical republicans and took a different stance, providing a wider range of civil rights for blacks and greater control over the Southern government. Congressional Reconstruction is marked by military control over the former confederate states. 3. Redemption, which was when the confederate states were gradually readmitted into the Union. During this time, white Democrats took over the government of most of the south and in 1877 President Hayes withdrew the last federal troops from the south.

what were the 5 main anti-slavery movements

1. The American Colonization Society: Protestant churches formed this group, aimed at returning black slaves to Africa. Former slaves subsequently formed Liberia, but the colony did not do well, as the region was not well suited for agriculture. 2. American Anti-Slavery Society: William Lloyd Garrison, a quaker, was the major force behind this group and its newspaper, The Liberator. 3. Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society: A women only group formed by Margaretta Forten because women were not allowed to join the Anti-Slavery Society formed by her father 4. Anti-slavery Convention of American Women: A group that continued meeting even after pro-slavery factions burned down their meeting place 5. Female Vigilant Society: An organization that raised funds to help the Underground Railroad as well as slave refugees

What were the 6 major events of the civil war?

1. The Battle of Bull Run Jan. 21, 1861 was the first major land battle of the war. It took place in VA. Observers, expecting to enjoy an entertaining skirmish, set up picnics near by. Instead they witnessed a bloodbath and the battle. The Union forces were defeated and this set the course of the Civil War as a long bloody and costly fight. 2. The Capture of Fort Henry in Tennessee by Ulysses S. Grant, a Union general. This battle in Feb, 1862 marked the Union's first victory. 3. The Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3 1863 in PA was often seen as a turning point, Gettysburg saw the largest number of casualties, with over 50,000 dead wounded or missing. Robert E. Lee was defeated and the Confederate Army was significantly crippled 4. The Overland Campaign which happened May and June 1864 in VA, Ulysses S. Grant, who was now in command of all of the Union armies, led a high casualty campaign that eventually positioned the Union for victory. 5. Sherman's March to Sea was when William Sherman, a Union general, in May 1864 conquered Atlanta, then continued to Savannah, destroying vast amounts of property as he went. 6. Lee's surrender at the Appomattox Courthouse that general Ulysses S. Grant accepted in the home of Wilmer Mclean in VA on April 9, 1965.

What were the 5 main battles of the Revolutionary War?

1. The Battle of Lexington and Concord April 1775, It the first engagement of the Revolutionary War 2. The Battle of Bunker Hill June 1775 was the bloodiest battle of the war. Although Colonists withdrew, the Brits lost about half of their army. The Colonists proved they could stand a chance in the war. In August, Britain declared that the American Colonies were officially in a state of rebellion. 3. Trenton NJ December 26, 1776 was the first colonial victory in which Washington and his troops crossed the Delaware River on Dec 25th and led a surprise attack on the British and Hessian troops 4. Battle of Saratoga Sept 19-Oct 17 1777 effectively ended a plan to seperate the New England colonies from the Southern colonies. The surrender of the British General John Burgoyne led to France joining the war as American allies and this is considered a turning point of the war. 5. Battle of Yorktown October 19 1781 General Cornwallis surrendered after defeat ending the Revolutionary War

what were the 4 acts created after the French and Indian War?

1. The Sugar Act of 1764; which only required taxes to be collected on molasses brought into the colonies but gave British officials the right to search the homes of anyone they suspected of violating It 2. The Stamp Act 1765 which taxed printed materials such as newspaper and legal documents. Protests led this act to be repealed in 1766 but the repeal also included the Declaratory Act which stated Parliament had the right to govern the colonies 3. The Quartering Act of 1765 which required colonists to provide accomodations and supplies for british troops. Colonists were prohibited from settling west of the Appalachians until given permission by the UK 4. The Townshend Acts of 1767 taxed paper, paint, lead, and tea that came into the colonies, this led to boycotts in protesr and Massachusetts leaders like Samuel and John Adams to begin organizing resistence against the Brits

Who was Sacagawea?

A Shoshone Native American who helped Lewis and Clark's expedition and they hired her as a guide in 1805.

what were the major military events of the War of 1812

1. There were two big naval battles on Lake Erie and Lake Champlain that kept the British from invading the USA via Canada. 2. On August 24, 1814 British invaded Washington DC and burned the White House down. Legend has it, the first lady, Dolley Madison, salvaged the portrait of George Washington that was on fire 3. December 24 1814, The Treaty of Ghent officially ended the war however Andrew Jackson, unaware the war was over, managed another victory at New Orleans January 8 1815. This victory improved American morale and led to a new wave of nationalism known as the "Era of Good Feeling"

Timeline of the Age of Exploration during the 1500's

1492, Columbus claimed the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola for Spain 1497, John Cabot, an Italian, lands in Newfoundland 1519, Hernan Cortes begins the conquest of Mexico 1519-1522, Magellan's expedition to Asia results in the first circumnavigation of the world 1535, Jacques Cartier sails through eastern Canada, along the St. Lawrence River 1539-41, Hernando de Soto travels throughout the American South 1540, the Spanish discover the Grand Canyon and no Europeans visit again for 200 years. 1542, the Spanish begin settlement of the West Coast

Timeline of the Age of Exploration during the 1600's

1604, Acadia is "settled" by French fur traders 1607, the English settle in Jamestown 1620, the English settle in Plymouth 1625, the Dutch settle at New Amsterdam (later New York City) 1626, the English settle at Salem... that'll go well 1630, the English settle at Massachusetts Bay Colony, and, from there on, it's almost entirely small English settlements (except for a few small Scottish, Swedish, Dutch towns that pop up). 1682, is the big exception with the French claiming much of the area that is now Louisiana.

explain the split of the Democratic Republic party in the early 1800's

After 1824 the Democratic Republic party suffered a split and the Whig party rose up backing John Quincy Adams and industrial growth . The new Democratic party rose in opposition to the Whigs and their candidate Andrew Jackson was elected in 1828.

what were the objections against the Constitution of the USA

9 out of the 13 states needed to approve the Constitution for It to go into effect and debate continued. There were 3 major concerns 1. the lack of a bill of rights to protect individual freedoms 2. states felt too much power was being handed to the central government 3. Voters wanted more control over their elected representatives Discussions about the constitution were divided into 2 camps Federalists who wanted a strong central government and Anti-federalists who wanted to prevent a tyrannical government from developing if the central government had too much power

Who was Chief Joseph?

A leader of the Nez Perce who supported peaceful interaction with white settlers, attempted to relocate his tribe into Canada rather than move to a reservation.

what was the Dred Scott decision?

Abolitionists came together on opinions around the the case of Dred Scott, using his case to test the country's laws regarding slavery. Scott, a slave, had been taken by his owner from Missouri, which was a slave state. He traveled to Illinois then to Minnesota territory, also free areas. Several years later he returned to Missouri and his owner had died, so abolitionists took his case to court claiming Scott was no longer a slave since he had lived in free territory. The case went to the Supreme Court. The Court states that because Scott, as a slave, was not a US citizen, his time in the free states did not change his status. He also did not have the right to sue. In addition, the court said the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional stated that Congress had overstepped its bounds by outlawing slavery in these territories.

Who was Squanto?

An Algonquian Native American who helped early English settlers survive the hard winter by teaching them native methods of planting corn, squash, and pumpkins

Who was Pocahontas?

An Algonquian Native American who was a famous liaison with John Smith's Jamestown colony in 1607

what factors led to the increasing discontent in the american colonies

Colonists were being born on American soil and felt detached from the UK. Colonists were allowed to self govern while Britain dealt with international issues. The colonies were left to run themselves giving them a lot of independence and threats during the F&I War led colonists to unite together.

what was the attitude towards education on the early 19th century?

Horace Mann felt schools could help children become better citizens, keep them away from crime, prevent poverty, and help American Society become more unified. His Common School Journal brought his ideas of the importance of education to the public consciousness and proposed his suggestions for an improved American education system. Increased literacy led to increased awareness of current events, Western expansion, and other major developments of the time period. Public interest in the arts and literature increased and by the end of the 19th century all children had access to free public elementary education

explain the fall of the Federalist Party in the early 1800's

Jefferson was elected in 1800 and then in 1804, The Federalist party began to decline and its figurehead Alexander Hamilton died in a duel with Aaron Burr in 1804 by 1816 this party was virtually extinct

What incident happened at Harper's Ferry and what was John Brown's role?

John Brown was an abolitionist who had participated in anti-slavery activities including killing 5 pro-slavery men in retaliation after the sacking of Lawrence, Kansas, an anti-slavery town. He and other abolitionists banded together to pool their funds and build a runaway slave colony. In 1859, Brown seized a federal arsenal in Harper's Ferry, located in West Virginia. Brown intended to seize guns and ammunition and lead a slave rebellion but Robert E. Lee captured Brown and 21 followers who were tried and hung. While Northerners saw this as the government accepting slavery, Southerners believed most northerners supported Brown and were in general anti-slavery.

What was the McCulloch vs. Maryland court case?

Judicial review was further exercised by the Supreme Court in this case, when Congress chartered a Second National Bank of the United States. Maryland voted to tax any bank business dealing with banks outside of the state, including the federal bank. Andrew McCulloch an employee from the Second National Bank of the US in Baltimore refused to pay this tax, resulting in a lawsuit from the state of Maryland. Marshall, Chief of Justice of the Supreme Court stated Congress was within its rights to charter a national bank and that the state of Maryland did not have the power to levy a tax on the federal bank or on the federal government in general. This led to the ruling that if state and nation collide on policy, the federal government prevails 1819

explain the development of political parties in the early us government

Many people were against political parties in the US because of seeing the way parties or factions functioned in the UK. They were more interested in personal profit instead of overall good. However, the differences in opinions between Hamilton and Jefferson led to political parties. Hamilton liked strong central government while Jefferson was in favor of states rights. Jefferson was in favor of a strict reading of the constitution while Jefferson believed It could be interpreted. Hamiltons party was the Federalists and Jefferson's party was the Democratic-Republics

What is the Monroe Doctrine?

On December 2, 1823 President Monroe delivered a message to Congress in which he introduced this doctrine. He states that any attempts by European powers to establish new colonies in North America would be considered interference in American affairs and politics. The US would stay out of European matters and expect Europe to do the same. This stated in no uncertain terms that the US would not tolerate any new European colonies in the new world and events occuring in Europe would not longer involve the US

Who were the far northern tribes?

The Aleuts and the Inuit lived in skin tents or igloos. They were good fishermen. They build kayaks and umiaks. They hunted caribou, seals, whales and walruses.

what were the Black Codes and what was the Civil Rights Bill

The Black Codes were proposed to control freed slaves. They would not be allowed to bear arms, assemble, serve on juries, or testify against whites. Schools would be segregated and unemployed blacks would be arrested and forced to work. Andrew Johnson became president after Lincoln died and supported these codes and vetoed the civil rights act in 1865 and again in 1866. The second time, Congress overrode his veto and It became law. 2 years later, Congress voted to impeach Johnson, the culmination of tension between Congress and the President. He was tried and came within a single vote of being convicted but was ultimately acquitted and finished his term in office.

what were the circumstances of Lincoln's assasination

The Civil War ended with the surrender of the South on April 9, 1865 and 5 days later Lincoln and his wife Mary attended the play Our American Cousin at the Ford Theater. John Wilkes Booth performed his part in a conspiracy theory to aid the Confederacy by shooting Lincoln in the back of the head. Booth was caught and killed by Union soldiers 12 days later. Lincoln was taken home from the theater and died the next day

What was the Emancipation Proclamation and how did It benefit the Union's Military Strategy?

The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Lincoln on Jan 1 1863 which freed all slaves in the Confederate states that were still in the rebellion against the Union. While the original proclamation did not free any slaves in the states actually under Union control, It set the precedent of an emancipation of slaves as the war progressed. This worked in the Unions favor because then many freed slaves and other black troops joined the Union Army. Almost 200,000 blacks fought in the Union army and over 10,000 served in the Navy. By the end of the war 4 million slaves had been freed and in 1865 slavery was abolished with the 13th amendment.

why did the British start heavily taxing the colonists after the french and indian war

The UK needed more revenue to pay off war debt, defend the expanding empire, and govern britains 33 far flung colonies including the Americas. Because they had spent a lot of money to protect American colonists in F&I war they felt they could tax them higher. the colonists protested this and It later turned violent

what were the differences in colonial and british government that led to no taxation without representation

The colonists began to practice representative government who were male property owners that were voted in, in contrast, English government had Parliament which represented all of England and more so english socioeconomic classes. the colonists said they had no representation in this form of government

what was the impact of technological advances in navigation and seafaring exploration during the age of exploration

The compass and the astrolabe were important tools. The magnetic compass was used by the Chinese since 200 BCE and the astrolabe came to Europe from Arab navigators and traders who had refined designs done by the ancient greeks. The portuguese developed a ship called a caravel for advanced long journeys. The portuguese also discovered a sea route from europe to asia in 1498.

What was Marbury vs Madison and what was the significance?

The main duty of the Supreme Court today is judicial review and this was established in Marbury vs Madison. When John Adams was voted out of office in 1800 he worked to appoint a federalist judge to the supreme court in his last few days knowing jefferson had different views. March 3rd the day before Jefferson was supposed to take office, Adams made last minute appointments called the midnight judges. One of these appointments was William Marbury, the next day Jefferson ordered his secretary of state James Madison not to deliver Marbury's commission. The decision was backed by Chief of Justice Marshall who determined the Judiciary Act of 1789 which granted power to deliver commissions was illegal in that It gave the judicial branch powers not granted in the constitution. This case set the precedent for the Supreme Court to nullify laws that were illegal under the Constitution.

What was the Tea Act and how did It lead to the Boston Tea Party

The majority of the Townshend Acts were repealed after the Boston Tea Party and in 1773 the Tea Act was passed which allowed the East India Company to sell tea for much lower prices, allowing them to bypass American distributors and sell directly to shop keepers. Colonial tea merchants saw this as a direct assault on their businesses and in Dec 1773 the Sons of Liberty boarded ships in the Boston Harbor and dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor.

what were the navigation acts

These acts were put into place in 1651 as an attempt for the british to dominate international trade. They were aimed largey at the Dutch.The Acts banned foreign ships from transporting goods to the British colonies and from transporting goods to Britain from elsewhere in Europe. While the trade restrictions upset some colonists, the acts were helpful for other american colonists who were legally able to provide trips for Britains growing trade and use the ships in their own trading venture. When the French and Indian War ended, 1/3 of british ships were american built.

Who were the Pueblo Tribes?

They included the Zuni, Hopi, and the Acoma. They lived in the Southwest deserts in homes made of stone and adobe. They domesticated animals and cultivated corn and beans.

Who were Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull?

They led Sioux and Cheyenne troops into the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876 soundly defeating George Armstrong Custer.

Who were the Plains Tribes?

They lived between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. These nomadic tribes lived in teepees and followed buffalo herds. Plains tribes included Sioux, Cheyenne, Comanche, and Blackfoot

Who were the Algonquins?

They were a Native American group in the eastern part of the US that lived in wigwams. The northern tribes hunted and gathered while more southern tribes grew crops such as corn.

Who were the Iroquois?

They were an eastern Native American tribe who spoke a different language than the Algonquins and lived in rectangular longhouses.

Who were the Pacific Coast Tribes?

They were the Tlingit, Chinook, and Salish. They lived on fish native berries and roots. Their rectangular homes housed large family groups and they used totem poles.

What are the origins and the basic ideas of the Declaration of Independence

This document was penned by Thomas Jefferson and signed on July 4 1776. It stated that King George III violated the rights of the colonists and was establishing a tyrannical rule. Jefferson's ideas of natural rights and property rights were shaped by John Locke. Jefferson asserted everyone's rights to life liberty and pursuit of happiness which was similar to Locke's life liberty and private property. He felt the purpose of government was to protect the people and that individuals rights were more important than individuals obligation to the state

what were the effects of new laws on British Colonial Relationships

While earlier acts like the Navigation Act brought money to the colonists, new laws after 1763 required colonists to pay money back to Britain for protecting them during the french and indian wars and the colonists thought this was unfair and illegal. The development of local government in America gave colonists a dif view of the structure and the role of the government and this made It hard for the British to understand their protests.

explain the Lewis and Clark expedition

With the Louisiana purchase, the USA doubled in size and Jefferson wanted the area mapped out and explored. He chose Lewis and Clark to do this and after two years they returned having gotten all the way to the Pacific Ocean. They had maps, detailed journals, and info. This opened up the West for further exploration and settlement

What led to the Boston Massacre?

With the passing of the Stamp Act, 9 colonies met in NYC to demand a repeal, and protests started happening in NYC, Philadelphia, and Boston. The Townshend Acts escalated the violence and people started attacking British officials. The British sent in troops to NYC and Boston. March 5 1770 protesters taunt the British by throwing snowballs, soldiers start firing into the crowd leading to 5 deaths and 8 injuries and this was called the Boston Massacre. Shortly after UK repealed the Townshend Acts.

who was the first person from Europe to discover the Americas

a viking in 1000 CE Leif Eriksson

a. who were the 4 main presidential candidates for the 1860 election and what were their opinions on slavery? b. who won?

a. 1. John Breckinridge represented the Southern Democrats. He was pro-slavery but urged compromise to preserve the Union 2. Abraham Lincoln of the Republican was anti-slavery 3. Stephen Douglas was of the Northern Democratic party and thought the issue should be determined by states 4. John Bell, of the Constitutional Union Party who was focused on keeping the Union intact b. Lincoln won the popular and electoral vote and southern states who had said they would secede if Lincoln won did so leading with South Carolina. Shortly after, the Civil War started when Confederate shots were fired on Fort Sumter Charleston

a. what were the goals of the Spanish Colonists during the age of exploration? b. how did they treat the Natives c. what areas did they take over

a. 1. spread catholicism 2. gold 3. build large plantations for tobacco, sugar, and ranches b. as savages rather than humans. Slavery and Catholicism was forced upon them c. Western half of South America, Mexico, Florida, Texas, New Mexico, California

a. What were the 3 main advantages of the Northern states b. What were the 4 main advantages of the Southern states

a. 1.larger population, the North had 24 states while the South had 11 2. better transportation and finances, there were more railroads in the north due to the economy in trading 3. Raw materials, the North held the majority of America's gold as well as iron, copper and other minerals vital to war times b. 1. better trained military officers, many southern officers were West Point trained and had commanded in the Mexican and Indian wars 2. Familiarity with weapons, the climate and lifestyle in the South meant most people were experienced with guns and horses 3. defensive position, the South felt victory was guaranteed since they were protecting their own land and the North was invading 4. Well-defined goals, the south fought an ideological war to be allowed to govern themselves (aka keep slavery legal) and preserve their way of life while the North originally fought to keep the Union together and then changed their goal to ending slavery

a. what was the development of economic trends during the early-mid 1800s in the 1. . Northeast 2. . South 3. . West b. what was the result of this

a. 1. economy depended on manufacturing, industry, and industrial development. This led to a dichotomy between rich business owners and industry leaders and the much poorer workers. 2. continued to depend on agriculture esp. large scale farms and plantations worked mostly by slaves and indentured servants. 3. land was largely wild, growing communities were typically agricultural b. different views on politics and economics

what was the purpose of the a. 13th amendment b. 14th amendment c. 15th amendment

a. 13th amendment ratified by the states on Dec 6th 1865, this prohibited slavery in the USA b. 14th amendment overturned the Dred Scott decision and was ratified July 9th 1868. American citizenship was redefined and a citizen anyone who was born or naturalized on US soil, with guaranteed equal legal protection by all states. It also guaranteed citizens of any race the right to file lawsuit or serve on a jury c. 15th amendment was ratified Feb 3rd 1870 and It states that no citizen of the US can be denied the right to vote based on race, color, or previous status as a slave

a. who were major players in the Federalist Party, what did they write? b. who were major players in the anti- Federalist Party, what did they write? c. what was the compromise

a. Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison wrote the Federalist Papers which aimed at convincing the states to ratify the constitution they were published in the NY papers b. Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry and they argued against the constitution in a series called the anti-federalist papers c. the final compromise was a strong central government controlled by checks and balances. A bill of rights was also added, becoming the first 10 amendments to the constitution. These amendments protected rights such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and other basic rights. Besides various amendments added, the US constitution has remained unchanged

a. what was the initial proposition for the Constitution

a. Delegates from 12 of the 13 states (Rhode Island did not have one) met in Philly May 1787 intending to revise the articles of confederation, however, It became a simple revision was not enough. They decided to keep their new meetings a secret until they figured out the changes they needed to make and this led to the Constitution of the USA. By keeping It a secret they were able to present the whole document for approval instead of having to be hammered on every small detail

who was the first a. President b. Vice President c. Secretary of State d. Secretary of Treasury

a. George Washington b. John Adams c. Thomas Jefferson d. Alexander Hamilton

a. what was the importance of Columbus and what were the names of his 3 ships? b. what made his trip possible c. describe Columbus's 4 voyages

a. He is credited with the discovery of the Americas. Nina, Pinta and the Santa Maria b. His discoveries were made possible by a combination of technology, geopolitics, religion, and capitalism. c. 1. It took 3 months, with 3 ships they get to the Canary Islands and eventually Bahamas on to Cuba Haiti and Dominican Republic. He found new metals. He left a groups of sailors on island of Hispaniola (Haiti) and called the colony La Navidad. Native people he came into contact he said would be good for servitude 2. 17 ships this time, he leaves Cadiz 1943, goes to La Navidad the natives killed all of those people, Columbus starts war, he makes hundreds of natives become slaves and puts Bartholomew and Diego in charge of rebuilding the colony. He does not find a lot of gold so he brings back slaves but Queen Isabell turns him down 3. 1498 he veers south looking for India but gets to Grenada, Margarita, Trinidad and Tobago. Bartholomew and Diego rule Hispaniola too violently and eventually were replaced. Columbus himself was also a very violent ruler, enslaving and reducing the native population, he got reported to the monarchy and had to go to trial. He was allowed to go on a fourth trip because he was such a good explorer though. 4. 1502 he still wanted to find India, but he got stranded on Jamaica and had to get picked up by someone from Hispaniola he returned to Spain in 1504. He thought he had discovered more places in the East.

a. What was Columbus's role in the Age of Exploration? b. What was Spains further expansion into the Americas

a. He wanted to go across the Atlantic, but Portugals King John II had already committed to other voyages so he turned to Madrid to get help from Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile and Aragon. They recently ended Muslim rule in Spain. Columbus set out in 1493 and he landed in the Bahamas, but thought he landed in a Western Part of India so he called them the West Indies. On his 4th trip Columbus discovered the coasts of Honduras and Panama. b. 1499 Vespucci explores the coast of southern america and in 1507 labeled It on the map "the New World". in the mid 1500's Cortes conquered Mexico, Pizarro conquered Peru. They later discovered the Philippines in the 1560's

a. what was the Indian Removal Act of 1830 b. what was the treaty of New Echota

a. It gave the new government power to reform treaties with the native americans, in theory America would claim land east of the Mississippi in exchange for land west of the mississippi, to which the natives would relocate voluntarily. In practice many tribal leaders were forced into signing treaties and relocate by force b. 1835 the treaty of New Echota was supposedly a treaty between the United States and Cherokee tribes in Georgia however the treaty was not signed by the tribal leaders but rather by a small portion of the represented people. The leaders protested and refused to leave but president Martin Van Buren enforced the treaty and forced people off of the land by sending soldiers. during their forced relocation, more than 4,000 Cherokee died on what became known as the Trail of Tears

a. what was jacksonian democracy

a. It is largely seen as a shift from politics favoring the wealthy to politics favoring the common man. All free white males were given the right to vote, not just property owners. Jacksons approach favored the patronage system , Laissez-Faire, and relocation of Native American tribes from the Southeast. Jackson opposed the formation of a federal bank and allowed the Second Bank of the United States to collapse by vetoing a bill to renew the charter. Jackson also faced the challenge of the Nullification Crisis when South Carolina claimed It would ignore or nullify any federal law It considered unconstitutional. Jackson sent troops to the state to enforce the protested tariff laws and made a compromise engineered by Henry Clay in 1833 that settled this matter for a time being.

a. what was the Virginia Plan b. what was the New Jersey Plan c. what was the great compromise

a. James Madison and Edmund Randolph (the governor of Virginia) felt representation in Congress should be based on state population size b. William Patterson from New Jersey said states should have equal representation c. Roger Sherman from Connecticut formulated the Connecticut Compromise also known as The Great Compromise, which resulted with the structure we had today. Each state has equal representation of 2 senators in the Senate and the number of representatives in the House of Representatives would be based on state population. This is called a bicameral Congress. Both houses can pass bills but financial matters must originate in the House of Reps.

a. where were the southern colonies located? b. what was the economy like? c. lifespan and livelihood d. what was religion and politics like like

a. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. VA was the first permanent English colony GA was the last. b. warm climate and rich soil led to agriculture, growing season was very long. Labor intensive plantations were built, most land was controlled by rich plantation owners, labor came from indentured servants and slaves who arrived in VA in 1619. They grew cash crops like rice, indigo, tobacco c. 35 years education was not important, population was scattered d. Anglican church supported by taxes, if you wanted to be in politics you had to be a member of the church, this area had the greatest degree of religious toleration Politics were controlled by planter aristocracy, each colony had a governor chosen by an english sponsor, during the 1700's these assemblies took power away from the governor, in order to run for office, you had to be a member of the anglican church people like Jefferson became a member of the church for this reason then never went

a. where were the Middle Atlantic colonies? b. where were the people who settled here from c. what was the economy like

a. NY, NJ, Pennsylvania, Delaware b. various places including the Netherlands and Sweden c. due to the good soil, a lot of crops were produced such as rye, oats, potatoes, wheat, and barley. Some people had large farms or businesses. Farmers usually had enough surplus to sell and tenant farmers rented from larger farmers

a. which colonies were the New England colonies b. why did the British come to the colonies c. what was the environment in the area d. what was the economy like e. lifespan and livelyhood

a. New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts b. to escape religious persecution, the Puritans migrated to america in the 1600's and this had a big influence on the culture. c. lots of harbors, dense forests for protection, soil was rocky and hard not well suited for agriculture d. fishing, shipbuilding, trade along with small farms, and lumber mills. Merchants controlled the economy e. same as today, education was important, people lived mostly in towns

a. how did explorers go about conquering territories b. what were some of the big results after this age of exploration

a. Not all conquests were bloody, some were done by collaboration between the colonized and colonizer. A lot was still done by war. Cortes fought a war in Mexico by recruiting indigenous allies against the Aztecs. In Cortes siege of Tenochtitlan over 200,00 Aztecs died Pizarro achieved his conquest of the Incas through treachery and slaughter however he had recruited 40,000 Incas to do so. b. results were sharing and fusions of cultures, war, and disease. While the Spanish ended making natives the slave laborers in 1543, this led to the rise of the Atlantic Slave Trade.

a. when did the Second Continental Congress happen and where b. what did they discuss c. what was the result

a. Philadelphia May 10 1775, a month after Lexington and Concord b. their discussions centered on defense of the American colonies and how to conduct the growing war as well as local government, they discussed independence from Britain c. They created an army June 15th 1776 with George Washington as the commander in chief, by 1776 It was clear there would be a full blown war so the Declaration of Independence was drafted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776.

a. when and where did the First Continental Congress meet b. what was their goal c. what was Britain's response

a. Philadelphia September 5th 1774 b. The goal was to achieve a peaceful agreement with the British. 12 representatives from the 13 colonies affirmed loyalty to Britain and the power of Parliament to dictate foreign affairs however they demanded the Intolerable Acts be repealed and instituted a trade embargo with Britain until this came to pass (would not trade with Britain until this happened) c. George III declared American colonies must submit or face military action. The British wanted to end opposition to these policies, the American assembly gathered to get weapons and form militias. On April 19, 1775 the British military was ordered to disperse a meeting of the Massachusetts assembly and a battled ensued on Lexington Common as armed colonists resisted. The resulting battles became the Battle of Lexington and Concord, the first battles of the American Revolution

a. When was the Treaty of Paris? b. What was its significance?

a. September 3, 1783 bringing an official end to the war b. Britain finally recognized the United States of America as an independent nation. It established the Mississippi River as the western border. The treaty gave Florida back to Spain, while France claimed the African and Caribbean colonies seized by the British in 1763. November 5th 1783, British troops departed from the USA.

a. what led to the Mexican American War b. what was the Mexican American War

a. Spain held a colonial interest in the Americas since 1540. In 1810 Mexico revolted against Spain and became an independent nation in 1821. Texas followed declaring its independence after an 1836 revolution. In 1844 Democrats passed President Tyler to annex Texas, unlike Jackson, Tyler agreed to admit Texas into the union, and in 1854 Texas became a state. During Mexico's war for independence, the nation incurred 4.5 million dollars in war debt to the USA. President Polk offered New Mexico and upper California in exchange for the money but Mexico said no. b. In 1846 war was declared in response to a Mexican attack on US troops along the southern border of Texas. Additional conflict arose in Congress over Wilmot Proviso which stated that slavery was prohibited in any territory the US got from the Mexican American war. The war ended in 1848

a. when and where were the articles of confederation written b. what are the articles of confederation c. why did the articles of confederation fail d. what document did this lead to

a. The Continental Congress approved them November 15 1777 and they were put into effect March 1 1781 following the ratification of the 13 states b. they represented the first attempt of the colonies to establish the basics of government. They prevented a central government from gaining too much power and instead gave power to a congressional body made up from delegates of all 13 states however individual states retained final authority c. without a strong executive, the weak alliance among the new states was ineffective in settling disputes and enforcing laws. The weak central government needed to be revised and this led to the Constitution d. constitution

a. What were the Corrective Acts passed after the Boston Tea Party? b. what were they also called c. what did they lead to

a. The Corrective Acts were passed in 1774 and were meant to punish Massachusetts for defying the Brits. These four acts became known as the Intolerable Acts. 1. Shut down ports in Boston until the city helped pay back the value of tea destroyed during the tea party 2. Required local government officials in Mass to be appointed by the governor rather than be elected by the people 3. Allowed the trials of British soldiers to be transferred to Britain rather than held in Massachusetts 4. Required locals to provide lodging for British soldiers any time there was a disturbance even if lodging required them to stay in private homes b. The Intolerable Acts c. The assembly of the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia on September 5th, 1774. 55 delegates met, representing 12 American Colonies they sought compromise with England over England's increasingly harsh efforts to control the colonies

a. Who was involved in the second wave of exploration during the Age of Exploration? b. what were some of their important discoveries?

a. The Dutch, French, and English b. The English hired John Cabot in the late 15th century and he discovered modern-day Newfoundland in 1497. Henry Hudson mapped the island of Manhattan in 1609 and the English Virginia Company had laid colonial claim near Chesapeake Bay. In 1608 Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec City. In 1624 the Dutch founded what would become NYC. The Dutch also began to explore Australia in the 1600's

a. What was the Age of Exploration or Discovery b. how did this exploration begin c. describe portugal's expansion into the Americas

a. There was an assertion of European power that has not been seen since the Crusades. From the 1400's to the early 1600's Europe explored the territories of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. It was a time of technological innovation and expansion of trade. This resulted in interactions of cultures that would shape European civilization and launch some of the most powerful colonial empires. b. It started from old Euro rivalries with the Turks and Arabs in times of the Crusades. The Turkish conquest of the Byzantine Empire in the 1400's which culminated the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 cut off European access by sea to trading in N Africa, the Middle East and ASia. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal launched the age of exploration looking for a way to threaten the hegemony of muslim rulers in north Africa so he sent a series o f expeditions to explore the continent with the end goal of taking over the gold and ivory trade between central africa and arab rules in the north. he wanted to rechannel the trade through the atlantic ocean to portugal. Inventions of the Renaissance helped them accomplish this, and europeans adopted celestial navigation used by arab sailors, which were dry magnetic compasses. With this and improvement in ships, they could not cross the atlantic. Prince Henry then had 3 Lisbon sponsored voyages near the coast of africa which took place between 1434 and 1460 which led to the conquering of Madeira ISlands and the Azores. In 1482 Diogo Cam discovered the Congo River and in 1488 Bartholomew Diaz reached the Indian Ocean. in 1497 Vasco da Gama got to the southern tip of Africa and called It the Cape of Good Hope. In the 1500's they got into asia and reached Japan in 1560. c. In 1500's Pedro Alvares Cabral discovered Brazil.

a. what was the treaty of paris b., what was the effect of the treaty of paris on Native Americans

a. after the revolutionary war, the treaty of paris outlined the terms of surrender of the British to the Americans, It granted large parcels of land to the US that were occupied by Native Americans. The new government attempted to occupy these lands and treat the native americans as conquered people but this approach did not work. b. the government tried purchasing the lands from the native americans via a series of treaties as the country expanded westward however these treaties were not honored and NA were dislocated and forced to move further west often with military action

a. what were the goals of Reconstruction? b. what was the Freedmen's Bureau

a. at the end of the Civil War, the South was in chaos, from 1865 to 1877 government on all levels worked to help restore order to the south, ensure civil rights of freed slaves, and bring the Confederate states back into the Union. This became known as the Reconstruction Period, placing former confederate states under military rule and starting the ground for readmission into the Union. b. The Freedmen's Bureau was formed to help freedmen with basic necessities like food and clothing, finding employment, and finding family members who had been separated during the war. Many Southerns felt this organization worked to set freed slaves against their former owners. The Freedmen's Bureau was intended to help former slaves become self sufficient and keep them from falling prey to those who would take advantage of them. It eventually closed due to lack of funding and violence from the KKK.

a. what were the goals of English colonizers during the age of exploration b. how did they treat the natives c. what areas did they take over

a. building plantations, creating more sources of income, escaping religious persecution b. relatively friendly shared hunting, trading, and crop growing techniques, after the development of greed over crops and income, their relationship grew hostile c. the east of coast of the now usa in Virginia, Massachusetts, Maine, Georgia and later all the way to the Mississippi

a. what were the goals of French colonizers during the age of exploration b. how did they treat the natives c. what areas did they take over

a. focused on expanding fur and fishing trading b. they partnered with natives to determine best areas for hunting and created elaborate maps of where animals were and which tribes ruled which area. they engaged each other in hunting tactics, cooking tactics, and practiced intermarriage, they attempted to convert some natives to Catholicism c. Northeastern USA and southern Canada. Quebec, Montreal, all around Mississippi, Louisiana which consisted of Arkansas, Colorado, N and S Dakota, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Minnesota, Kansas, Iowa, Wyoming, Montana and Idaho

a. what were the goals of Dutch colonizers during the age of exploration b. how did they treat the natives c. what areas did they take over

a. getting involved in the fur trade, search for the connection between europe and asia through the northwest passage (which does not exist) b. dutch were close to the french so they created alliances with the french's enemies c. Canadian region, present day NYC, New Jersey, Philadelphia

a. what was popular sovereignty b. what was the compromise of 1850

a. in addition to pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions, a third group rose up saying individual states should decide whether to allow slavery or not in their borders. The idea a state could make its own choice was called popular sovereignty b. when CA applied for the union in 1849, balance of congressional power was threatened. The Compromise of 1850 introduced a set of laws meant to bring an end to this conflict, they were 1. California would be admitted as a free state 2. The outlaw of slave trade in Washington DC 3. An increase in efforts to capture escaped slaves 4. The right of New Mexico and Utah to decide whether they wanted slavery or not

why did France sell the Louisiana Territory?

a. tensions were high between Britain and France, Napoleon needed money to support the war. He sold the territory to Jefferson, the president at the time, who wanted New Orleans feeling US trade was vulnerable because of the trade from France and Spain at the port. Instead, Napoleon sold the entire territory bargaining at the price of $15 million. Federalists opposed this purchase because they thought It would extend slavery and further western growth which would weaken the power of northern states

what led to the French and Indian War?

a. the British defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 led to the decline of Spain in the region and led to tensions between the English and French still in the area. There was a series of battles that led up to this war including the 1. King William's War or the Nine Year War from 1689-1697. This was a war between France and the Grand Alliance (England, Scotland, Dutch, Duchy of Savory, Spanish Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Swedish and Portugal). King Louis of France emerged powerful and invaded the Rhineland to expand his countries borders and led to the Grand Alliance. The English and French fought over fur trade. The English sided with the Iroquois, but the french were more organized and had local militias and Native American allies the Algonquins and the Abenakis 2. The War of Spanish Succession which broke out in 1701 over the issue of who would rule spain. King charles II of spain died without an heir in 1700 and in his will he gave the crown to prince phillip, king louis XIV named prince philip the grandsome with the goal of merging spain and france into a superpower as a result england austro hungary and the united provinces started a war that lasted until 1714 and this conflict was known as Queen Ann's war or the second french and indian war. when the war ended France gave UK some territory in exchange for keeping some territory. The treaties ending the war did not take into account the concerns of the native americans and this would result in future wars 3. The War of Austrian succession started with the question of if MAria Theresa, daughter of Monarch Charles VI who died in 1740 could take over the throne. UK and the Dutch supported Maria, France, Prussia and Bavaria did not. This was also known as King Georges War because a lot of the fighting happened in the colonizes. There was a treaty in 1748 that gave the fortress of Louisbourg after the English took It but not much else was accomplished, wars kept happening in Europe and 8 years later Maria took the throne.

a. What led to the Kansas-Nebraska Act? b. what was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

a. the creation of Kansas and Nebraska in 1854 another issue came up. Congress allowed popular sovereignty in these territories, but slavery opponents argued the Missouri Compromise had already made slavery illegal in this region. In Kansas 2 governments rose up one pro and one anti-slavery. Conflict arose between the two factions and led to violence leading Kansas to get the nickname bleeding Kansas. b. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, authored by Stephen Douglas, divided the Nebraska Territory into two parts, Kansas and Nebraska, and it declared that slavery would be determined by popular vote in those territories. The United States as a whole wasn't deciding this for them. They were giving this territory that was being split into two states the option to choose what they would be. This act effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820. These states were both above that line, north of that line, so they should have been free states according to the Missouri Compromise, but they weren't going to be automatically free states. They were going to have the right to choose. This effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise. It also drove opposing Northerners to the liberal side and caused the creation of the Republican Party. This would be the Republican Party more as we know it today and not as the Democratic-Republicans that first came about when the United States first became a country. This basically split the country into two political sections. It had kind of broken up any other political affiliations that had been formed. Now, there were basically two parties. The North was the Republicans, and the South are Democrats. There were going to be some exceptions to that. People flooded the states to vote on this subject when the day came since the two sides held their values so strong, violence broke out. Kansas never said they would be a slave state, but they said slavery was allowed in their constitution, when Congress looked over It they had to change It and in 1861 they entered as a free state. Nebraska ended up not entering until after the Civil War in 1867 so they were a free state. The Kansas Nebraska Act was a big push toward the Civil War. It was like the final nail in the coffin for the union as it was at this time. It effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise, which had made the Northerners feel safe. They opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act so much that it pushed them to form the Republican Party, which effectively separated the two sections of the country even more. Now they were also split by the political party with the Republicans mainly in the North and the Democrats mainly in the South.

a. what were the policies of radical republicans b. what were the policies of moderate republicans

a. the radical republicans wanted to treat the south harshly after the Civil War, Thaddeus Stevens, the house leader suggested that the Confederate states be treated as if they were territories again, with 10 years of military rule, and territorial government before they would be readmitted. He wanted to give black men the right to vote. Former confederate soldiers would be required to swear they had never supported the Confederacy known as the Iron Clad Oath in order to be granted full rights as an American citizen again b. moderate republicans wanted only black men who were literate or who had served in union troops to be able to vote. All Confederate soldiers except troop leaders would be able to vote. Before his death Lincoln supported moderate Reconstruction hoping this approach would bring some states back into the Union before the end of the war.

a. what led to the War of 1812 b. explain the War of 1812

a. there was continuing tension between France and UK. Napoleon kept trying to conquer the British, while the US continued to trade with both countries but favored franc and the french colonies, and America saw this as an alliance between France and America. They determined to bring an end between the trade of the two nations. British were preventing US trade with the French and the French prevented trade with the British, President James Madison introduced acts to regulate international trade. If either UK or France removed their restrictions America would not trade with the other country. Napoleon lifted the restrictions first so Madison prohibited trade the UK and England saw this as the US formally siding with France. b. The War of 1812 also called the Second American Revolution established the superiority of the US naval forces and reestablished US independence from Britain and Europe. The British had 2 major objections to America's continued trade with France. First, they saw the US as supporting Frances's war effort by supplying goods. Second, the US had grown into a competitor taking trade and money away from Britain. In an attempt to end trade between the US and France, by putting the Orders in Court into action. This made any and all French-owned ports off-limits to American ships. They also began to seize American ships and conscript their crews.

what was the general structure of the government proposed by the delegates when looking to make the constitution

a. they wanted a new nation with a strong central government, that has overall power that is limited. The various branches of government should have balanced the power out between groups and final power belonged to citizens who voted officials into office

a. what led to the Commerce Compromise b. what is the Commerce Compromise

a. this resulted from a north and south disagreement. In the north, the economy was centered on industry and trade. The Southern economy was largely agricultural. The North wanted to give the government the ability to regulate trade and exports between states, the south opposed this. b. Congress received regulatory power overall trade, including the ability to collect tariffs on exported goods. In the south, this raised another red flag regarding slave trade because they were concerned about the economy if the slave trade got a tariff sanctioned on it, so they agreed the South could import slaves without government intervention for the next 20 years. Import taxes on slaves were limited, and after 1808 Congress could decide whether It allowed the import of slaves

what was the Gadsden Purchase

after the Mexican American War, in 1853, a second treaty determined hundreds of miles of America's SW border. in 1854 the Gadsden Purchase was finalized providing even more territory in order to aid in building the transcontinental railroad. this purchase added what would become New Mexico and Arizona. The modern outline of the current us was almost complete

what were the effects on the Missouri Compromise on the tensions between the North and the South

by 1819 the US had developed a tenuous balance between slave and free states with 22 senators from congress in each faction. However, Missouri was ready to join the Union which would tip the balance of congress. To prevent this imbalance the Missouri compromise brought the Northern part of Massachusetts into the Union as Maine establishing It as a free state to balance the admission of Missouri as a slave state. In addition, the remaining portion of the Louisiana Purchase was to remain free north of latitude 3630 and since cotton did not grow well this far north, the limitation was accepted by the slave states. However, this compromise still had its own issues, as It outlawed immigration of free blacks into the state. Another compromise was in order this time proposed by Henery Clay. According to the new compromise, Missouri would never pass a law allowing anyone to enter the state. Through this and other work Clay titled this the Great Compromise

what were the developments in transportation in the 1800's

as america expanded its border, It also developed roads and railroads across the nation with the Transcontinental Railroad eventually allowing travel from one coast to the other. Canals and steamboats simplified water travel, The Erie Canal in 1825 connected the Great Lakes and the Hudson River. With lots of people moving west, wagon trails developed including the Oregon trail, the California trail, and the Santa Fe trail, the most common covered wagons were known as prairie trails prairie schooners

explain the rise of the Republican party in the mid 1800's

by the 1850's issues regarding slavery led to the formation of the republican party which was anti-slavery while the Democratic party with a large interest in the south favored slavery. This republican democrat division led to the two party system we have today

what was the industrial industry like before and after 1800

during the 18th century, goods were manufactured in houses or small shops with increased technology allowing for the use of machines, factories were developed. in factories large volumes of salable goods could be produced in a shorter amount of time, many americans found jobs in these factories including immigrants. The cotton gin was very important in the south as well

describe the development of the labor movements in the 1800's

in 1751 a group of bakers held a protest in which they stopped baking bread, this was technically the first american labor strike. in the 1830's and 40's labor movements began in earnest. Boston masons, carpenters and stoneworkers protested the length of the workday fighting to reduce It to 10 hours. in 1844, a group of women in the textile industry also fought to reduce their workday to 10 hours forming the Lowell Female Labor Association

explain the French and Indian War

in 1754, the war started with French forces battling colonists. On the English side they had the Iroquois, Catawba, and Cherokee tribes and the French had the help of the Ottawa and Algonquin. France was vastly outnumbered and was forced to rely on their allies. The fight starter over border disputes and this war gave birth to George Washington. In 1754 he ambushed a french patrol at Battle of Jumonville Glen. At first the English were losing and in 1757 in Nova Scotia the colony collapsed and Native Americans killed everyone. then William Pitt took control of the British forced and decided to increase resources against the French and at this time France was involved in the 7 years war in europe and could not give that much attention to the new world. UK got possession of French territory east of the Mississippi and French ceded territory west of the Mississippi to Spain in compensation for spain losing florida to the brits but the war ended in 1763 with the end of Frances desire to colonize America and britain dominated the Area.

what were the effects of "Manifest Destiny" on American politics

in the early 1800's many Americans believed It was gods destiny for them to expand west under the control of the US govt. After the NW Ordinance and Louisiana purchase over half of the continent became American. This rapid expansion brought led to conflict with Native Americans, GB, Mexico, and Spain. A main result of Manifest Destiny was the Mexican American war from 1846 to 1848. By the end of the war Texas, CA, and a lot of the now Southwest became American. Conflict also rose over the Oregon territory which was shared by the US and Britain. IN 1846 President James Polk solved this issue by compromising with the British and settling the US boundary south of the 49th parallel

what was the second great awakening?

led by protestant evangelical leaders, the Second Great Awakening occured between 1800 and 1830. Several missionary groups grew out of this movement including the American Home Missionary Society which formed in 1826. The ideas behind the Second Great Awakening focused on personal responsibilty, both as an individual and in response to injustice and suffering. The American Bible Society and the American Tract Society provided literature while various traveling preachers spread the word. New denominations arose including Ladder Day Saints and Seventh day Adventists. Another movement associated with the second great awakening was the temperance movement which focused on ending the production and use of alcohol. One major organization behind this was the Society for thr Promotion of Temperance which formed in 1826 in Boston

what is the triangular trade?

ships would set off to Africa carrying rum from the American colonies which was traded for gold or slaves, ships went from Africa to the West Indies trading slaves for sugar, molasses, or money and then the ships would return to the American colonies with sugar and molasses to make more rum. this violated the Molasses Act of 1733 which required colonists to pay high dues to the UK on molasses acquired from the french dutch and spanish colonies, but the colonists ignored these duties and the British government adopted a policy of neglect

what were the phrases carpetbaggers and scalawags?

the chaos in the South attracted a number of people seeking to fill the power vacuums and take advantage of economic disruption. Scalawags were southern Whites who aligned with Freedmen to take over local governments. Many people in the South who could have filled political offices reduced to take the necessary oath required to grant them the right to vote, leaving opportunities for Scalawags and others. Carpetbaggers were northerners who traveled to the South for various reasons, some provided assistance while other sought to make money or to acquire political power in this chaotic period.

what was the influence of the American System on American economics

spurred by the trade conflicts from the War of 1812 and supported by Henry Clay and others the American System set up tariffs to help protect American interest from competition overseas products. Reducing competition led to growth in employment and overall increase in American industry. higher tariffs also provided funds for government to pay for various improvements. congress passed high tariffs and also charted a federal bank in 1816. The Second Bank of the United States was given the job of regulating the money supply.

what are major events and developments that brought the North and South into conflict

the conflict started around the issue of slavery, but other elements furthered the disagreement as well. though most farmers in the south worked small farms with little to no slave labor, the large plantations run by the wealthy depended on slaves and or indentured servants for profit. They had also become more dependent on cotton with slave populations growing rapidly due to this. The more diverse agricultural economy in the north in combination with the growth of an industrial economy made slave labor less common. The abolitionist movement grew steadily with Harriet Beecher Stowes "Uncle Tom's Cabin" giving an idea to rally around. A collection of anti-slavery organizations formed with many actively working to free slaves in the south, often bringing them to the northern states or canada

what were the effects of the 3/5ths compromise and the number of representatives in each state?

there were disagreements between the North and the South involving slaves in terms of representation. In southern states large numbers of slaves were used to run plantations and delegates wanted the slaves to count towards the number of people in the state when determining representatives, but not when determining taxes. The northern wanted the opposite. The final decision was that the slave population for tax and representation purposes would count as 3/5 ths

who were early leaders in the Womens Rights Movement

this movement began in 1840 with leaders including Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Sojourner Truth, Ernestine Rose, and Lucretia Mott. In 1869 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony started the National Women's Suffrage Movement fighting for women's right to vote. In 1848 Seneca Falls, the first women rights convention was held with around 300 people. The 2 day Seneca Falls convention discussed the right of women to vote, as well as equal treatment in careers, legal proceedings etcetera. The convention produced a "Declaration of Sentiments," which outlined a plan for women to get the rights they deserved. Frederick Douglass supported the women rights movement as well as the abolitionist movement which often went hand in hand

what were the Alien and Sedition Acts

when John Adams became President, there was a war between France and Britain going on. Adams and the Federalists supported the Brits, Jefferson and the Republican party supported the French. The US nearly went to war with the French while France worked to spread its international standing and influence under the leadership of Napoleon. The Alien and Sedition Acts grew out of this conflict and made It illegal to speak in a hostile fashion against the existing government. This allowed the president to deport anyone in the US who was not a citizen and who was suspected of treason. When Jefferson became the 3rd president in 1800 he repealed these 4 laws and released everyone who had been convicted under these.