U.S. History Test 2

Busing to achieve racially integrated schools

decreased after the late 1970s because judges began to back off from insisting on it.

President Kennedy decided to ask for civil rights legislation after the

demonstrations in Birmingham.

The War on Poverty

had an annual budget of less than $2 billion.

President Gerald Ford's publicly stated reason for pardoning Richard Nixon "for all offenses he had committed or might have committed during his presidency" was that

he wished to spare the country the agony of rehashing Watergate.

The downfall of President Nixon is most accurately attributed to

his broad pattern of illegal activities

One of Ronald Reagan's most significant legacies was

his conservative judicial appointments.

The political issue involving gay men and lesbians that drew the greatest attention in the 1970s was that of the

inclusion of gay men and lesbians as a protected group under civil rights laws covering employment and housing.

President Carter achieved his greatest foreign policy success in

initiating a peace process in the Middle East.

The 1994 Republican "Contract with America" can most accurately be characterized as

initiatives to set term limits, offer significant tax cuts, cut back federal regulations, and reduce entitlement programs.

Operation Rolling Thunder

intensified North Vietnamese nationalism and hardened their will to fight.

The Persian Gulf War was popular with Americans for all of the following reasons except

it gained the U.S. vital new territories in the oil-rich Middle East.

Ralph Nader

launched a national network of consumer groups to focus on consumer fraud and product safety issues.

Malcolm X

moderated his anti-white views after a power struggle with Elijah Muhammad, the founder of the Nation of Islam.

Four persons were killed and eleven wounded at Kent State University when

national guardsmen fired into a crowd of students at an antiwar rally.

The "hotline" that permitted direct telecommunications between Washington and Moscow in a crisis situation was installed as a direct result of the

negotiation of a partial test ban.

In the test ban treaty of August 1963, the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union agreed to ban all

nuclear testing in the atmosphere.

During John F. Kennedy's administration, the Peace Corps

often gave its volunteers the opportunity to teach English abroad and spread American values.

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was

passed by Congress in 1972 and ratified by thirty-four states by the end of 1974, but then stalled and was never ratified.

Student protesters of the 1960s targeted Dow Chemical Company especially because it

produced napalm and Agent Orange for use in Vietnam.

Richard Nixon successfully campaigned for the presidency in 1968 by doing all of the following except

promising to strengthen LBJ's Great Society programs.

Restrictive covenants

provision in a property deed preventing sale to a person of a particular race or religion; loan discrimination; ruled unconstitutional

From 1969 to 1972, Richard Nixon's strategy to end the Vietnam War was to

reduce American troop involvement and turn over most of the ground fighting to the South Vietnamese army.

President Kennedy's fundamental economic policy was to

reduce taxes and incur deficits for a few years in the expectation that an expanding economy would raise incomes and generate higher tax revenues.

The Immigration Act of 1965

replaced discriminatory national quotas with more uniform numerical limits on immigrants from different regions.

John F. Kennedy's policy toward South Vietnam included

sending in thousands of American troops to prop up the faltering government.

President Nixon's obstruction of justice began when he

sent word to the FBI not to investigate links between the Watergate burglars and his administration.

The National Liberation Front was

set up by Ngo Dinh Diem's opponents with backing from North Vietnam.

In his third-party presidential campaign in 1968, George Wallace

skillfully exploited growing nationwide hostility to dissent by making student protests and urban riots his chief campaign issues.

The Kennedy administration's defense policy

stressed a "flexible response."

Supply-side economics as practiced by the Reagan administration rested on the theory that

tax cuts would promote investment.

An achievement of the Johnson administration was

the National Endowment for the Humanities.

After the United States withdrew its forces from South Vietnam,

the North Vietnamese army overwhelmed the South Vietnamese forces and forcibly reunited Vietnam in 1975.

During the Cuban missile crisis,

the United States and the Soviet Union went on full military alert.

As a result of the impeachment and trial of President Clinton,

the president was unable to fashion a coherent Democratic alternative to the Republican's conservative agenda.

The birth of the modern environmentalist movement is usually dated to

the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1962

My Lai was

the site of the massacre of 350 villagers by American soldiers.

In the 1960 election,

there were confirmed cases of voting fraud in Illinois, which Kennedy won by a slim margin; it was one of the states that gave him his narrow margin of victory.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965

together with the Twenty-fourth Amendment and various legal challenges to state and local poll taxes, allowed millions of blacks to register and vote for the first time.

In 2000, the Al Qaeda terrorist network bombed a U.S. military

warship

The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

was a proposed system of satellite and laser shields used to detect and intercept incoming missiles.

The so-called Pentagon Papers

were a classified study of the American conduct of the Vietnam War up to 1967 and later leaked to the New York Times.

In the 1968 election and during the Nixon administration, the expression "silent majority" was used to refer to Americans who

were hardworking and nonprotesting.

In the 1960s, black separatism gained adherents for all of the following reasons except

white acceptance of the teachings of Martin Luther King Jr.

In the 1984 national election, Ronald Reagan

won in a landslide

Betty Freidan

wrote The Feminine Mystique credited with starting the second wave of woman's liberation movement, question domestic fulfillment, founded NOW

Douglas MacArthur

(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.

Dwight Eisenhower

(FDR) United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy, Casablanca and the defeat of Nazi Germany

George Wallace

1919-1998. Four time governor of Alabama. Most famous for his pro-segregation attitude and as a symbol for states' rights., Racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Which of the following is an important conservative organizational think tank that gives institutional support to the New Right?

All of the above

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. 1st black supreme court justice

A crisis developed in American-Iranian relations in 1979 because of

American support for the deposed shah of Iran.

George C. Marshall

Army general during World War II who orchestrated the Allied victories over Germany and Japan, and later Secretary of State who developed the Marshall Plan in 1947, a program of massive aid for the reconstruction of Europe.

Which of the following War on Poverty programs became best known for encouraging its clients to demand a voice in the decisions that affected their lives?

Community Action Program

All of the following were policies of the Reagan administration except

Cuts in defense spending

In the Cold War crisis over Berlin in the early 1960s,

East Germany built the Berlin Wall.

Which of the following was not a major fundamentalist Christian leader of the New Right?

Edward Kennedy

Which of the following was not accomplished by the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s?

Elimination of racial separatism in urban America

In the 1968 Democratic primary in New Hampshire, a surprisingly strong 42 percent of the vote was won by

Eugene McCarthy.

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Which of the following statements characterizes the emergence of César Chavez as a national figure during the 1960s?

He and the United Farm Workers union won national attention by organizing a grape pickers' strike in 1965.

How did President Jimmy Carter respond to the energy crisis of the 1970s?

He called energy conservation efforts "the moral equivalent of war."

On the eve of the presidential election of 1972,

Henry Kissinger made enough concessions to the North Vietnamese to be able to announce that "peace is at hand."

Before his appointment to the vice presidency, Gerald Ford--who became president on Richard Nixon's resignation and was the nation's first non-elected vice president--had been

House minority leader

What major change occurred in Mexican American activism during the 1960s?

In 1969, a large group of Mexican American students, calling themselves Chicanos, met in Denver to hammer out a national agenda on political and cultural issues.

Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the American welfare system and attempts to reform it in the mid-1990s?

In 1996, President Clinton signed a law that abolished AFDC, required most adult recipients to find work within two years, and gave states wide discretion in running their welfare programs.

Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the circumstances leading up to armed confrontation with Iraq?

In November 1990 the UN Security Council voted to authorize the use of force if Iraq did not withdraw from Kuwait by January 15, 1991.

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the nation's economic condition in the last full year of the Carter presidency (1980)?

Inflation was raging, industries were failing, and there were long lines at the gas pumps.

How did the Kennedy administration react to the freedom rides and voter registration drives launched by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in 1961 and 1962?

It gave some support to the freedom riders by sending federal marshals to restore order in Alabama.

Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the Reagan administration's policy toward Nicaragua?

Its top priority in Central America was to topple Nicaragua's leftist government.

In the 1964 presidential election,

Johnson's victory gave him a mandate to fulfill his political program, "The Great Society."

The Al Qaeda terrorist network is led by

Osama bin Laden

After a Senate committee investigated Anita Hill's charge that she had been sexually harassed by Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas,

Republicans in the Senate won Thomas's confirmation by a narrow margin.

What was the outcome of the 1968 presidential election?

Richard Nixon won the presidency by a narrow margin.

One of the most important individuals associated with the rise of conservatism in American politics after World War II is

Ronald Reagan.

In March 1965, the effort to pass the Voting Rights Act gained impetus after violence occurred in Alabama at

Selma

The Reagan administration cut spending for all of the following programs except

Social Security and Medicare.

Opposition to Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam came in part from

South Vietnamese Buddhists.

In 1966, the slogan "Black Power" was first used by

Stokely Carmichael

Profits from the secret sale of arms to Iran in the 1980s were used to

aid the Contras in Nicaragua.

On March 31, 1968, President Johnson shocked the American public when he

announced that he would not seek reelection

The Free Speech Movement at Berkeley

arose when the university banned political activity at a campus site that was traditionally reserved for distributing leaflets and recruiting.

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

authorized the president to send American troops to Vietnam.

In the "long hot summers" of 1964-1968,

charges of police brutality often sparked riots.

When the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979, President Carter

curtailed U.S. grain sales to the Soviet Union and imposed an American boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Why did Bill Clinton win reelection in 1996?

A united Democratic Party inspired by Republican control of Congress, an uninspiring opponent in Bob Dole, and great effort combined to deliver 49 percent of the popular vote for Clinton.

Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the economic consequences of the Vietnam War?

By 1968, the U.S. economy was entering a severe inflationary spiral that would last more than a decade.

What was the "smoking gun" that was found in the unexpurgated White House tapes that Nixon was finally forced to release in August 1974, which made it virtually certain that the Senate would convict him in an impeachment trial?

Direct evidence that Nixon had ordered the Watergate cover-up as early as six days after the break-in

Brown vs Board of Education

Decision saying, segregation in SCHOOLS is a violation of the 14th amendment, 1954

Which of the following was not a characteristic of the Tet offensive?

Military victory for the Vietcong

Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the Nixon administration's foreign policy agenda?

Nixon was a realist who wanted to advance national interests

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Which of the following statements does not describe the early years of the American space program?

The first man launched into space was an American.

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the Kennedy administration's approach to international economic aid?

Under the Alliance for Progress, the United States provided foreign aid to Latin America.

In August 1963, Martin Luther King gave his dramatic "I Have a Dream" speech in

Washington, D.C.

Plessy vs Ferguson

a case that was brought to supreme court by black lawsuits to challenge the legality of segregation. The court ruled that segregation was legal as long as it was "equal"

George Bush paid a heavy political price when in 1991 he agreed to

a combination of spending cuts and the largest tax increase in history.

Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost and perestroika resulted in

a willingness to tolerate significant changes in Soviet society.