UVM Psych Exam Pt. 2

constant proportion

For a given stimulus dimension, such as weight, the just-noticable difference (jnd) will be a:

cochlea; rods and cones; retina

Making an analogy between hearing and vision, the auditory hair cells in the ________ are similar to the ________ in the __________.

overextension

Three-year-old Fantasia refers to all pet mammals as "puppies" whether they are adult dogs, puppies, cats, hamsters, or rabbits. Fantasia is displaying:

convergent thinking; divergent thinking

Traditional intelligence tests tend to assess _______ thinking; tests of creativity tap into __________.

Decibel

Which of the following is a measure of relative loudness?

yields consistent measurements.

A psychological test is said to be reliable to the extent that it:

accommodation; lens

Abbie is nearsighted. Her vision defect reflects an error in _________, the process by which the __________ changes shape to focus an image on the retina.

70; 130

About 95% of the population have an IQ score between ______ and _______.

unconditioned stimuli

According to your text, advertisers use enjoyable music, cute babies, attractive models, and funny spokespeople to create positive advertisements. The music, babies, and so on are best thought of as:

rods; cones

Adelaide notices a flicker of motion out of the corner of her eye as she hurries down a dim alley late at night. Sydney deciphers a complex wiring diagram under the bright glare of her desk lamp. Adelaide's vision is driven mainly by her _________. Sydney is mainly using her ________.

65

Approximately ______% of the accidents on commercial airplanes reflect human error.

transfer; fluid

As reported in the journal article, Improving fluid intelligence... researchers demonstrated a ________ effect, where enhancing working memory improved performance on measures of __________ intelligence

7 months

Baby Ezra is babbling, producing intentional but meaningless vocalizations. How old is Ezra?

The IQ score of the average 18-year-old today is about 15 points higher than that of her counterpart 60 years ago.

Based on your text's discussion of the Flynn effect, how might the IQ of the average 18-year-old today compare with that of her counterpart 60 years ago?

crystallized

Bonnie studied car mechanics in high school and spent a lot of time helping out at her dad's garage. Her ability to fix a car relies primarily on her _________ intelligence

5,000

By the age of five, children possess a vocabulary of about how many words?

existing; new behaviors

Classical conditioning applies mainly to __________ behaviors. Operant conditioning applies primarily to __________.

proximity

Consider the figure within parentheses: (XX XX XX). That we perceive three pairs of Xs reflects the Gestalt principle(s) of:

4

How many basic sensations are detected by the nerve endings in the skin?

second-order

In ________ conditioning, an existing CS can act as a US in a pairing with a new CS.

visual; auditory

In the experiments on fluid intelligence and working memory, the researchers trained volunteers with an "n-back" task that had a combination of ___________ and __________ stimuli.

phonemes; syntax

In written language, letters most closely represent __________, whereas sentences may be said to reflect __________.

adaptation

It's so noisy! How can you stand it?" remarks Caitlyn as the thruway traffic screams past her friend Dave's ground floor apartment. "I don't even notice it anymore," Dave replies. This exchange best exemplifies the perceptual process of:

generalization

Janine completed several tours of duty in Afghanistan. She suffers from PTSD. Now, back home in Texas, she is frightened by firecrackers and cars backfiring. The fact that these sounds scare her reflects a process of stimulus

stereotype threat

Maggie is nervous as she begins her calculus final. She is not quite sure she can compete with the male students in her chemical engineering degree program. Maggie's performance on the calculus test may be impaired by:

Wernicke's aphasia; Broca's aphasia

Mr. Daniels continues to speak fluently and grammatically following a brain injury. However, what he says makes absolutely no sense. Mrs. Clemens has trouble speaking fluently though she has no problem understanding the speech of others. Mr. Daniels appears to be suffering from ___________. Mrs. Clemens is suffering from _________.

generalization

Often, a conditioned response may be elicited not only by the original CS, but by a similar one as well. This is known as stimulus:

behavior and consequences

Operant conditioning involves forming associations between:

fixed-interval

Pauses in responding are most pronounced following reinforcement in ________schedules.

two stimuli

Pavlov's dogs learned to associate the appearance of a lab assistant with the sight of food. This suggests that classical conditioning involves an association between:

fixed-interval

Paychecks and grades are delivered on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

false alarm

Randy is really hoping to see Lady Gaga after the concert. He sees a person who looks like her and exclaims "Hey, Lady Gaga!" But really, it's just a fan and not Lady Gaga. In signal detection terms, Randy's response reflects a __________.

umami

Roast beef with a rich brown gravy is often described as a 'savory' dish. The basic taste prominent in such a dish is _____________.

variable-interval

Sometimes when we call a customer service center, we are put on hold; we do not know how long it will be before our holding behavior is reinforced by the response of an associate, and it doesn't matter what we do in the meantime. Holding is reinforced on a _______ schedule.

the way color is represented according to trichromatic theory

Suppose each pixel on your TV screen or computer monitor codes the color of an image at that point in terms of red, blue, and green values. This closely resembles:

conditioning

The ability to associate stimuli with responses is termed __________.

regulation

The aspect of emotional intelligence that is most strongly supported by empirical research is emotional __________.

normal distribution

The pattern of scores usually observed in a variable that clusters around its average is known as a

behaviorist

The study of learning is closely associated with the __________ approach in psychology.

continuous; intermittent

Vending machine is to slot machine as ____________ reinforcement is to __________ reinforcement.

expressed more aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

When Anderson and Bushman had research participants play either a violent or a non-violent video game, they found that participants who had played the violent game

creative

When linguists and psychologists say that language is "generative," they mean that it is:

the change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected

Which of the following best defines the difference threshold (jnd)?

The things that different types of intelligence tests have in common

Which of the following defines general intelligence (g)?

Strengthening a response by presenting a pleasant stimulus

Which of the following defines positive reinforcement?

GRE

Which of the following is an aptitude, rather than an intelligence, test?

providing a spanking

Which of the following is the best example of positive punishment?

cornea -> pupil -> lens -> retina

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order in which light passes through the structures of the eye during vision?

pupil-regulates the amount of light entering the eye

Which of the following structures of the eye is correctly matched with its function?

interposition

You know that a passing bus is nearer than a parked car because the bus momentarily blocks your view of the car. This example illustrates the depth cue of ________.

expected reward

Your text reports an experiment by Lepper et al. (1973) on the effects of reward. In the study, children were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: an expected reward condition, an unexpected reward condition, or a no reward condition. The children in the _____ condition were more likely to lose their initial interest in the task.

confounding

Your text states that in early psychological research comparing monolingual and bilingual children, the bilingual children were often of lower socioeconomic status than were their monolingual counterparts. In such research, the children's socioeconomic status was a(n) _______ variable.

Extinction

__________ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency when the CS is presented in the absence of the US.

attentional control

aeggi and colleagues research in "Practice makes smarter" hypothesized that fluid intelligence and working memory both involve ____________.