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As to when the first people populated the American subcontinent is hotly debated. Until recently, the Clovis people, based on evidence found in New Mexico, were thought to have been the first to have arrived, some 13,000 years ago. Yet evidence gathered from other sites suggest the Americas had been settled at least 1,000 years prior to the Clovis. The "Clovis first" idea, nonetheless, was treated as gospel, backed by supporters who, at least initially, outright discounted any claims that suggested precedence by non-Clovis people. While such a stance smacked of fanaticism, proponents did have a solid claim: if the Clovis peoples crossed the Bering Strait 13,000 years ago, only after it had become ice-free, how would a people have been able to make a similar trip but over ice? A recent school of thought, backed by Weber, provides the following answer: pre-Clovis people reached the Americas by relying on a sophisticated maritime culture, which allowed them to take advantage of refugia, or small areas in which aquatic life flourished. Thus they were able to make the long journey by hugging the coast as far south as to what is today British Columbia. Additionally, they were believed to have fashioned a primitive form of crampon so that they would be able to dock in these refugia and avail themselves of the microfauna. Still, how such a culture developed in the first place remains unanswered. The Solutrean theory has been influential in answering this question, a fact that may seem paradoxical--and startling--to those familiar with its line of reasoning: the Clovis people were actually Solutreans, an ancient seafaring culture along the Iberian peninsula, who had--astoundingly given the time period--crossed into the Americas via the Atlantic ocean. Could not a similar Siberian culture, if not the pre-Clovis themselves, have displayed equal nautical sophistication? Even if one subscribes to this line of reasoning, the "Clovis first" school still have an objection: proponents of a pre-Clovis people rely solely on the Monte Verde site in Chile, a site so far south that its location invites yet another question: What of the 6,000 miles of coastline between the ice corridor and Monte Verde? Besides remains found in network of caves in Oregon, there has been scant evidence of a pre-Clovis peoples. Nonetheless, Meade and Pizinsky claim that a propitious geologic accident could account for this discrepancy: Monte Verde was located near a peat bog that essentially fossilized the village. Archaeologists uncovered two wooden stakes, which, at one time, were used in twelve huts. Furthermore plant species associated with areas 150 miles away were found, suggesting a trade network. These findings indicate that the Clovis may not have been the first to people the Americas, yet more excavation, both in Monte Verde and along the coast, must be conducted in order to determine the extent of pre-Clovis settlements in the Americas. According to the passage, the existence of the refugia would have enabled pre-Clovis people to do which of the following? a. Access a form of sustenance on an arduous journey b. Find a place to dock their watercrafts so they could undertake inland exploration c. Develop a sophisticated maritime culture rivaling that of the Solutreans d. Build settlements around the coastline e. Access inland regions otherwise cut off to those on watercraft

a. Access a form of sustenance on an arduous journey

Unlike Mercury and Mars, Venus has a dense, opaque atmosphere that prevents direct observation of its surface. For years, surface telescopes on Earth could glean no information about the surface of Venus. In 1989, the Magellan probe was launched to do a five-year radar-mapping of the entire surface of Venus. The data that emerged provided by far the most detailed map of the Venusian surface ever seen. The surface shows an unbelievable level of volcanic activity: more than one hundred large shield volcanoes, many more than Earth has, and a solidified river of lava longer than the Nile. The entire surface is volcanically dead, with not a single active volcano. This surface is relatively young in planetary terms, about 300 million years old. The whole surface, planet-wide, is the same age: the even pattern of craters, randomly distributed across the surface, demonstrates this. To explain this puzzling surface, Turcotte suggested a radical model. The surface of Venus, for a period, is as it is now, a surface of uniform age with no active volcanism. While the surface is fixed, volcanic pressure builds up inside the planet. At a certain point, the pressure ruptures the surface, and the entire planet is re-coated in lava in a massive planet-wide outburst of volcanism. Having spent all this thermal energy in one gigantic outpouring, the surface cools and hardens, again producing the kind of surface we see today. Turcotte proposed that this cycle repeated several times in the past, and would still repeat in the future. To most planetary geologists, Turcotte's model is a return to catastrophism. For two centuries, geologists of all kinds fought against the idea of catastrophic, planet-wide changes, such as the Biblical idea of Noah's Flood. The triumph of gradualism was essential to the success of geology as a serious science. Indeed, all features of Earth's geology and all features of other moons and planets in the Solar System, even those that are not volcanically active, are explained very well by current gradualist models. Planetary geologists question why all other objects would obey gradualist models, and only Venus would obey a catastrophic model. These geologists insist that the features of Venus must be able to be explained in terms of incremental changes continuously over a long period. Turcotte, expecting these objections, points out that no incremental process could result in a planet-wide surface all the same age. Furthermore, a slow process of continual change does not well explain why a planet with an astounding history of volcanic activity is now volcanically dead. Turcotte argues that only his catastrophic model adequately explains the extremes of the Venusian surface. The passage mentioned the Biblical idea of Noah's Flood in order to a. make clear the historical basis of most objections to Turcotte's model b. demonstrate what makes geology successful as a modern science c. discredit religious influences in modern science d. provide an example of a model based on incremental changes e. suggest that the surface of Earth is older than the surface of Venus

a. make clear the historical basis of most objections to Turcotte's model

Benjamin Franklin HAD THE SAME RELATIONSHIP TO MANY OF THE YOUNGER MEMBERS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL CONGRESS, SUCH AS JEFFERSON AND HANCOCK, JUST LIKE THE RELATIONSHIP NIELS BOHR HAD WITH the founders of Quantum Mechanics. a. had the same relationship to many of the younger members of the Continental Congress, such as Jefferson and Hancock, just like the relationship Niels Bohr had with b. had a relationship with many of the younger members of the Continental Congress, such as Jefferson and Hancock, the same as the relationship Niels Bohr had with c. was to many of the younger members of the Continental Congress, such as Jefferson and Hancock, what Niels Bohr was to d. was to many of the younger members of the Continental Congress, such as Jefferson and Hancock, just the same as Niels Bohr was to e. had the same relationship to many of the younger members of the Continental Congress, like Jefferson and Hancock, the same as the relationship Niels Bohr had to

c. was to many of the younger members of the Continental Congress, such as Jefferson and Hancock, what Niels Bohr was to

Recent interdisciplinary studies advance the argument that emotions, including those deemed personal or PRIVATE IS A SOCIAL PHENOMENON, THOUGH ONE INSEPARABLE from bodily response. A. private is a social phenomenon, though one inseparable B. private, are social phenomena that are inseparable C. private are a social phenomenon but are not those separable D. private—are social phenomena but not separable E. also as private emotions, are social phenomena not inseparable

B. private, are social phenomena that are inseparable

With seventeen casinos, Moneyland operates the most casinos in a certain state. Although intent on expanding, it was outmaneuvered by Apex Casinos in negotiations to acquire the Eldorado chain. To complete its acquisition of Eldorado, Apex must sell five casinos to comply with a state law forbidding any owner to operate more than one casino per county. Since Apex will still be left operating twenty casinos in the state, it will then have the most casinos in the state. Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the prediction? a. Apex, Eldorado, and Moneyland are the only organizations licensed to operate casinos in the state. b. The majority of Eldorado's casinos in the state will need extensive renovations if they are to continue to operate profitably. c. Some of the state's counties do not permit casinos. d. Moneyland already operates casinos in the majority of the state's counties. e. Apex will use funds it obtains from the sale of the five casinos to help fund its acquisition of the Eldorado chain.

a. Apex, Eldorado, and Moneyland are the only organizations licensed to operate casinos in the state.

EVEN THOUGH CLOVIS POINTS, SPEAR POINTS WITH LONGITUDINAL GROOVES CHIPPED INTO THEIR FACES, HAVE BEEN FOUND ALL OVER NORTH AMERICA, THEY ARE NAMED FOR THE NEW MEXICO SITE WHERE THEY WERE FIRST DISCOVERED IN 1932. a. Even though Clovis points, spear points with longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces, have been found all over North America, they are named for the New Mexico site where they were first discovered in 1932. b. Although named for the New Mexico site where first discovered in 1932, Clovis points are spear points of longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces and have been found all over North America. c. Named for the New Mexico site where they have been first discovered in 1932, Clovis points, spear points of longitudinal grooves chipped onto the faces, have been found all over North America. d. Spear points with longitudinal grooves that are chipped onto the faces, Clovis points, even though named for the New Mexico site where first discovered in 1932, but were found all over North America. e. While Clovis points are spear points whose faces have longitudinal grooves chipped into them, they have been found all over North America, and named for the New Mexico site where they have been first discovered in 1932.

a. Even though Clovis points, spear points with longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces, have been found all over North America, they are named for the New Mexico site where they were first discovered in 1932.

In exploring the role of women during colonial times, historiographers have taken several, though not necessarily conflicting, approaches. Malley and Jemson represent those who have focused on the roles of women in countries under colonial power. However, they are atypical in that they attempt to place the specific continent they studied—South East Asia—in a larger, transnational context. For instance, in claiming that women in Annam (the name of Vietnam before 1950) had diminished economic power, even more so than in their traditional roles, which allowed for some economic autonomy (women's active role in the marketplace culture is cited), Malley and Jemson are able to make certain parallels with societies in which colonial power rested, namely England and France. Yet, the eye for detail that makes their work on Southeast Asia so compelling is lost in broad generalizations. In pointing out that it was deemed unladylike for women to engage in economic activity in both France and French Indochina, Malley and Jemson would have strengthened their case by offering specific examples from both those parts of the world. Additionally, the greater question of how in some cases colonialism not only offered more freedom than did traditional roles (in real estate a woman's initials were part of the deed) but also limited women's freedom would have made the discussion more germane to a transnational context. On the other hand, Camden and Greely draw broad conclusions in a transnational context, but their understanding of this context is limited by their narrow focus on the history of a specific country. Such a narrow view, unsurprisingly, leads them to impose certain metanarratives on these countries. For instance, in aiming to show that women in places under the colonial yoke acquired roles similar to women in Europe, and later America, Camden and Greely relied on small island nations in the Caribbean to make their case. In doing so, the two not only compromised the scope of their findings but also did not account for practices within these nations that might call into question the validity of their metanarratives. By overlooking the aspects of the culture of the countries they studied and by not including countries that were more representative of colonialism, Camden and Greely fail to concede that such metanarratives might themselves need some review to better account for more widespread practices. Thus, the few parallels they draw between these Caribbean nations and European powers are unconvincing. As both the approaches of Camden and Greely and those of Malley and Jemson show, historicity would be better served by scholars working in tandem to tease out general themes that apply to countries while also appreciating how a country's local culture informed and coexisted with such themes. According to the author, which of the following would have made Malley and Jemson's case more compelling? a. Had Malley and Jemson offered specific examples from both Europe and Southeast Asia of how a woman's adherence to a traditional role was directly undermined by her engaging in economic activity. b. Had Malley and Jemson described in greater detail the economic activities in which women in Annam participated. c. Had Malley and Jemson focused on how the traditional roles of women in both Annam and pre-colonial France were more constricted than the roles of women in both countries during the colonial period. d. Had Malley and Jemson contrasted the function the marketplace exerted on the role of women in Annam with that of owning real estate for women in Europe during the colonial period. e. Had Malley and Jemson supplemented their own observations with a nation's history as recorded by that nation's own people

a. Had Malley and Jemson offered specific examples from both Europe and Southeast Asia of how a woman's adherence to a traditional role was directly undermined by her engaging in economic activity.

Lockeport's commercial fishing boats use gill nets, which kill many of the netted fish, including some fish of endangered species. The fishing commission has proposed requiring the use of tent nets, which do not kill fish; boat crews would then throw back fish of endangered species. Profitable commercial fishing boats in similar areas have already switched over to tent nets. The proposal can therefore be implemented without economic harm to Lockeport's commercial fishing boat operators. Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the argument made for the proposal? a. In places where the use of tent nets has been mandated, there are typically fewer commercial fishing boats in operation than there were before tent nets came into use. b. Even when used properly, gill nets require many more repairs than do tent nets. c. Recreational anglers in Lockeport catch more fish of endangered species than do commercial fishing boats. d. The endangered species of fish in Lockeport's commercial fishing area did not become endangered as a result of the use of gill nets by fishing fleets. e. The endangered species of fish caught by Lockeport's commercial fishing fleet are of no commercial value.

a. In places where the use of tent nets has been mandated, there are typically fewer commercial fishing boats in operation than there were before tent nets came into use.

At Atalanta High School, almost all varsity athletes find it difficult to perform at a high level in all their courses because sports demand much of their time during the school day, on weekday evenings, and during the weekend. This year, 20% of the students are on the varsity baseball team, 20% are on the varsity basketball team, and 15% are on the varsity football team. Therefore, more than half the students at Atalanta High School will not be able to perform at a high level in all their courses. Which of the following most weakens this argument? a. Most varsity athletes at Atalanta choose to play more than one varsity sport, as the seasons of the three sports do not overlap much. b. The increased blood levels of oxygen produced by aerobic exertion have been shown, in clinical conditions, to enhance the ability to concentrate on sophisticated reasoning tasks. c. Some students learn so quickly that just the time in class is enough to master the material in most classes, so that outside-of-school studying can be kept to a minimum. d. Atalanta High School makes available to students and families the links for a number of online resources that students can use to review material or recoup what they may have missed in class. e. In addition to the students' physical talents, athletics at the high school varsity level require a high level of strategic thinking and intellectual engagement.

a. Most varsity athletes at Atalanta choose to play more than one varsity sport, as the seasons of the three sports do not overlap much.

People associate global warming with temperature, but the phrase is misleading—it fails to mention the relevance of water. Nearly every significant indicator of hydrological activity—rainfall, snowmelt, glacial melt—is changing at an accelerating pace (one can arbitrarily pick any point of the hydrological cycle and notice a disruption). One analysis pegged the increase in precipitation at 2 percent over the century. In water terms this sounds auspicious, promising increased supply, but the changing timing and composition of the precipitation more than neutralizes the advantage. For one thing, it is likely that more of the precipitation will fall in intense episodes, with flooding a reasonable prospect. In addition, while rainfall will increase, snowfall will decrease. Such an outcome means that in watersheds that depend on snowmelt, like the Indus, Ganges, Colorado river basins, less water will be stored as snow, and more of it will flow in the winter, when it plays no agricultural role; conversely, less of it will flow in the summer, when it is most needed. One computer model showed that on the Animas River an increase in temperature of 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit would cause runoff to rise by 85 percent from January to March, but drop by 40 percent from July to September. The rise in temperature increases the probability and intensity of spring floods and threatens dam safety, which is predicated on lower runoff projections. Dams in arid areas also may face increased sedimentation, since a 10 percent annual increase in precipitation can double the volume of sediment washed into rivers. The consequences multiply. Soil moisture will intensify at the highest northern latitudes, where precipitation will grow far more than evaporation and plant transpiration but where agriculture is nonexistent. At the same time, precipitation will drop over northern mid-latitude continents in summer months, when ample soil moisture is an agricultural necessity. Meanwhile the sea level will continue to rise as temperatures warm, accelerating saline contamination of freshwater aquifers and river deltas. The temperature will cause increased evaporation, which in turn will lead to a greater incidence of drought. Perhaps most disturbing of all, the hydrologic cycle is becoming increasingly unpredictable. This means that the last century's hydrological cycle—the set of assumptions about water on which modern irrigation is based—has become unreliable. Build a dam too large, and it may not generate its designed power; build it too small, and it may collapse or flood. Release too little dam runoff in the spring and risk flood, as the snowmelt cascades downstream with unexpected volume; release too much and the water will not be available for farmers when they need it. At a time when water scarcity calls out for intensified planning, planning itself may be stymied. Based on information in the second paragraph, which of the following can best be supported? a. Precipitation across different latitudes can differ significantly. b. An increase in soil moisture can have devastating effects on agriculture. c. Increased temperatures at sea level can affect the highest altitudes. d. Saline contamination mostly results from an increase in sea levels. e. Hydrological activity at one elevation has little to no effect on hydrological activity at another elevation.

a. Precipitation across different latitudes can differ significantly.

The following is an excerpt from a campaign speech. Senator Baker: My opponent, Candidate Rothmore, has called for increased taxes to fund programs that help the long-term unemployed of the state. SUCH ACTION WOULD ADDRESS AN IMMEDIATE SYMPTOM FOR A SELECT GROUP, WITHOUT DOING MUCH TO ADDRESS THE OVERALL PROBLEMS WE ALL FACE. Only through lowering taxes can we stimulate the growth of small businesses, which will revitalize the state's whole economy. THAT, IN TURN, WILL RESULT IN GREATER PROSPERITY AND IN MORE JOBS, INCLUDING JOBS FOR THOSE WHO HAVE BEEN UNEMPLOYED FOR A WHILE. Through lowering taxes, everyone wins, and those currently unemployed get the best help the economy can provide --- a real job. In the argument, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? a. The first is a prediction about a recommendation the main argument opposes; the second is a conclusion drawn in order to support the main conclusion. b. The first is evidence supporting the main argument; the second is the main conclusion. c. The first is a prediction that, if accurate, would provide support for the main conclusion of the argument; the second is the main conclusion. d. The first is an objection that the main argument rejects; the second is a claim advanced in support of the main conclusions of the argument. e. The first is a conclusion drawn by Senator Baker's opponent; the second is Senator Baker's main conclusion.

a. The first is a prediction about a recommendation the main argument opposes; the second is a conclusion drawn in order to support the main conclusion.

Hatfield Airport is the closest airport to the major city of Dudley. Since AirJet International opened operations at the airport last year, the entire airport has suffered from tremendous delays, and airport staff have complained to their managers that they can no longer serve the passengers efficiently. The same corporate group runs both Hatfield and the new Chesterfield airports. If AirJet International were to move most of its operations to the new terminal at Chesterfield Airport, the staff argues, the customers of both AirJet and the airlines based at Hatfield Airport would be served much more efficiently. Which of the following is an assumption that supports drawing the conclusion above from the reasons given for that conclusion? a. The increased traffic at the airport is due to the popularity of AirJet's flights. b. The managers of the airpoint staff typically listen to their staff carefully and take their complaints seriously. c. In surveys, most customers have cited the slowness of service at Hatfield Airport in the past year as their #1 complaint. d. The corporate group that runs both airports would realize tremendous profits if the new terminal at Chesterfield were used to capacity. e. Chesterfield Airport is closer to the Dudley than to any other major city.

a. The increased traffic at the airport is due to the popularity of AirJet's flights.

A technology company plans to develop a prototype laptop that uses iris scanners that can distinguish one user from another. The inventor of this laptop claims that it will reduce insurance and security costs at offices, as only authorized users will be able to turn on the laptop, making it a less appealing target for thieves. Which of the following, if true, most supports the company's implementing its plan to develop the prototype? a. There is considerable variation in the color and patterns present in most people's irises. b. The size of people's irises tends to change noticeably over the course of the day. c. In-person security services will not suffer from technological glitches when allowing access to laptops. d. Colored contacts allow people to change their eye color, without altering any of the other characteristics of their iris. e. Insurance and security companies provide other services to companies in addition to protecting laptops.

a. There is considerable variation in the color and patterns present in most people's irises.

In exploring the role of women during colonial times, historiographers have taken several, though not necessarily conflicting, approaches. Malley and Jemson represent those who have focused on the roles of women in countries under colonial power. However, they are atypical in that they attempt to place the specific continent they studied—South East Asia—in a larger, transnational context. For instance, in claiming that women in Annam (the name of Vietnam before 1950) had diminished economic power, even more so than in their traditional roles, which allowed for some economic autonomy (women's active role in the marketplace culture is cited), Malley and Jemson are able to make certain parallels with societies in which colonial power rested, namely England and France. Yet, the eye for detail that makes their work on Southeast Asia so compelling is lost in broad generalizations. In pointing out that it was deemed unladylike for women to engage in economic activity in both France and French Indochina, Malley and Jemson would have strengthened their case by offering specific examples from both those parts of the world. Additionally, the greater question of how in some cases colonialism not only offered more freedom than did traditional roles (in real estate a woman's initials were part of the deed) but also limited women's freedom would have made the discussion more germane to a transnational context. On the other hand, Camden and Greely draw broad conclusions in a transnational context, but their understanding of this context is limited by their narrow focus on the history of a specific country. Such a narrow view, unsurprisingly, leads them to impose certain metanarratives on these countries. For instance, in aiming to show that women in places under the colonial yoke acquired roles similar to women in Europe, and later America, Camden and Greely relied on small island nations in the Caribbean to make their case. In doing so, the two not only compromised the scope of their findings but also did not account for practices within these nations that might call into question the validity of their metanarratives. By overlooking the aspects of the culture of the countries they studied and by not including countries that were more representative of colonialism, Camden and Greely fail to concede that such metanarratives might themselves need some review to better account for more widespread practices. Thus, the few parallels they draw between these Caribbean nations and European powers are unconvincing. As both the approaches of Camden and Greely and those of Malley and Jemson show, historicity would be better served by scholars working in tandem to tease out general themes that apply to countries while also appreciating how a country's local culture informed and coexisted with such themes. Which of the following can be inferred regarding those who only focus on the role of women in countries under colonial rule? a. They usually do not place their insights in a transnational context. b. They are likely to let pre-existing theories bias their observations. c. They are unwilling to consider the effect that traditional roles had on colonial roles. d. They tend to downplay the economic autonomy exercised by women in traditional roles. e. They fail to make convincing parallels between countries that are colonial powers and those under colonial rule.

a. They usually do not place their insights in a transnational context.

WITH A ROTATIONAL AXIS TILTED NEARLY PARALLEL TO THE PLANE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM, URANUS EXHIBITS EXTREME SEASONS: HEMISPHERES GO from continuous sunlight to continuous darkness in its 84-year cycle. a. With a rotational axis tilted nearly parallel to the plane of the Solar System, Uranus exhibits extreme seasons: hemispheres go b. With a rotational axis nearly tilted parallel to the plane of the Solar System, Uranus' seasons exhibit extremeness, because hemispheres go c. Uranus has a rotational axis that is tilted nearly parallel to the plane of the Solar System, it exhibits extreme seasons, and the hemispheres go d. Uranus's rotational axis nearly tilted parallel to the plane of the Solar System, it exhibits extreme seasons, with hemispheres going e. As a consequence of a rotational axis that is nearly tilted parallel to the plane of the Solar System, Uranus exhibited extreme seasons, such as the hemispheres going

a. With a rotational axis tilted nearly parallel to the plane of the Solar System, Uranus exhibits extreme seasons: hemispheres go

In some types of pine tree, A THICK LAYER OF NEEDLES PROTECTS THE BUDS FROM WHICH NEW GROWTH PROCEEDS; CONSEQUENTLY THEY ARE ABLE TO WITHSTAND FOREST FIRES RELATIVELY WELL. a. a thick layer of needles protects the buds from which new growth proceeds; consequently they are able to withstand forest fires relatively well b. a thick needle layer protects buds from where new growth proceeds, so that they can withstand forest fires relatively well c. a thick layer of needles protect the buds from which new growth proceeds; thus, they are able to withstand relatively well any forest fires d. since the buds from which new growth proceeds are protected by a thick needle layer, consequently they can therefore withstand forest fires relatively well e. because the buds where new growth happens are protected by a thick layer of needles, they are able to withstand forest fires relatively easily as a result

a. a thick layer of needles protects the buds from which new growth proceeds; consequently they are able to withstand forest fires relatively well

To estimate the expansion rate of the universe is a notoriously difficult problem because there is a lack of a single yardstick that all distances can be measured by. a. To estimate the expansion rate of the universe is a notoriously difficult problem because there is a lack of a single yardstick that all distances can be measured by. b. Estimating the expansion rate of the universe is a notoriously difficult problem because there is no single yardstick by which all distances can be measured. c. Because there is a lack of a single yardstick to measure all distances by, estimating the expansion rate of the universe is a notoriously difficult problem. d. A notoriously difficult problem is to estimate the expansion rate of the universe because a single yardstick is lacking by which all distances can be measured. e. It is a notoriously difficult problem to estimate the expansion rate of the universe because by no single yardstick can all distances be measured.

b. Estimating the expansion rate of the universe is a notoriously difficult problem because there is no single yardstick by which all distances can be measured.

a. activity at suboptimal temperatures may confer specific benefits

a. an increased risk of being preyed upon

In the middle of the 19th century, MATHEMATICIAN-TURNED-COMPUTER SCIENTIST ADA LOVELACE AIDED CHARLES BABBAGE BY DEVELOPING THE FIRST COMPUTER ALGORITHM, A BREAKTHROUGH THAT ushered in the computer age, leading to machines capable of executing functions far more rapidly than could any possible human and resulting in every subsequent development in the field. a. mathematician-turned-computer scientist Ada Lovelace aided Charles Babbage by developing the first computer algorithm, a breakthrough that b. Ada Lovelace, mathematician and computer scientist, aided Charles Babbage by developing the first computer algorithm, and the breakthrough c. Ada Lovelace, a mathematician who turned into a computer scientist, aided Charles Babbage in developing the first computer algorithm, this breakthrough d. the mathematician-turned-computer scientist, Ada Lovelace, aided Charles Babbage in developing as a breakthrough the first computer algorithm; this e. Ada Lovelace, the mathematician who turned into a computer scientist, to aid Charles Babbage, had the breakthrough development of the first computer algorithm that

a. mathematician-turned-computer scientist Ada Lovelace aided Charles Babbage by developing the first computer algorithm, a breakthrough that

Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement, THE ARMY OF TERRA-COTTA WARRIORS CREATED TO PROTECT QUIN SHI HAUNG, CHINA'S FIRST EMPEROR, IN HIS AFTERLIFE IS MORE THAN 2,000 YEARS OLD AND TOOK 700,000 ARTISANS MORE THAN 36 YEARS TO COMPLETE. a. the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China's first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete b. Qin Shi Huang, China's first emperor, was protected in his afterlife by an army of terra-cotta warriors that was created more than 2,000 years ago by 700,000 artisans who took more than 36 years to complete it c. it took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to create an army of terra-cotta warriors more than 2,000 years ago that would protect Qin Shi Huang, China's first emperor, in his afterlife d. more than 2,000 years ago, 700,000 artisans worked more than 36 years to create an army of terra-cotta warriors to protect Qin Shi Huang, China's first emperor, in his afterlife e. more than 36 years were needed to complete the army of terra-cotta warriors that 700,000 artisans created 2,000 years ago to protect Qin Shi Huang, China's first emperor, in his afterlife

a. the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China's first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete

Recently, a team of scientists digging through a tar pit unearthed a jawbone fossil. Initially, the team hypothesized that the jawbone came from a young gomphothere, a now extinct distant relative of the elephant, since the teeth were those of a juvenile. The gomphothere, however, is known for its large molars, and the teeth on the jawbone would not allow enough room for the molars of an adult gomphothere to fit. Based on this evidence, the scientists conclude that the jawbone fossil provides evidence of a distinct species closely related to the gomphothere. Which of the following, if true, would best provide evidence showing that the conclusion above is possibly flawed? a. The manner in which teeth grow provide sufficient evidence for the accurate classification of a bygone species. b. In order for the molars of an adult gomphothereto emerge, several juvenile teeth are first forced out of the gums to accommodate the molars. c. The molars of an adult mastodon, a close relative of the gomphothere, are similar in size to those of an adult gomphothere. d. Many fossils exist that have yet to be conclusively attributed to any one species. e. The juvenile jawbone of a species related to a gomphothere is longer than the juvenile jawbone of a gomphothere.

b. In order for the molars of an adult gomphothereto emerge, several juvenile teeth are first forced out of the gums to accommodate the molars.

THE KUIPER BELT, LIKE THE ASTEROID BELT, CONSISTS OF SMALL BODIES, REMNANTS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S FORMATION, BUT THE ASTEROIDS ARE MADE OF ROCK JUST AS THE KUIPER BELT OBJECTS ARE COMPOSED OF "FROZEN VOLATILES," LIKE methane, ammonia, and water. a. The Kuiper belt, like the asteroid belt, consists of small bodies, remnants of the Solar System's formation, but the asteroids are made of rock just as the Kuiper belt objects are composed of "frozen volatiles," like b. Like the asteroid belt, the Kuiper belt consists of small bodies, remnants of the Solar System's formation, but whereas asteroids are made of rock, Kuiper belt objects are composed of "frozen volatiles," such as c. The Kuiper belt is like the asteroid belt, which consists of small bodies, remnants of the Solar System's formation, and Kuiper belt objects are not like the rocky asteroids, because they are composed of "frozen volatiles," like d. The Kuiper belt consists of small bodies like the asteroid belt, having remnants of the Solar System's formation, but unlike asteroid rock, it has bodies made of e. Unlike the asteroid composed of rock, the Kuiper belt consists of small bodies, remnants of the Solar System's formation, which are composed of "frozen volatiles," such as

b. Like the asteroid belt, the Kuiper belt consists of small bodies, remnants of the Solar System's formation, but whereas asteroids are made of rock, Kuiper belt objects are composed of "frozen volatiles," such as

IN UNVEILING VASE SWATHS OF AREAS OF WHICH THEY PREVIOUSLY HAD FAINTLY ANY NOTION OF THEIR EXISTENCE, MUCH LIKE MODERN DAY ASTRONOMERS, ANCIENT CARTOGRAPHERS expanding our awareness of the world we inhabit and providing a basis so that we might reach even further into the unknown. a. In unveiling vast swaths of areas of which they previously had faintly any notion of their existence, much like modern day astronomers, ancient cartographers b. Much as modern day astronomers do, ancient cartographers unveiled vast swaths of areas of which they faintly had any notion, thereby c. Just like modern day astronomers, ancient cartographers had unveiled vast swaths of areas of whose previous existence they faintly had had any notion, d. Ancient cartographers, the same as modern day astronomers, unveiled vast swaths of areas, the existence of which they faintly have any notion of previously, thereby e. As modern day astronomers had done, ancient cartographers unveil vast swaths of areas the existence of which they previously had faintly any notion, thereby

b. Much as modern day astronomers do, ancient cartographers unveiled vast swaths of areas of which they faintly had any notion, thereby

Marketing executive for Magu Corporation: Whenever Magu opens a manufacturing facility in a new city, the company should sponsor, or make donations to, a number of nonprofit organizations in that city. Doing so would improve Magu's image in the community, and thus the money spent on such charitable ventures would lead to increased sales. Which statement would, if true, point to the most serious weakness in the marketing executive's advice? a. Magu sells its products internationally, so sales in any one city represent only a small portion of total revenue. b. Spending on charitable ventures would require Magu to decrease direct advertisements, which are the most effective means of reaching its target customers. c. If market conditions change, Magu may have to close any such facility or relocate it. d. Some nonprofit organizations are poorly organized, so money donated to them would be of little benefit to the community. e. If workers at the manufacturing facility believed their wages or working conditions were poor, their complaints would outweigh any good impressions generated by Magu's donations or sponsorships.

b. Spending on charitable ventures would require Magu to decrease direct advertisements, which are the most effective means of reaching its target customers.

The city of Carina is considering implementing an Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) for taxpayers earning more than 90% of the population, those individuals who earn more than $350,000 annually. Under this tax plan, Carina citizens in the AMT bracket would be exempt from paying taxes on the first $80,000 of their income and be taxed at a flat rate on the income thereafter. People paying the AMT would not be given allowances regular taxpayers are, such as deductions for charitable donations or healthcare expenses, although they would still be able to deduct educational expenses such as college or postgraduate tuition for themselves and their dependents. Which of the following would be most important to determine in order to evaluate whether implementing the AMT plan would generate more tax revenue for the city of Carina? a. The total dollar value of the top 10% of wage earners in Carina citizens' tax payments for the previous year b. The dollar value that the top 10% of wage earners in Carina currently withhold on the tax exemptions excluded under the AMT c. What percent of the adults in the top 10% of wage earners in Carina are enrolled in undergraduate or postsecondary educational programs d. The average tax revenue collected by cities that are comparable to Carina in size and demographics e. The dollar value that processing the AMT would require, compared to the dollar value that running the current tax system in Carina requires

b. The dollar value that the top 10% of wage earners in Carina currently withhold on the tax exemptions excluded under the AMT

Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemp's ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with laws REQUIRING THAT TURTLE-EXCLUDER DEVICES BE ON SHRIMP NETS PROTECT adult sea turtles. a. requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protect b. requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting c. that require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets protect d. to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets are protecting e. to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting

b. requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting

Forty miles to the west of Tucson, a developer attempted to develop an "oasis" glade in the Sonoran Desert, a glade about as lush and plant-filled as the ambient 35° C temperatures allow. To that end, the developer planted several native fruit-bearing plants, such as prickly-pear cactus. Since the glade has been established, a number of desert birds and mammals have regularly inhabited the glade, often eating most of the fruit that falls from the plants. Through a variety of programs related to the glade, the developer anticipates recouping the construction costs and showing a profit from this project within two years. Of the following claims, which is most strongly supported by the statements given? a. Most of these desert animals in the glade would have perished if the glade had not been created in that location. b. The revenue channels in developer's economic model are not contingent on the sale of fruit from this glade. c. A glade populated exclusively with non-fruit bearing plants would attract significantly fewer desert animals. d. Enclosing the fruit-bearing plants in wire cages to prevent consumption by desert animals would allow for fruit sales to cover the cost of the glade's development. e. The shade from all the plants in the glade measurably reduces the ambient temperature within the glade.

b. The revenue channels in developer's economic model are not contingent on the sale of fruit from this glade.

In 2000, a mere two dozen products accounted for half the increase in spending on prescription drugs, A PHENOMENON THAT IS EXPLAINED NOT JUST BECAUSE OF MORE EXPENSIVE DRUGS BUT BY THE FACT THAT DOCTORS ARE WRITING many more prescriptions for higher-cost drugs. a. a phenomenon that is explained not just because of more expensive drugs but by the fact that doctors are writing b. a phenomenon that is explained not just by the fact that drugs are becoming more expensive but also by the fact that doctors are writing c. a phenomenon occurring not just because of drugs that are becoming more expensive but because of doctors having also written d. which occurred not just because drugs are becoming more expensive but doctors are also writing e. which occurred not just because of more expensive drugs but because doctors have also written

b. a phenomenon that is explained not just by the fact that drugs are becoming more expensive but also by the fact that doctors are writing

Most of the university's faculty is utterly appalled by the decision to hire as university president the senator censured for influence peddling, ALTHOUGH THERE ARE SOME OF THESE WILLING TO EXTEND TO HIM A WELCOME THAT IS CIVIL ON THEIR OWN. a. although there are some of these willing to extend to him a welcome that is civil on their own b. but some on their own are willing to extend to him a civil welcome c. and some of it has the willingness on their own to civilly extend a welcome to him d. but some of it is willing to extend to him on their own a civil welcome e. although some of it is civilly willing to welcome him on their own

b. but some on their own are willing to extend to him a civil welcome

Language acquisition has long been thought of as a process of imitation and reinforcement. Children learn to speak, in the popular view, by copying the utterances heard around them, and by having their response strengthened by the repetitions, corrections, and other reactions that adults provide. In recent years, it has become clear that this principle will not explain all the facts of language development. Children do imitate a great deal, especially in learning sounds and vocabulary; but little of their grammatical ability can be explained in this way. Two kinds of evidence are commonly used in support of this criticism-one based on the kind of language children produce, the other on what they do not produce. The first piece of evidence derives from the way children handle irregular grammatical patterns. When they encounter such irregular past-tense forms as went and took or such plural forms as mice and sheep, there is a stage when they replace these by forms based on the regular patterns of the language. They say such things as wented, taked, mices, mouses, and sheeps. Evidently, children assume that grammatical usage is regular, and try to work out for themselves what the forms 'ought' to be-a reasoning process known as analogy. They could not have learned these forms by a process of imitation. The other kind of evidence is based on the way children seem unable to imitate adult grammatical constructions exactly, even when invited to do so. According to the passage, the idea that children learn language only through a process of imitation has been called into question because a. some children learn language at an earlier age than do others b. children form grammatical endings that, while consistent with rules of grammar, are not accepted forms c. adults often speak to children by employing grammatical patterns that are different from the ones they would employ when speaking to other adults d. most children have difficulty imitating complex vocabulary even if their caregivers use such words e. only a few children are capable of imitating irregular grammatical patterns

b. children form grammatical endings that, while consistent with rules of grammar, are not accepted forms

The Atlantic Ocean, FORMED WHEN EUROPE SPLIT AWAY FROM AMERICA 130 MILLION YEARS AGO AND THAT IS STILL EXPANDING TODAY, WILL BE Earth's largest ocean at some point in the distant future. a. formed when Europe split away from America 130 million years ago and that is still expanding today, will be b. formed when Europe split away from America 130 million years ago and still expanding today, will be c. formed when Europe split away from America 130 million years ago and still expands today, becoming d. forming when Europe had split away from America 130 million years ago and still expanding today, will be e. forming when Europe split away from America 130 million years ago and still expanding today, becoming

b. formed when Europe split away from America 130 million years ago and still expanding today, will be

Although decisive victories at Midway and in the Guadalcanal campaign HAD RAISED HOPES AGAINST JAPAN FOR A READILY ATTAINABLE ALLIED VICTORY, the fierce battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa forced the conclusion that defeating the Japanese home islands would be neither quick nor easy. a. had raised hopes against Japan for a readily attainable Allied victory b. had raised hopes that an Allied victory against Japan was readily attainable c. had raised hopes for an Allied victory against Japan that had been readily attainable d. raised hopes that an Allied victory over Japan had been readily attainable e. raised hopes in a readily attainable Allied victory against Japan

b. had raised hopes that an Allied victory against Japan was readily attainable

Starfish, with anywhere from five to eight arms, have a strong regenerative ability, and if one arm is lost it quickly replaces it, sometimes by the animal overcompensating andgrowing an extra one or two. a. one arm is lost it quickly replaces it, sometimes by the animal overcompensating and b. one arm is lost it is quickly replaced, with the animal sometimes overcompensating and c. they lose one arm they quickly replace it, sometimes by the animal overcompensating, d. they lose one arm they are quickly replaced, with the animal sometimes overcompensating, e. they lose one arm it is quickly replaced, sometimes with the animal overcompensating,

b. one arm is lost it is quickly replaced, with the animal sometimes overcompensating and

In emerging economies in Africa and other regions, large foreign banks that were set up during the colonial era have long played a major economic role. These institutions have tended to confine their business to the wealthier of banks' potential customers. But development of these countries' economies requires financing of the small businesses that dominate their manufacturing, farming, and services sectors. So economic growth will be likely to occur if local banks take on this portion of the financial services markets, since __________. Which of the following completions would produce the strongest argument? a. local banks tend not to strive as much as large foreign banks to diversify their investments b. small farming and manufacturing businesses contribute to economic growth if they obtain adequate investment capital c. large foreign banks in emerging economies could, with local employees and appropriate local consultation, profitably expand their business to less wealthy clients d. some small businesses are among the wealthier customers of foreign banks in emerging economies e. local banks in emerging economies tend to be less risk-averse than foreign banks

b. small farming and manufacturing businesses contribute to economic growth if they obtain adequate investment capital

In late 1961, the legendary general Douglas MacArthur told President Kennedy HE CONSIDERED THE "DOMINO THEORY," WHICH WAS THE JUSTIFICATION FOR AMERICA'S INVOLVEMENT IN VIETNAM, RIDICULOUS in the nuclear age. a. he considered the "domino theory," which was the justification for America's involvement in Vietnam, ridiculous b. that he considered the "domino theory," the justification for America's involvement in Vietnam, ridiculous c. that he considered the "domino theory" to be the justification for America's involvement in Vietnam, making it ridiculous d. that he, MacArthur, considered the "domino theory," the justification for America's involvement in Vietnam, to be ridiculous e. that he, MacArthur, considered the "domino theory" as the justification for America's involvement in Vietnam, and it was ridiculous

b. that he considered the "domino theory," the justification for America's involvement in Vietnam, ridiculous

The CEO attributed the relative success of Framingham Corporation TO BOTH THEIR TRADITIONAL VALUES AND TO the CFO's innovative reorganization of the divisional income scheme. a. to both their traditional values and to b. to both its traditional values and c. both to its traditional values and d. both to their traditional values and e. both to their traditional values and to

b. to both its traditional values and

The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (1868) HAD BEEN ORIGINALLY ADOPTED IN ORDER THAT BLACKS IN THE POST-CIVIL WAR SOUTH BE GIVEN THE FULL BENEFIT OF CITIZENSHIP, BUT OVER THE PAST CENTURY AND A HALF THEY ARE EXPANDING IT TO INCLUDE all categories of civil rights. a. had been originally adopted in order that blacks in the post-Civil War South be given the full benefit of citizenship, but over the past century and a half they are expanding it to include b. was originally adopted to give blacks in the post-Civil War South the full benefit of citizenship, but over the past century and a half has been expanded to include c. had been originally adopted to give blacks in the post-Civil War South the full benefit of citizenship, while over the past century and a half was expanding it to include d. had been originally adopted to give blacks in the post-Civil War South the full benefit of citizenship, and over the past century and a half has expanded to include e. had been originally adopted by giving blacks in the post-Civil War South the full benefit of citizenship, and over the past century and a half they have been expanding it to include

b. was originally adopted to give blacks in the post-Civil War South the full benefit of citizenship, but over the past century and a half has been expanded to include

According to recent studies comparing the nutritional value of meat from wild animals and meat from domesticated animals, WILD ANIMALS HAVE LESS TOTAL FAT THAN DO LIVESTOCK FED ON GRAIN AND MORE OF A KIND OF FAT THEY THINK IS good for cardiac health. a. wild animals have less total fat than do livestock fed on grain and more of a kind of fat they think is b. wild animals have less total fat than livestock fed on grain and more of a kind of fat thought to be c. wild animals have less total fat than that of livestock fed on grain and have more fat of a kind thought to be d. total fat of wild animals is less than livestock fed on grain and they have more fat of a kind thought to be e. total fat is less in wild animals than that of livestock fed on grain and more of their fat is of a kind they think is

b. wild animals have less total fat than livestock fed on grain and more of a kind of fat thought to be

Compared to regulations in other countries, those of the United States tends to be narrower in scope, with an emphasis on manufacturing processes and specific categories of pollution, and little or no attention to the many other factors that affect environmental quality. An example is the focus on controlling pollution rather than influencing decisions about processes, raw materials, or products that determine environmental impacts. Regulation in the United States tends to isolate specific aspects of production processes and attempts to control them stringently, which means that some aspects of business are regulated tightly, although sometimes not cost-effectively, while others are ignored. Other countries and several American states have recently made more progress in preventing pollution at its source and considering such issues as product life cycles, packaging waste, and industrial energy efficiency. Environmental regulation in the United States is also more prescriptive than elsewhere, in the sense of requiring specific actions, with little discretion left to the regulated firm. There also is a great reliance on action-forcing laws and technology standards. These contrasts are illustrated nicely in a 1974 book that used a hare and tortoise analogy to compare air quality regulation in the United States and Sweden. While the United States (the hare) codified ambitious goals in statutes that drove industry to adopt new technologies under the threat of sanctions, Sweden (the tortoise) used a more collaborative process that stressed results but worked with industry in deciding how to achieve them. In the end air quality results were about the same. Similar results have been found in other comparative analyses of environmental regulation. For example, one study of a multinational firm with operations in the United States and Japan found that pollution levels in both countries were similar, despite generally higher pollution abatement expenditures in the United States. The higher costs observed in the United States thus were due in large part, not to more stringent standards, but to the higher regulatory transaction costs. Because agencies in different countries share information about technologies, best practices, and other issues, the pollution levels found acceptable in different countries tend to be quite similar. Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that the author believes that countries similar to the United States in terms of environmental policy a. have poorer air quality than countries in which industry plays a role in environmental decision making b. will spend more on regulation instead of allowing firms to influence environmental policy c. do not stress immediate results but prefer an approach that will yield long term success d. are likely to have less pollution abatement expenditures than most other countries e. focus more on collaborative processes and less on sanctions

b. will spend more on regulation instead of allowing firms to influence environmental policy

Most educated people of the eighteenth century, such as the Founding Fathers, subscribed to Natural Rights Theory, the idea that every human being has a considerable number of innate rights, simply by virtue of being a human person. When the US Constitution was sent to the states for ratification, many at that time felt that the federal government outlined by the Constitution would be too strong, and that rights of individual citizens against the government had to be clarified. This led to the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments, which were ratified at the same time as the Constitution. The first eight of these amendments list specific rights of citizens. Some leaders feared that listing some rights could be interpreted to mean that citizens didn't have other, unlisted rights. Toward this end, James Madison and others produced the Ninth Amendment, which states: the fact that certain rights are listed in the Constitution shall not be construed to imply that other rights of the people are denied. Constitutional traditionalists interpret the Ninth Amendment as a rule for reading the rest of the constitution. They would argue that "Ninth Amendment rights" are a misconceived notion: the amendment does not, by itself, create federally enforceable rights. In particular, this strict reasoning would be opposed to the creation of any new rights based on the amendment. Rather, according to this view, the amendment merely protects those rights that citizens already have, whether they are explicitly listed in the Constitution or simply implicit in people's lives and in American tradition. More liberal interpreters of the US Constitution have a much more expansive view of the Ninth Amendment. In their view, the Ninth Amendment guarantees to American citizens a vast universe of potential rights, some of which we have enjoyed for two centuries, and others of which the Founding Fathers could not possibly have conceived. These scholars point out that some rights, such as voting rights of women or minorities, were not necessarily viewed as rights by the majority of citizens in late eighteenth century America, but are taken as fundamental and unquestionable in modern America. While those rights cited are protected specifically by other amendments and laws, the argument asserts that other unlisted rights also could evolve from unthinkable to perfectly acceptable, and the Ninth Amendment would protect these as-yet-undefined rights. The passage provides support for which of the following? a. The right to privacy, not mentioned at all in the Bill of Rights, must have its constitutional basis in the Ninth Amendment. b. Madison would have been in favor of women's right to vote. c. Certain parts of the Bill of Rights are open to divergent interpretations. d. Twentieth-century amendments that explicitly added new rights weakened the Ninth Amendment. e. In the absence of the Ninth Amendment, the American Federal Government would have interpreted the list of rights in the Bill of Rights as setting a strict limit on the possible rights that American citizens could enjoy.

c. Certain parts of the Bill of Rights are open to divergent interpretations.

In the last few years, plant scientists have been able to genetically engineer seeds to produce crops highly resistant to insect damage. Farmers growing crops with these seeds will be able to spend significantly less on pesticides. This cost reduction would more than make up for the higher cost of the genetically engineered seeds. Clearly, therefore, farmers who grow crops from genetically engineered seeds will be able to reduce their costs by using them. Which of the following, if true, most weakens the argument? a. Plant scientists have not yet developed insect-resistant strains of every crop that is currently grown commercially. b. The cost of several commonly used pesticides is expected to rise in the next few years. c. Crops grown from the genetically engineered seeds require significantly more fertilizer and water to grow well than do crops grown from nonengineered seeds. d. In the future, the cost of genetically engineered seeds is likely to fall to the level of nonengineered seeds. e. The crops that now require the greatest expenditure on pesticides are not the ones for which genetically engineered seeds will become available.

c. Crops grown from the genetically engineered seeds require significantly more fertilizer and water to grow well than do crops grown from nonengineered seeds.

When complaints against staff are brought to Human Resources at Sarpedon Inc., the Human Resources department cannot always determine whether there was just cause for the complaint. This is usually due to insufficient evidence provided by the claimant. Nevertheless, Sarpedon will sometimes dismiss an employee because of such a complaint, even if unsubstantiated. Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn from the information above? a. Many Sarpedon employees accused of any wrongdoing contest the charge, claiming their own innocence, because they are familiar with Human Resources policy. b. In certain kinds of harassment, victims are reluctant to press charges, for fear of reprisals or unfavorable judgments from other colleagues. c. It is possible that an unsubstantiated complaint could be unfairly held against the employee that it implicates. d. In a 1-on-1 conflict in which the only two employees involved give conflicting view of each other's words and actions, managers have to make a judgment at their own discretion. e. Many of the employees dismissed from Sarpedon would have substantial grounds for a lawsuit concerning their dismissal because of this Human Resources policy.

c. It is possible that an unsubstantiated complaint could be unfairly held against the employee that it implicates.

In exploring the role of women during colonial times, historiographers have taken several, though not necessarily conflicting, approaches. Malley and Jemson represent those who have focused on the roles of women in countries under colonial power. However, they are atypical in that they attempt to place the specific continent they studied—South East Asia—in a larger, transnational context. For instance, in claiming that women in Annam (the name of Vietnam before 1950) had diminished economic power, even more so than in their traditional roles, which allowed for some economic autonomy (women's active role in the marketplace culture is cited), Malley and Jemson are able to make certain parallels with societies in which colonial power rested, namely England and France. Yet, the eye for detail that makes their work on Southeast Asia so compelling is lost in broad generalizations. In pointing out that it was deemed unladylike for women to engage in economic activity in both France and French Indochina, Malley and Jemson would have strengthened their case by offering specific examples from both those parts of the world. Additionally, the greater question of how in some cases colonialism not only offered more freedom than did traditional roles (in real estate a woman's initials were part of the deed) but also limited women's freedom would have made the discussion more germane to a transnational context. On the other hand, Camden and Greely draw broad conclusions in a transnational context, but their understanding of this context is limited by their narrow focus on the history of a specific country. Such a narrow view, unsurprisingly, leads them to impose certain metanarratives on these countries. For instance, in aiming to show that women in places under the colonial yoke acquired roles similar to women in Europe, and later America, Camden and Greely relied on small island nations in the Caribbean to make their case. In doing so, the two not only compromised the scope of their findings but also did not account for practices within these nations that might call into question the validity of their metanarratives. By overlooking the aspects of the culture of the countries they studied and by not including countries that were more representative of colonialism, Camden and Greely fail to concede that such metanarratives might themselves need some review to better account for more widespread practices. Thus, the few parallels they draw between these Caribbean nations and European powers are unconvincing. As both the approaches of Camden and Greely and those of Malley and Jemson show, historicity would be better served by scholars working in tandem to tease out general themes that apply to countries while also appreciating how a country's local culture informed and coexisted with such themes. Which of the following best describes the primary contrast between the work of Malley and Jemson and that of Camden and Greely? a. Malley and Jemson offer a comprehensive understanding of the countries they studied but do not attempt to place their findings in a transnational context, while Camden and Greely are able to convincingly place their findings in a transnational context even though they do not sufficiently understand the histories of the countries they studied. b. Malley and Jemson displayed a limited understanding of the historical processes in the countries in which they offered as evidence supporting their theories, while Camden and Greely often let the details of a specific country interfere with a broader historical understanding. c. Malley and Jemson, in attempting to place their findings in a transnational context, do not provide sufficient evidence to support their theories, whereas Camden and Greely, in attempting to support their theories, provide evidence that is unrepresentative of the countries they are studying and disregard information not conforming to their pre-existing narrative. d. Malley and Jemson use evidence from only a few countries, yet make a compelling case for how their insights apply to a wider geographical context, whereas Camden and Greely are not adequately able to show how their findings from many countries apply to a larger geographical context. e. Malley and Jemson argue that the most effective approach to understanding how the traditional roles of women affected those during the colonial period is to study countries that were colonial powers, whereas Camden and Greely argue that the most effective approach for understanding this phenomenon is to focus only on countries that were colonial subjects.

c. Malley and Jemson, in attempting to place their findings in a transnational context, do not provide sufficient evidence to support their theories, whereas Camden and Greely, in attempting to support their theories, provide evidence that is unrepresentative of the countries they are studying and disregard information not conforming to their pre-existing narrative.

A deadly virus that has claimed the lives of local villagers has been traced to the spotted fruit bat, in which the virus resides between periodic outbreaks. Biologists speculate that the bat might also be one of the reservoirs for a number of other viruses that have led to village fatalities. The local government has proposed to eliminate the spotted fruit bat by cutting off passageways that allow the bat to emerge from its caves. Once the bat is unable to emerge from the caves, the government will have achieved its objective of reducing the number of village deaths attributable to viruses. Which of the following, if true, would best indicate that the government's plan will not lead to its objective? a. The bat caves in which the spotted fruit bat dwell are filled with bat dung, or guano, which provides a significant source of revenue for the country. b. Another species of bat has been observed feeding on small animals, and has also been reported to have bitten human beings, who report feeling severely weakened after awakening from the attack. c. Many villagers who would have otherwise succumbed to a viral disease have been cured after ingesting a serum derived from a local flower whose only means of germinating is via the fur of the spotted fruit bat d. The spotted fruit bat dwells deep inside the caves where government workers, despite using sophisticated technology, have been unable to penetrate completely. e. Though there are several other species of fruit bats in the area, the spotted fruit bat is the only one that serves as a reservoir for deadly viruses, which result in a majority of the village's fatalities.

c. Many villagers who would have otherwise succumbed to a viral disease have been cured after ingesting a serum derived from a local flower whose only means of germinating is via the fur of the spotted fruit bat

The National Farm Administration (NFA) has been concerned over the last decade with the struggles of barley growers. Plan: In an effort to support these barley growers, two years ago, the NFA began a program of sending them, each autumn, a free special mix of fertilizer and enzymes designed to multiply barley yield, to be applied the following spring during first growth. This mix had been stunningly successful in multiplying the yield of barley in laboratory conditions. Results: Most barley growers reported little change in their economic status over this two year period. Further information: All barley growers received the shipments, and all used them. Weather conditions have been fair to optimal for barley growth over the past two years. In light of the further information, which of the following, if true, does most to explain the result that followed the implementation of the plan? a. During these two years, most of the barley growers reported using no other fertilizer besides the special mix sent by the government. b. The trucks that drove the special mix from the depot in Wisconsin to the individual farms sometime took as much as 4 or 5 days. c. Some of the enzymes in the special mix multiply the growth of a bacteria that feeds on the young barley plants. d. This program was implemented at a time when more than half of barley growers nationwide were reported barely breaking even in their yearly expenses. e. This was the second such NFA program to aid barley growers; the first one, 14 years ago, was started with high hopes, but did little to change their situation.

c. Some of the enzymes in the special mix multiply the growth of a bacteria that feeds on the young barley plants.

The average hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland has long been significantly lower than that in neighboring Borodia. Since Borodia dropped all tariffs on Vernlandian televisions three years ago, the number of televisions sold annually in Borodia has not changed. However, recent statistics show a drop in the number of television assemblers in Borodia. Therefore, updated trade statistics will probably indicate that the number of televisions Borodia imports annually from Vernland has increased. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? a. The number of television assemblers in Vernland has increased by at least as much as the number of television assemblers in Borodia has decreased. b. Televisions assembled in Vernland have features that televisions assembled in Borodia do not have. c. The average number of hours it takes a Borodian television assembler to assemble a television has not decreased significantly during the past three years. d. The number of televisions assembled annually in Vernland has increased significantly during the past three years. e. The difference between the hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland and the hourly wage of television assemblers in Borodia is likely to decrease in the next few years.

c. The average number of hours it takes a Borodian television assembler to assemble a television has not decreased significantly during the past three years.

As to when the first people populated the American subcontinent is hotly debated. Until recently, the Clovis people, based on evidence found in New Mexico, were thought to have been the first to have arrived, some 13,000 years ago. Yet evidence gathered from other sites suggest the Americas had been settled at least 1,000 years prior to the Clovis. The "Clovis first" idea, nonetheless, was treated as gospel, backed by supporters who, at least initially, outright discounted any claims that suggested precedence by non-Clovis people. While such a stance smacked of fanaticism, proponents did have a solid claim: if the Clovis peoples crossed the Bering Strait 13,000 years ago, only after it had become ice-free, how would a people have been able to make a similar trip but over ice? A recent school of thought, backed by Weber, provides the following answer: pre-Clovis people reached the Americas by relying on a sophisticated maritime culture, which allowed them to take advantage of refugia, or small areas in which aquatic life flourished. Thus they were able to make the long journey by hugging the coast as far south as to what is today British Columbia. Additionally, they were believed to have fashioned a primitive form of crampon so that they would be able to dock in these refugia and avail themselves of the microfauna. Still, how such a culture developed in the first place remains unanswered. The Solutrean theory has been influential in answering this question, a fact that may seem paradoxical--and startling--to those familiar with its line of reasoning: the Clovis people were actually Solutreans, an ancient seafaring culture along the Iberian peninsula, who had--astoundingly given the time period--crossed into the Americas via the Atlantic ocean. Could not a similar Siberian culture, if not the pre-Clovis themselves, have displayed equal nautical sophistication? Even if one subscribes to this line of reasoning, the "Clovis first" school still have an objection: proponents of a pre-Clovis people rely solely on the Monte Verde site in Chile, a site so far south that its location invites yet another question: What of the 6,000 miles of coastline between the ice corridor and Monte Verde? Besides remains found in network of caves in Oregon, there has been scant evidence of a pre-Clovis peoples. Nonetheless, Meade and Pizinsky claim that a propitious geologic accident could account for this discrepancy: Monte Verde was located near a peat bog that essentially fossilized the village. Archaeologists uncovered two wooden stakes, which, at one time, were used in twelve huts. Furthermore plant species associated with areas 150 miles away were found, suggesting a trade network. These findings indicate that the Clovis may not have been the first to people the Americas, yet more excavation, both in Monte Verde and along the coast, must be conducted in order to determine the extent of pre-Clovis settlements in the Americas. According to the passage, Meade and Pizinsky address the question, "What of the 6,000 miles of coastline...", by offering up the Monte Verde site for which of the following reasons? a. The Monte Verde settlement was so rudimentary that it fundamentally differs from known Clovis settlements. b. Monte Verde is one of the only pre-Clovis sites found between Monte Verde and the ice corridor, and thus provides compelling evidence of a pre-Clovis settlement. c. The circumstances that allowed scientists to discover Monte Verde were so unique that such circumstances were unlikely to have occurred in sites between Monte Verde and the ice corridor. d. Evidence that the Americas were settled over thousand years ago provides support for the Solutrean hypothesis, because it suggests that water travel over long distances was possible. e. The spread of plant species over 150 miles from the Monte Verde site indicate that there were numerous settlements throughout the Americas, beginning from the ice corridor and stretching to Monte Verde.

c. The circumstances that allowed scientists to discover Monte Verde were so unique that such circumstances were unlikely to have occurred in sites between Monte Verde and the ice corridor.

Veterinarians generally derive some of their income from selling several manufacturers' lines of pet-care products. Knowing that pet owners rarely throw away mail from their pet's veterinarian unread, one manufacturer of pet-care products offered free promotional materials on its products to veterinarians for mailing to their clients. Very few veterinarians accepted the offer, however, even though the manufacturer's products are of high quality. Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the veterinarians' reaction to the manufacturer's promotional scheme? a. Most of the veterinarians to whom the free promotional materials were offered were already selling the manufacturer's pet-care products to their clients. b. The special promotional materials were intended as a supplement to the manufacturer's usual promotional activities rather than as a replacement for them. c. The manufacturer's products, unlike most equally good competing products sold by veterinarians, are also available in pet stores and in supermarkets. d. Many pet owners have begun demanding quality in products they buy for their pets that is as high as that in products they buy for themselves. e. Veterinarians sometimes recommend that pet owners use products formulated for people when no suitable product specially formulated for animals is available.

c. The manufacturer's products, unlike most equally good competing products sold by veterinarians, are also available in pet stores and in supermarkets.

AT THE BATTLE OF AGINCOURT, THE MUDDY FIELD DELAYED THE ADVANCE OF THE FRENCH INFANTRYMEN, AND THIS ALLOWED THE ENGLISH LONGBOWMEN TO BE ABLE TO INFLICT SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE ON THEM, AND THE ENGLISH INFANTRY EVENTUALLY ELIMINATED THEIR REDUCED NUMBERS EASILY. a. At the Battle of Agincourt, the muddy field delayed the advance of the French infantrymen, and this allowed the English longbowmen to be able to inflict significant damage on them, and the English infantry eventually eliminated their reduced numbers easily b. Because the muddy field delayed the advance of the French infantrymen at the Battle of Agincourt, the English longbowmen could inflict significant damage on them, and, their numbers reduced, the English infantry easily had been able to eliminate them c. The muddy field delayed the advance of the French infantrymen at the Battle of Agincourt, allowing the English longbowmen to inflict significant damage on them, and because the number of the French infantrymen was reduced, the English infantry easily could eliminate those remaining few d. The French infantrymen at the Battle of Agincourt tried to advance but had been delayed by the muddy field, which allowed the English longbowmen to inflict significant damage on them, and the English infantry eventually would eliminate their reduced numbers with ease e. The French infantrymen at the Battle of Agincourt were delayed in their advance by the muddy field, it allowed the English longbowmen to inflict significant damage on them, their numbers were reduced, and the English infantry easily could eliminate those left

c. The muddy field delayed the advance of the French infantrymen at the Battle of Agincourt, allowing the English longbowmen to inflict significant damage on them, and because the number of the French infantrymen was reduced, the English infantry easily could eliminate those remaining few

Compared to regulations in other countries, those of the United States tends to be narrower in scope, with an emphasis on manufacturing processes and specific categories of pollution, and little or no attention to the many other factors that affect environmental quality. An example is the focus on controlling pollution rather than influencing decisions about processes, raw materials, or products that determine environmental impacts. Regulation in the United States tends to isolate specific aspects of production processes and attempts to control them stringently, which means that some aspects of business are regulated tightly, although sometimes not cost-effectively, while others are ignored. Other countries and several American states have recently made more progress in preventing pollution at its source and considering such issues as product life cycles, packaging waste, and industrial energy efficiency. Environmental regulation in the United States is also more prescriptive than elsewhere, in the sense of requiring specific actions, with little discretion left to the regulated firm. There also is a great reliance on action-forcing laws and technology standards. These contrasts are illustrated nicely in a 1974 book that used a hare and tortoise analogy to compare air quality regulation in the United States and Sweden. While the United States (the hare) codified ambitious goals in statutes that drove industry to adopt new technologies under the threat of sanctions, Sweden (the tortoise) used a more collaborative process that stressed results but worked with industry in deciding how to achieve them. In the end air quality results were about the same. Similar results have been found in other comparative analyses of environmental regulation. For example, one study of a multinational firm with operations in the United States and Japan found that pollution levels in both countries were similar, despite generally higher pollution abatement expenditures in the United States. The higher costs observed in the United States thus were due in large part, not to more stringent standards, but to the higher regulatory transaction costs. Because agencies in different countries share information about technologies, best practices, and other issues, the pollution levels found acceptable in different countries tend to be quite similar. The author of the passage would disagree with which of the following? a. Some nations are likely to put more focus on regulating industry than allowing industry a measure of autonomy. b. Varying levels of regulation can lead to similar levels of pollution. c. There is a complete lack of transparency in the different standards used by countries. d. The United States tends to regulate only a few aspects of the overall production process. e. Analogies can aptly summarize the primary differences between the environmental practices of two countries.

c. There is a complete lack of transparency in the different standards used by countries.

An unknown simian virus recently killed off nearly half the human population of a remote jungle town. Because the disease spread at an alarming rate—victims usually exhibited signs within 8 hours of exposure, and many died within 36 hours—the simian virus, if an outbreak occurs again, is likely to cause more deaths than has any other previous virus. Which of the following pieces of information most effectively calls into question the validity of the conclusion? a. The Zairean strain of the Ebola virus, known as Zaire ebolavirus, has a mortality rate of nearly 75%. b. The village in which the outbreak of the unknown simian virus occurred is located in a country that has had several viral outbreaks in the last two decades. c. Viruses that have very little time to incubate before destroying their hosts tend not to lead to widespread epidemics, because quarantines are put in place before the disease can spread. d. The town in which the outbreak occurred had only fifty people, of whom twenty-four died. e. Viruses tend to be most destructive in densely populated areas, oftentimes spreading amongst thousands of people before any quarantine can be put in place.

c. Viruses that have very little time to incubate before destroying their hosts tend not to lead to widespread epidemics, because quarantines are put in place before the disease can spread.

Atlas Trucking Company, centered in Reno, Nevada, specializes in oversized vehicles designed to carry exceptionally large and heavy pieces of equipment; Atlas has hundreds of such trucks in its fleet. The US Government will be building a large astronomical observatory on a remote peak in Wyoming, and needs to ship large components for this observatory from a manufacturing facility in Alabama. The government hired Atlas to ship these components. Even the largest components of the planned observatory will fit on an Atlas truck, and more than the adequate number of Atlas trucks can be deployed immediately on this task. Therefore, within a month all the components will be in place on the peak and construction can begin. In order to evaluate whether Altas will be successful in getting all the components of the observatory in place within a month, which of the following pieces of information is the most important? a. Whether all the components can be loaded onto the Atlas trucks in the same day. b. Whether all Atlas trucks will take highway routes all the way from Alabama to Wyoming. c. Whether the Atlas trucks can negotiate the winding roads toward this remote peak. d. How much the fuel efficiency (miles/gallon) of the Atlas trucks will decrease at altitude. e. Whether shipping many of the components by railroad train would be faster.

c. Whether the Atlas trucks can negotiate the winding roads toward this remote peak.

Compared to regulations in other countries, those of the United States tends to be narrower in scope, with an emphasis on manufacturing processes and specific categories of pollution, and little or no attention to the many other factors that affect environmental quality. An example is the focus on controlling pollution rather than influencing decisions about processes, raw materials, or products that determine environmental impacts. Regulation in the United States tends to isolate specific aspects of production processes and attempts to control them stringently, which means that some aspects of business are regulated tightly, although sometimes not cost-effectively, while others are ignored. Other countries and several American states have recently made more progress in preventing pollution at its source and considering such issues as product life cycles, packaging waste, and industrial energy efficiency. Environmental regulation in the United States is also more prescriptive than elsewhere, in the sense of requiring specific actions, with little discretion left to the regulated firm. There also is a great reliance on action-forcing laws and technology standards. These contrasts are illustrated nicely in a 1974 book that used a hare and tortoise analogy to compare air quality regulation in the United States and Sweden. While the United States (the hare) codified ambitious goals in statutes that drove industry to adopt new technologies under the threat of sanctions, Sweden (the tortoise) used a more collaborative process that stressed results but worked with industry in deciding how to achieve them. In the end air quality results were about the same. Similar results have been found in other comparative analyses of environmental regulation. For example, one study of a multinational firm with operations in the United States and Japan found that pollution levels in both countries were similar, despite generally higher pollution abatement expenditures in the United States. The higher costs observed in the United States thus were due in large part, not to more stringent standards, but to the higher regulatory transaction costs. Because agencies in different countries share information about technologies, best practices, and other issues, the pollution levels found acceptable in different countries tend to be quite similar. The author implies that a country described as a "tortoise" is more likely to favor a. results over sustained collaboration b. a system of incentives for industries c. a process of decision-making that includes industry d. a more narrow approach to environmental regulation e. a slower form of decision-making that does not favor results

c. a process of decision-making that includes industry

The consultant team advised the insurance company that, in order to remain profitable through the upcoming decade, it had to diversify its long-term equity holdings, streamline its now labyrinthine claims processing systems, AND TO BALANCE THE ADDED LIABILITY OF SENIOR CITIZENS LIVING LONGER BY CHANGING its premium structure. a. and to balance the added liability of senior citizens living longer by changing b. and balance the addition of liability with senior citizens living longer by changing c. and balance the added liability of senior citizens living longer with changes to d. balancing the added liability with senior citizens living longer to change e. thereby balancing the addition of liability with senior citizens living longer with changes to

c. and balance the added liability of senior citizens living longer with changes to

Language acquisition has long been thought of as a process of imitation and reinforcement. Children learn to speak, in the popular view, by copying the utterances heard around them, and by having their response strengthened by the repetitions, corrections, and other reactions that adults provide. In recent years, it has become clear that this principle will not explain all the facts of language development. Children do imitate a great deal, especially in learning sounds and vocabulary; but little of their grammatical ability can be explained in this way. Two kinds of evidence are commonly used in support of this criticism-one based on the kind of language children produce, the other on what they do not produce. The first piece of evidence derives from the way children handle irregular grammatical patterns. When they encounter such irregular past-tense forms as went and took or such plural forms as mice and sheep, there is a stage when they replace these by forms based on the regular patterns of the language. They say such things as wented, taked, mices, mouses, and sheeps. Evidently, children assume that grammatical usage is regular, and try to work out for themselves what the forms 'ought' to be-a reasoning process known as analogy. They could not have learned these forms by a process of imitation. The other kind of evidence is based on the way children seem unable to imitate adult grammatical constructions exactly, even when invited to do so. The primary purpose of the passage is to a. discuss how a common misconception has affected the development of a school of thought b. call into question the findings of a study and describe ways to improve the study c. describe how an explanation does not adequately account for an observed phenomenon d. introduce two theories and illustrate how neither is able to fully explain an occurrence e. reveal the inconsistencies in two theories and propose a new theory to account for an aptitude

c. describe how an explanation does not adequately account for an observed phenomenon

Unlike Mercury and Mars, Venus has a dense, opaque atmosphere that prevents direct observation of its surface. For years, surface telescopes on Earth could glean no information about the surface of Venus. In 1989, the Magellan probe was launched to do a five-year radar-mapping of the entire surface of Venus. The data that emerged provided by far the most detailed map of the Venusian surface ever seen. The surface shows an unbelievable level of volcanic activity: more than one hundred large shield volcanoes, many more than Earth has, and a solidified river of lava longer than the Nile. The entire surface is volcanically dead, with not a single active volcano. This surface is relatively young in planetary terms, about 300 million years old. The whole surface, planet-wide, is the same age: the even pattern of craters, randomly distributed across the surface, demonstrates this. To explain this puzzling surface, Turcotte suggested a radical model. The surface of Venus, for a period, is as it is now, a surface of uniform age with no active volcanism. While the surface is fixed, volcanic pressure builds up inside the planet. At a certain point, the pressure ruptures the surface, and the entire planet is re-coated in lava in a massive planet-wide outburst of volcanism. Having spent all this thermal energy in one gigantic outpouring, the surface cools and hardens, again producing the kind of surface we see today. Turcotte proposed that this cycle repeated several times in the past, and would still repeat in the future. To most planetary geologists, Turcotte's model is a return to catastrophism. For two centuries, geologists of all kinds fought against the idea of catastrophic, planet-wide changes, such as the Biblical idea of Noah's Flood. The triumph of gradualism was essential to the success of geology as a serious science. Indeed, all features of Earth's geology and all features of other moons and planets in the Solar System, even those that are not volcanically active, are explained very well by current gradualist models. Planetary geologists question why all other objects would obey gradualist models, and only Venus would obey a catastrophic model. These geologists insist that the features of Venus must be able to be explained in terms of incremental changes continuously over a long period. Turcotte, expecting these objections, points out that no incremental process could result in a planet-wide surface all the same age. Furthermore, a slow process of continual change does not well explain why a planet with an astounding history of volcanic activity is now volcanically dead. Turcotte argues that only his catastrophic model adequately explains the extremes of the Venusian surface. The passage implies which of the following about volcanoes on Mars? a. many of them remain active to the present day b. the lava from these volcanoes would rarely flow in long rivers c. different volcanoes, active at different times, slowly transformed the surface d. most of them were not impacted by craters e. they typically did not release a large amount of thermal energy at once

c. different volcanoes, active at different times, slowly transformed the surface

In exploring the role of women during colonial times, historiographers have taken several, though not necessarily conflicting, approaches. Malley and Jemson represent those who have focused on the roles of women in countries under colonial power. However, they are atypical in that they attempt to place the specific continent they studied—South East Asia—in a larger, transnational context. For instance, in claiming that women in Annam (the name of Vietnam before 1950) had diminished economic power, even more so than in their traditional roles, which allowed for some economic autonomy (women's active role in the marketplace culture is cited), Malley and Jemson are able to make certain parallels with societies in which colonial power rested, namely England and France. Yet, the eye for detail that makes their work on Southeast Asia so compelling is lost in broad generalizations. In pointing out that it was deemed unladylike for women to engage in economic activity in both France and French Indochina, Malley and Jemson would have strengthened their case by offering specific examples from both those parts of the world. Additionally, the greater question of how in some cases colonialism not only offered more freedom than did traditional roles (in real estate a woman's initials were part of the deed) but also limited women's freedom would have made the discussion more germane to a transnational context. On the other hand, Camden and Greely draw broad conclusions in a transnational context, but their understanding of this context is limited by their narrow focus on the history of a specific country. Such a narrow view, unsurprisingly, leads them to impose certain metanarratives on these countries. For instance, in aiming to show that women in places under the colonial yoke acquired roles similar to women in Europe, and later America, Camden and Greely relied on small island nations in the Caribbean to make their case. In doing so, the two not only compromised the scope of their findings but also did not account for practices within these nations that might call into question the validity of their metanarratives. By overlooking the aspects of the culture of the countries they studied and by not including countries that were more representative of colonialism, Camden and Greely fail to concede that such metanarratives might themselves need some review to better account for more widespread practices. Thus, the few parallels they draw between these Caribbean nations and European powers are unconvincing. As both the approaches of Camden and Greely and those of Malley and Jemson show, historicity would be better served by scholars working in tandem to tease out general themes that apply to countries while also appreciating how a country's local culture informed and coexisted with such themes. The primary purpose of the passage is to a. contrast two attempts to understand a historical phenomenon and to champion the more comprehensive approach b. explore the impact of two approaches on a historical debate and how these approaches inform each other c. discuss differing approaches to a field of study and to point out how two such approaches are both wanting d. frame a historical debate by comparing a successful methodology to one that exhibits several notable flaws e. anticipate objections to several theories in an academic field and to counter these objections

c. discuss differing approaches to a field of study and to point out how two such approaches are both wanting

Even though physiological and behavioral processes are maximized within relatively narrow ranges of temperatures in amphibians and reptiles, individuals may not maintain activity at the optimum temperatures for performance because of the costs associated with doing so. Alternatively, activity can occur at suboptimal temperatures even when the costs are great. Theoretically, costs of activity at suboptimal temperatures must be balanced by gains of being active. For instance, the leatherback sea turtle will hunt during the time of day in which krill are abundant, even though the water is cooler and thus the turtle's body temperature requires greater metabolic activity. In general, however, the cost of keeping a suboptimal body temperature, for reptiles and amphibians, is varied and not well understood; they include risk of predation, reduced performance, and reduced foraging success. One reptile that scientists understand better is the desert lizard, which is active during the morning at relatively low body temperatures (usually 33.0 C), inactive during midday when external temperatures are extreme, and active in the evening at body temperatures of 37.0 C. Although the lizards engage in similar behavior (e.g., in morning and afternoon, social displays, movements, and feeding), metabolic rates and water loss are great and sprint speed is lower in the evening when body temperatures are high. Thus, the highest metabolic and performance costs of activity occur in the evening when lizards have high body temperatures. However, males that are active late in the day apparently have a higher mating success resulting from their prolonged social encounters. The costs of activity at temperatures beyond those optimal for performance are offset by the advantages gained by maximizing social interactions that ultimately impact individual fitness. It can be inferred from the passage that the metabolic costs of an activity during the middle of the day are similar to the metabolic costs of activity during the eveningthe same as the cost of metabolic activity at nighthigher than metabolic costs of activity in the morninglow and constant, regardless of behaviortypically lower, depending on the activityEven though physiological and behavioral processes are maximized within relatively narrow ranges of temperatures in amphibians and reptiles, individuals may not maintain activity at the optimum temperatures for performance because of the costs associated with doing so. Alternatively, activity can occur at suboptimal temperatures even when the costs are great. Theoretically, costs of activity at suboptimal temperatures must be balanced by gains of being active. For instance, the leatherback sea turtle will hunt during the time of day in which krill are abundant, even though the water is cooler and thus the turtle's body temperature requires greater metabolic activity. In general, however, the cost of keeping a suboptimal body temperature, for reptiles and amphibians, is varied and not well understood; they include risk of predation, reduced performance, and reduced foraging success. One reptile that scientists understand better is the desert lizard, which is active during the morning at relatively low body temperatures (usually 33.0 C), inactive during midday when external temperatures are extreme, and active in the evening at body temperatures of 37.0 C. Although the lizards engage in similar behavior (e.g., in morning and afternoon, social displays, movements, and feeding), metabolic rates and water loss are great and sprint speed is lower in the evening when body temperatures are high. Thus, the highest metabolic and performance costs of activity occur in the evening when lizards have high body temperatures. However, males that are active late in the day apparently have a higher mating success resulting from their prolonged social encounters. The costs of activity at temperatures beyond those optimal for performance are offset by the advantages gained by maximizing social interactions that ultimately impact individual fitness. It can be inferred from the passage that the metabolic costs of an activity during the middle of the day are a. similar to the metabolic costs of activity during the evening b. the same as the cost of metabolic activity at night c. higher than metabolic costs of activity in the morning d. low and constant, regardless of behavior e. typically lower, depending on the activity

c. higher than metabolic costs of activity in the morning

Language acquisition has long been thought of as a process of imitation and reinforcement. Children learn to speak, in the popular view, by copying the utterances heard around them, and by having their response strengthened by the repetitions, corrections, and other reactions that adults provide. In recent years, it has become clear that this principle will not explain all the facts of language development. Children do imitate a great deal, especially in learning sounds and vocabulary; but little of their grammatical ability can be explained in this way. Two kinds of evidence are commonly used in support of this criticism-one based on the kind of language children produce, the other on what they do not produce. The first piece of evidence derives from the way children handle irregular grammatical patterns. When they encounter such irregular past-tense forms as went and took or such plural forms as mice and sheep, there is a stage when they replace these by forms based on the regular patterns of the language. They say such things as wented, taked, mices, mouses, and sheeps. Evidently, children assume that grammatical usage is regular, and try to work out for themselves what the forms 'ought' to be-a reasoning process known as analogy. They could not have learned these forms by a process of imitation. The other kind of evidence is based on the way children seem unable to imitate adult grammatical constructions exactly, even when invited to do so. By saying, "they could not have learned these forms by a process of imitation" the author is implying that a. some children struggle to learn to use proper syntactical structures b. those who rely on analogously deriving grammatical patterns tend to learn irregular patterns with greater ease c. imitation is not the only means by which children acquire knowledge d. not all children will use the correct grammatical pattern when prompted by adults e. certain grammatical forms used by children, while analogous to regular grammatical structures, are not the same as those employed by adults

c. imitation is not the only means by which children acquire knowledge

In the 1860s, the German philologist Lazarus Geiger proposed that the subdivision of color always follows the same hierarchy. The simplest color lexicons (such as the DugermDani language of New Guinea) distinguish only black/dark and white/light. The next color to be given a separate word by cultures is always centered on the red part of the visible spectrum. Then, according to Geiger, societies will adopt a word corresponding to yellow, then green, then blue. Lazarus's color hierarchy was forgotten until restated in almost the same form in 1969 by Brent Berlin, an anthropologist, and Paul Kay, a linguist, when it was hailed as a major discovery in modern linguistics. It showed a universal regularity underlying the apparently arbitrary way language is used to describe the world. Berlin and Kay's hypothesis has since fallen in and out of favor, and certainly there are exceptions to the scheme they proposed. But the fundamental color hierarchy, at least in the early stages (black/white, red, yellow/green, blue) remains generally accepted. The problem is that no one could explain why this ordering of color exists. Why, for example, does the blue of sky and sea, or the green of foliage, not occur as a word before the far less common red? There are several schools of thought about how colors get named. "Nativists," who include Berlin and Kay argue that the way in which we attach words to concepts is innately determined by how we perceive the world. In this view our perceptual apparatus has evolved to ensure that we make "sensible"—that is, useful—choices of what to label with distinct words: we are hardwired for practical forms of language. "Empiricists," in contrast, argue that we don't need this innate programming, just the capacity to learn the conventional (but arbitrary) labels for things we can perceive. In both cases, the categories of things to name are deemed "obvious": language just labels them. But the conclusions of Loreto and colleagues fit with a third possibility: the "culturist" view, which says that shared communication is needed to help organize category formation, so that categories and language co-evolve in an interaction between biological predisposition and culture. In other words, the starting point for color terms is not some inevitably distinct block of the spectrum, but neither do we just divide up the spectrum in some arbitrary fashion, because the human eye has different sensitivity to different parts of the spectrum. Given this, we have to arrive at some consensus, not just on which label to use, but on what is being labeled. According to the culturist view, the way in which humans form categories and append labels to things can best be summed as a. constrained yet random b. inventive yet rule-bound c. interactive and bounded d. arbitrary yet biologically determined e. innately determined and unchanging

c. interactive and bounded

Unlike Mercury and Mars, Venus has a dense, opaque atmosphere that prevents direct observation of its surface. For years, surface telescopes on Earth could glean no information about the surface of Venus. In 1989, the Magellan probe was launched to do a five-year radar-mapping of the entire surface of Venus. The data that emerged provided by far the most detailed map of the Venusian surface ever seen. The surface shows an unbelievable level of volcanic activity: more than one hundred large shield volcanoes, many more than Earth has, and a solidified river of lava longer than the Nile. The entire surface is volcanically dead, with not a single active volcano. This surface is relatively young in planetary terms, about 300 million years old. The whole surface, planet-wide, is the same age: the even pattern of craters, randomly distributed across the surface, demonstrates this. To explain this puzzling surface, Turcotte suggested a radical model. The surface of Venus, for a period, is as it is now, a surface of uniform age with no active volcanism. While the surface is fixed, volcanic pressure builds up inside the planet. At a certain point, the pressure ruptures the surface, and the entire planet is re-coated in lava in a massive planet-wide outburst of volcanism. Having spent all this thermal energy in one gigantic outpouring, the surface cools and hardens, again producing the kind of surface we see today. Turcotte proposed that this cycle repeated several times in the past, and would still repeat in the future. To most planetary geologists, Turcotte's model is a return to catastrophism. For two centuries, geologists of all kinds fought against the idea of catastrophic, planet-wide changes, such as the Biblical idea of Noah's Flood. The triumph of gradualism was essential to the success of geology as a serious science. Indeed, all features of Earth's geology and all features of other moons and planets in the Solar System, even those that are not volcanically active, are explained very well by current gradualist models. Planetary geologists question why all other objects would obey gradualist models, and only Venus would obey a catastrophic model. These geologists insist that the features of Venus must be able to be explained in terms of incremental changes continuously over a long period. Turcotte, expecting these objections, points out that no incremental process could result in a planet-wide surface all the same age. Furthermore, a slow process of continual change does not well explain why a planet with an astounding history of volcanic activity is now volcanically dead. Turcotte argues that only his catastrophic model adequately explains the extremes of the Venusian surface. The author implies which of the following about Geology as a science? a. its legitimacy as a scientific discipline is not well established b. its proper field is Earth, and therefore its analyses of other planets and moons is more speculative c. it did not find, in previous religious models of the Earth, a sound basis for analytical theories d. it can deduce everything about the surface of Mercury purely from Earth-based observations e. its success derives from surviving exposure to major catastrophes

c. it did not find, in previous religious models of the Earth, a sound basis for analytical theories

With THE PATIENCE OF ITS CUSTOMERS AND WITH ITS NETWORK STRAINED TO THE BREAKING POINT, THE ON-LINE SERVICE COMPANY ANNOUNCED A SERIES OF NEW INITIATIVES TRYING TO RELIEVE the congestion that has led to at least four class-action lawsuits and thousands of complaints from frustrated customers. a. the patience of its customers and with its network strained to the breaking point, the on-line service company announced a series of new initiatives trying to relieve b. the patience of its customers and its network strained to the breaking point, the on-line service company announced a series of new initiatives that try to relieve c. its network and the patience of its customers strained to the breaking point, the on-line service company announced a series of new initiatives to try to relieve d. its network and with the patience of its customers strained to the breaking point, the on-line service company announced a series of initiatives to try relieving e. its network and its customers' patience strained to the breaking point, the on-line service company announced a series of new initiatives to try relieving

c. its network and the patience of its customers strained to the breaking point, the on-line service company announced a series of new initiatives to try to relieve

Relying exclusively on radio communication, both to transmit messages it has encoded and to receive MESSAGES, THE SEARCH FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE BY SETI, THE MOST HEAVILY FUNDED PROJECT OF THIS KIND, WILL LIKELY BE stymied if this form of communication does not yield any tangible breakthroughs. a. messages, the search for extraterrestrial life by SETI, the most heavily funded project of this kind, will likely be b. messages, SETI has been the most heavily funded project of this kind, yet the search for extraterrestrial life would likely have been c. messages, SETI is the most heavily funded project of its kind, yet the search for extraterrestrial life will likely be d. messages, SETI is the most heavily funded project of this kind and would likely, in searching for extraterrestrial life, be e. messages, SETI is the most heavily funded project of its kind, though the search for extraterrestrial life would be

c. messages, SETI is the most heavily funded project of its kind, yet the search for extraterrestrial life will likely be

Outsourcing, or the allocation of specific aspects of a corporation to a business entity specializing in those areas, has become such an integral part of a company's organizational structure that few question outsourcing's long-term viability. Two recent studies on this topic are no exception; both focus on ways in which outsourcing can be improved. Each, for the most part, discusses different aspects of outsourcing. Yet, there is one area in which the recommendations of both theories overlap somewhat. Peavy chiefly discusses ways in which companies can mitigate the potential negative effects of confidential information reaching competitors. Presently, when a corporation outsources even a small operational function, it must share information pertaining to this function. In other words, the more of its operation a company entrusts to another business entity, the more confidential information that company will have to release. According to Peavy, one way to minimize the negative consequences should any of that information fall into a competitor's hands is to impose stronger penalties on any business entity entrusted with such information, should it divulge that information. However, Peavy is concerned mostly with exploring the effect of increasing the severity of penalties for any one instance of leaked information, and he devotes only one chapter to an existing structural check on such "information leaks": as a company specializing in outsourcing assumes more clients, its legal liability will increase with each company that becomes a client, an effect, he notes, that becomes more conspicuous the more a company diversifies. Morgan, on the other hand, looks at those business entities that performed the outsourced work. As such entities grow, their ability to provide specialized services to a specific client diminishes. Since, like most business entities, they are driven to grow profits, often doing so by diversifying, the needs of a specific client are often subordinate to this larger goal. Morgan's aim is to educate corporations engaged in outsourcing so that they choose a firm that focuses on providing one service. This view, however, is somewhat shortsighted, since the long-term trajectory of a company is not always clear and a firm may end up diversifying. In this regard, there is a curious overlap between the two studies: in some ways both see problems with diversification, Peavy focusing on the liability and Morgan the diminishment in quality of the services rendered. Yet, it is important to note that Peavy focuses on how diversification negatively affects a company providing services to companies outsourcing, whereas Morgan focus on how the latter is negatively impacted. The author of the passage considers Morgan's plan to educate corporations "shortsighted" since it a. seeks to educate only corporations and not business entities to which corporations outsource work b. assumes that companies that plan to diversify may not end up doing so c. provides advice that might not be relevant in the near future d. fails to distinguish between corporations and companies to which corporations outsource work e. confuses specialized services with services pertaining to the entire operation

c. provides advice that might not be relevant in the near future

Compared to regulations in other countries, those of the United States tends to be narrower in scope, with an emphasis on manufacturing processes and specific categories of pollution, and little or no attention to the many other factors that affect environmental quality. An example is the focus on controlling pollution rather than influencing decisions about processes, raw materials, or products that determine environmental impacts. Regulation in the United States tends to isolate specific aspects of production processes and attempts to control them stringently, which means that some aspects of business are regulated tightly, although sometimes not cost-effectively, while others are ignored. Other countries and several American states have recently made more progress in preventing pollution at its source and considering such issues as product life cycles, packaging waste, and industrial energy efficiency. Environmental regulation in the United States is also more prescriptive than elsewhere, in the sense of requiring specific actions, with little discretion left to the regulated firm. There also is a great reliance on action-forcing laws and technology standards. These contrasts are illustrated nicely in a 1974 book that used a hare and tortoise analogy to compare air quality regulation in the United States and Sweden. While the United States (the hare) codified ambitious goals in statutes that drove industry to adopt new technologies under the threat of sanctions, Sweden (the tortoise) used a more collaborative process that stressed results but worked with industry in deciding how to achieve them. In the end air quality results were about the same. Similar results have been found in other comparative analyses of environmental regulation. For example, one study of a multinational firm with operations in the United States and Japan found that pollution levels in both countries were similar, despite generally higher pollution abatement expenditures in the United States. The higher costs observed in the United States thus were due in large part, not to more stringent standards, but to the higher regulatory transaction costs. Because agencies in different countries share information about technologies, best practices, and other issues, the pollution levels found acceptable in different countries tend to be quite similar. It can be inferred that, compared to the United States, Japan spent less on a. ensuring strict standards b. minimizing pollution c. regulating firms d. research and development e. environmental cleanup

c. regulating firms

When the reporter asked about the status of the budget, the governor said that, at that very moment, his team is fashioning a compromise and will deliver it to the senate offices by later that afternoon. a. is fashioning a compromise and will deliver b. fashions a compromise and will deliver c. was fashioning a compromise and would deliver d. had been fashioning a compromise and would deliver e. has fashioned a compromise and will deliver

c. was fashioning a compromise and would deliver

Marcus Junius Brutus (85 - 42 BCE) became friends with Julius Caesar, but HE WAS ONE OF THE CONSPIRATORS WHO ASSASSINATED CEASAR, AND IN SUBSEQUENT CENTURIES ROSE AND FELL according to the tides of various interpretations — as a treacherous villain in Dante and noble hero in Shakespeare. a. he was one of the conspirators who assassinated Caesar, and in subsequent centuries rose and fell b. he was one of the conspirators who assassinated Caesar, and in subsequent centuries rising and falling c. was one of the conspirators who assassinated Caesar, and in subsequent centuries his reputation rose and fell d. was one of the conspirators who assassinated Caesar, and in subsequent centuries his reputation rising and falling e. was one of the conspirators who assassinated Caesar, and in subsequent centuries rose and fell

c. was one of the conspirators who assassinated Caesar, and in subsequent centuries his reputation rose and fell

Almost all motor vehicles on the road have a suspension system, THAT PROVIDES A SMOOTH RIDE BY ALLOWING THE ROAD SURFACE TO HAVE IRREGULARITIES. a. that provides a smooth ride by allowing the road surface to have irregularities b. that provide a smooth ride by allowing for irregularities of the road surface c. which provides a smooth ride by allowing for irregularities of the road surface d. which provide a smooth ride by allowing the road surface to be irregular e. which provides a smooth ride by allowing the road surface to have irregularities

c. which provides a smooth ride by allowing for irregularities of the road surface

Fuzzy Friends is a nationwide pet store chain. Its stores vary in size and store space has custom-designed wall-to-wall carpeting. The carpet in several Fuzzy Friends stores needed replacing. The winning bid for the nationwide carpet replacement was submitted by Bathyderm Carpet Company (BCC). The bid contract involves all delivery costs, all installation, and any ongoing maintenance and upkeep while the carpet is under the seven-year warranty. Under the terms, Fuzzy Friends is responsible for all cleaning costs. Because BCC had installed carpets in a number of other office spaces and stores, its officials felt that they could reap a substantial profit from this contract with Fuzzy Friends. Which of the following, if true, most calls in question the argument that BCC will make a large profit from this contract with Fuzzy Friends? a. All the carpets will have to be transported by train from the BCC factory in Louisville, KY, to Fuzzy Friends' locations from coast to coast. b. Pet odors require frequent carpet shampoos, which are more expensive and time-consuming than more conventional forms of carpet care, such as vacuuming. c. Pet stores attract many customers, including children, who want to sit on the floor and pet the animals. d. A common flea medicine, designed to coat the bodies of dogs and cats, weakens the integrity of the principal fibers used in BCC carpets. e. The next competing bid received by Fuzzy Friends after BCC's was 50% higher than BCC's bid and provided only a four-year warranty.

d. A common flea medicine, designed to coat the bodies of dogs and cats, weakens the integrity of the principal fibers used in BCC carpets.

Educational Theorist: Recent editorials have called for limits on the amount of homework assigned to schoolchildren younger than 12. They point out that free-time activities play an important role in childhood development and that homework in large quantities can severely restrict children's free time, hindering their development. But the actual average homework time for children under 12—little more than 30 minutes per night—leaves plenty of free time. In reality, therefore, the editorials' rationale cannot justify the restriction they advocate. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously call into question the educational theorist's conclusion? a. Some teachers give as homework assignments work of a kind that research suggests is most effective educationally when done in class. b. For children younger than 12, regularly doing homework in the first years of school has no proven academic value, but many educators believe that it fosters self-discipline and time management. c. Some homework assignments are related to free-time activities that children engage in, such as reading or hobbies. d. A substantial proportion of schoolchildren under 12, particularly those in their first few years of school, have less than 10 minutes of homework assigned per night. e. Some free-time activities teach children skills or information that they later find useful in their schoolwork.

d. A substantial proportion of schoolchildren under 12, particularly those in their first few years of school, have less than 10 minutes of homework assigned per night.

Beginning in 1966 all new cars sold in Morodia were required to have safety belts and power steering. Previously, most cars in Morodia were without these features. Safety belts help to prevent injuries in collisions, and power steering helps to avoid collisions in the first place. But even though in 1966 one-seventh of the cars in Morodia were replaced with new cars, the number of car collisions and collision-related injuries did not decline. Which of the following, if true about Morodia, most helps to explain why the number of collisions and collision-related injuries in Morodia failed to decline in 1966? a. Because of a driver-education campaign, most drivers and passengers in cars that did have safety belts used them in 1966. b. Most of the new cars bought in 1966 were bought in the months of January and February. c. In 1965, substantially more than one-seventh of the cars in Morodia were replaced with new cars. d. An excessive reliance on the new safety features led many owners of new cars to drive less cautiously in 1966 than before. e. The seat belts and power steering put into new cars sold in 1966 had to undergo strict quality-control inspections by manufacturers, whether the cars were manufactured in Morodia or not.

d. An excessive reliance on the new safety features led many owners of new cars to drive less cautiously in 1966 than before.

WITH AMERICAN CRYPTANALYSTS BREAKING THE JAPANESE CODE, THE JAPANESE IMPERIAL FLEET LOSING THE STRATEGIC ELEMENT OF SURPRISE AT MIDWAY, WHICH ALLOWED the American Fleet to ambush the Japanese and win a decisive victory. a. With American cryptanalysts breaking the Japanese code, the Japanese Imperial Fleet losing the strategic element of surprise at Midway, which allowed b. With American cryptanalysts breaking the Japanese code, the Japanese Imperial Fleet strategically lost the element of surprise at Midway, and this allowed c. Because of the American cryptanalysts breaking the Japanese code, the Japanese Imperial Fleet strategically lost the element of surprise at Midway, to allow d. Because American cryptanalysts had broken the Japanese code, the Japanese Imperial Fleet lost the strategic element of surprise at Midway, allowing e. Since American cryptanalysts broke the Japanese code, the Japanese Imperial Fleet strategically lost the element of surprise at Midway, and this allowed

d. Because American cryptanalysts had broken the Japanese code, the Japanese Imperial Fleet lost the strategic element of surprise at Midway, allowing

According to an outside consultant, over 80% of graduates from Zenith University from 2011 to 2015 were able to secure employment within their first six weeks of graduation. This consultant composed an advisory memo to a nationwide consortium of admissions advisors, arguing that prospective engineering students should therefore choose Zenith University if they want to be employed within six weeks of graduating. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the consultant's argument? a. The job interview process for engineers tends to be quicker than that for the service sector, in which a detailed evaluation of the candidate's interpersonal skills is essential. b. Nationwide, the job market for engineers remains much more robust than the job market in many other sectors of the economy. c. Many Zenith University students who were not able to secure employment within six weeks often found jobs soon after. d. Compared to all other degrees conferred by Zenith University, engineering degrees were the most likely to result in employment within six weeks. e. Even in fields with traditionally low hiring rates, such as poetry and the visual arts, Zenith graduates find employment at much higher rates than graduates of those fields at comparable institutions.

d. Compared to all other degrees conferred by Zenith University, engineering degrees were the most likely to result in employment within six weeks.

A new law gives ownership of patents—documents providing exclusive right to make and sell an invention—to universities, not the government, when those patents result from government-sponsored university research. Administrators at Logos University plan to sell any patents they acquire to corporations in order to fund programs to improve undergraduate teaching. Which of the following, if true, would cast the most doubt on the viability of the college administrators' plan described above? a. Proﬁt-making corporations interested in developing products based on patents held by universities are likely to try to serve as exclusive sponsors of ongoing university research projects. b. Corporate sponsors of research in university facilities are entitled to tax credits under new federal tax-code guidelines. c. Research scientists at Logos University have few or no teaching responsibilities and participate little if at all in the undergraduate programs in their ﬁeld. d. Government-sponsored research conducted at Logos University for the most part duplicates research already completed by several proﬁt-making corporations. e. Logos University is unlikely to attract corporate sponsorship of its scientiﬁc research.

d. Government-sponsored research conducted at Logos University for the most part duplicates research already completed by several proﬁt-making corporations.

Consultant: Since the appointment of its new CEO last year, profits at Brakeland Insurance Company have declined. While accident claims involving privately owned cars have increased, along with the associated increase in cost in time for Brakeland employees who have to interact with all the different customers with claims, these increases are not primarily responsible for driving down profits. Instead, the decline in profits is primarily due to the inefficient corporate structure at Brakeland, with costly duplication of roles in customer service. After all, Sterling Auto Insurance Company has seen a similar increase in accidents among its insured vehicles, but while Brakeland's profits have decreased, Sterling's have increased in the same time period. Moreover, Sterling has a somewhat smaller customer service team than Brakeland has. Which of the following most weakens the consultant's argument? a. In the insurance field, an individual customer service representative, on average, tends to get paid substantially less than an individual actuary who determines insurance rates. b. Sterling's customer-service approval ratings have always been higher than Brakeland's, and the difference has increased over the past year. c. In many industries, downsizing the workforce to eliminate clear duplication of roles is a guaranteed way to increase profits. d. Individual policies traditionally account for the majority of Brakeland's profits, while large corporate policies have accounted for the majority of Sterling's. e. Brakeland's new CEO has instituted a policy of hands-on management with the intention of ensuring that senior members of staff are aware of all company problems.

d. Individual policies traditionally account for the majority of Brakeland's profits, while large corporate policies have accounted for the majority of Sterling's.

People associate global warming with temperature, but the phrase is misleading—it fails to mention the relevance of water. Nearly every significant indicator of hydrological activity—rainfall, snowmelt, glacial melt—is changing at an accelerating pace (one can arbitrarily pick any point of the hydrological cycle and notice a disruption). One analysis pegged the increase in precipitation at 2 percent over the century. In water terms this sounds auspicious, promising increased supply, but the changing timing and composition of the precipitation more than neutralizes the advantage. For one thing, it is likely that more of the precipitation will fall in intense episodes, with flooding a reasonable prospect. In addition, while rainfall will increase, snowfall will decrease. Such an outcome means that in watersheds that depend on snowmelt, like the Indus, Ganges, Colorado river basins, less water will be stored as snow, and more of it will flow in the winter, when it plays no agricultural role; conversely, less of it will flow in the summer, when it is most needed. One computer model showed that on the Animas River an increase in temperature of 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit would cause runoff to rise by 85 percent from January to March, but drop by 40 percent from July to September. The rise in temperature increases the probability and intensity of spring floods and threatens dam safety, which is predicated on lower runoff projections. Dams in arid areas also may face increased sedimentation, since a 10 percent annual increase in precipitation can double the volume of sediment washed into rivers. The consequences multiply. Soil moisture will intensify at the highest northern latitudes, where precipitation will grow far more than evaporation and plant transpiration but where agriculture is nonexistent. At the same time, precipitation will drop over northern mid-latitude continents in summer months, when ample soil moisture is an agricultural necessity. Meanwhile the sea level will continue to rise as temperatures warm, accelerating saline contamination of freshwater aquifers and river deltas. The temperature will cause increased evaporation, which in turn will lead to a greater incidence of drought. Perhaps most disturbing of all, the hydrologic cycle is becoming increasingly unpredictable. This means that the last century's hydrological cycle—the set of assumptions about water on which modern irrigation is based—has become unreliable. Build a dam too large, and it may not generate its designed power; build it too small, and it may collapse or flood. Release too little dam runoff in the spring and risk flood, as the snowmelt cascades downstream with unexpected volume; release too much and the water will not be available for farmers when they need it. At a time when water scarcity calls out for intensified planning, planning itself may be stymied. According to the last paragraph, planning itself may be thwarted for which of the following reasons? a. Many regions lie in flooding areas and will not be able to be evacuated in time. b. The hydrological cycle for this century has become predictable, but experts are still uncertain about rainfall in certain parts of the world. c. There is too little information from last century to aid in the construction of dams. d. Information used to plan the size of certain environmental projects, such as dams, has become dated. e. Scientists are only just coming to appreciate the complexity of global warming.

d. Information used to plan the size of certain environmental projects, such as dams, has become dated.

For years, Pleasanton was a commuter community to industries in Middleburg. The close of several factories in Middleburg has set in motion a wave of mortgage defaults: citizens of Pleasanton are foreclosing on their houses in significant numbers. Many of the mortgages were held by local banks, and these adversely affected banks have been under pressure from their boards to offset the banks' losses. One principal means to recoup these losses is for the banks to raise interest rates, including mortgage rates. If those owning property in Pleasanton continue to default on their mortgages, then the mortgage rates offered by these banks will continue to rise. Which of the following, if true, best supports the conclusion that mortgage rates in Pleasanton will continue to increase? a. Mortgage rates in Middleburg have been steadily increasing over the past year and analysts expect them to continue increasing for some time. b. Many prospective homebuyers in the Pleasanton area, deterred by increased mortgage rates, have decided to purchase homes in other areas. c. Many current homeowners in Pleasanton, in reaction to increased interest rates, have put their homes on the market and are looking for homes in other areas. d. Many local businesses in Pleasanton, who were dependent on local residents employed in Middleburg, have been unable to pay the mortgage on the business properties they own. e. There are so few houses in Pleasanton that the banks cannot realize an economy of scale, making mortgage rates unrealistic for most potential homeowners.

d. Many local businesses in Pleasanton, who were dependent on local residents employed in Middleburg, have been unable to pay the mortgage on the business properties they own.

Adolphe MEJOU WAS KOWN AS THE "MOST WELL-DRESSED MAN IN AMERICA" FOR MANY YEARS, WHO APPEARED IN MANY MOVIES AS AN IMPECCABLY DRESSED PROFESSIONAL, AND BECAUSE OF THIS, ENTITLED his autobiography "It Took Nine Tailors." a. Menjou was known as the "most well-dressed man in America" for many years, who appeared in many movies as an impeccably dressed professional, and because of this, entitled b. Menjou for many years was known as the "most well-dressed man in America," he appeared in many movies as an impeccably dressed professional, and, as a result of this, he entitled c. Menjou, the "most well-dressed man in America," as he was known many years, was starring in many movies as an impeccably dressed professional, and, as a consequence, he had entitled d. Menjou, known for many years as the "most well-dressed man in America," appeared in many movies as an impeccably dressed professional, and, accordingly, he entitled e. Menjou had appeared in many movies as an impeccably dressed professional, having been known as "most well-dressed man in America," and because of this, he entitled

d. Menjou, known for many years as the "most well-dressed man in America," appeared in many movies as an impeccably dressed professional, and, accordingly, he entitled

Ten years ago, the Salisbury City Council passed the Culinary Bill, new legislation to protect the interests of local non-franchise restaurants. Of the 120 local non-franchise restaurants in Salisbury today, 85 opened during the last ten years. Clearly the Culinary Bill has caused a surge in the number of local non-franchise restaurants operating in Salisbury over the past ten years. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? a. The Culinary Bill provides no benefit to restaurants that are members of national franchise chains b. Most of the consumers in Salisbury who patronize these local restaurants are aware of the provisions of the Culinary Bill and approve of them. c. All economic indicators suggest that household incomes in Salisbury have risen substantially over the past ten years. d. Of the local non-franchise restaurants in Salisbury ten years ago, fewer than 85 have closed. e. Similar legislation in similar sized cities across the country has, in most cases, led to an increase in the number of local non-franchise restaurants.

d. Of the local non-franchise restaurants in Salisbury ten years ago, fewer than 85 have closed.

The Malbec grape, originally grown in France, has become the main varietal in Argentina. This is surprising because most Malbec grown in Argentina is grown at high altitudes, whereas the Malbec grape once was grown at low altitudes. Therefore, Argentinian winegrowers should grow the Malbec grape at low elevations. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion of the argument? a. The Bordeaux grape is the most popular grape in France but is rarely, if ever, grown in Argentina. b. Some varietals are unable to grow at high altitudes. c. The soil at high altitudes is filled with nutrients that help many of Argentina's varietals flourish. d. The Malbec vine is susceptible to phylloxera, a plant louse that only grows at low altitudes. e. Malbec has recently enjoyed a surge in popularity, and can be found in many different countries.

d. The Malbec vine is susceptible to phylloxera, a plant louse that only grows at low altitudes.

Last year Comfort Airlines had twice as many delayed flights as the year before, but the number of complaints from passengers about delayed flights went up three times. It is unlikely that this disproportionate increase in complaints was rooted in an increase in overall dissatisfaction with the service Comfort Airlines provides, since the airline made a special effort to improve other aspects of its service last year. Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the disproportionate increase in customer complaints? a. Comfort Airlines had more flights last year than the year before. b. Last year a single period of unusually bad weather caused a large number of flights to be delayed. c. Some of the improvements that Comfort Airlines made in its service were required by new government regulations. d. The average length of a flight delay was greater last year than it was the year before. e. The average number of passengers per flight was no higher last year than the year before.

d. The average length of a flight delay was greater last year than it was the year before.

WHEN CHEMIST AMEDEO AVOGADRO (1776 - 1856) POSITED THAT EQUAL VOLUMES OF DIFFERENT GASES, AT THE SAME TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE, CONTAINING EQUAL NUMBERS OF MOLECULES, AND MANY SCIENTISTS, DOUBTING THAT, EVEN IF THIS THEORY WERE TRUE, THE NUMBER COULD EVER BE MEASURED, BUT IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY, PERRIN MEASURED THE VALUE OF "AVOGADRO'S NUMBER" BY USE OF several different experimental designs. a. When chemist Amedeo Avogadro (1776 - 1856) posited that equal volumes of different gases, at the same temperature and pressure, containing equal numbers of molecules, and many scientists, doubting that, even if this theory were true, the number could ever be measured, but in the early 20th century, Perrin measured the value of "Avogadro's number" by use of b. The chemist Amedeo Avogadro (1776 - 1856), positing that equal volumes of different gases, at the same temperature and pressure, would contain equal numbers of molecules, and many scientists doubted that, even if this theory were true, the number could not be ever measured, while in the early 20th century, Perrin measured the value of "Avogadro's number" using c. The chemist Amedeo Avogadro (1776 - 1856) posited that equal volumes of different gases, at the same temperature and pressure, would contain equal numbers of molecules, but many scientists doubted that, even if this theory is true, the number could never be measured, but in the early 20th century, Perrin has measured the value of "Avogadro's number" by use of d. The chemist Amedeo Avogadro (1776 - 1856) posited that equal volumes of different gases, at the same temperature and pressure, would contain equal numbers of molecules, and many scientists doubted that, even if this theory were true, the number could ever be measured, but in the early 20th century, Perrin measured the value of "Avogadro's number" using e. The chemist Amedeo Avogadro (1776 - 1856), posited that equal volumes of different gases, at the same temperature and pressure, would contain equal numbers of molecules, although many scientists doubted that, even if this theory were true, the number could be ever measured, then in the early 20th century, Perrin, measuring the value of "Avogadro's number" by use of

d. The chemist Amedeo Avogadro (1776 - 1856) posited that equal volumes of different gases, at the same temperature and pressure, would contain equal numbers of molecules, and many scientists doubted that, even if this theory were true, the number could ever be measured, but in the early 20th century, Perrin measured the value of "Avogadro's number" using

The Interstate Bridge over the Apache River, built in the 1950s, shows a substantial amount of rust: as much as 45% of its surface is coated in rust. Community activists have argued that THE BRIDGE PRESENTS A HAZARD: IT IS LIKELY TO COLLAPSE IN PLACES WHERE IT HAS RUSTED THROUGH. Professors of mechanical engineering at the local university did an extensive analysis of the bridge. These professors and their graduate students determined that 98% of the rust on the bridge exists on the surface only, and actually seals the underlying steel from the corrosive influence of the elements. The results of this academic study suggest that THE BRIDGE IS SAFE FOR CONTINUED USE. In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? a. The first is evidence in support of the conclusion; the second is that conclusion. b. The first is the main conclusion of the argument; the second provides evidence that calls this conclusion into question. c. The first is evidence taken to support one conclusion; the second provides evidence that calls this conclusion into question. d. The first is a position that the argument opposes; the second is the conclusion of the argument. e. The first is an interpretation of evidence; the second calls that evidence into question.

d. The first is a position that the argument opposes; the second is the conclusion of the argument.

Last year all refuse collected by Shelbyville city services was incinerated. This incineration generated a large quantity of residual ash. In order to reduce the amount of residual ash Shelbyville generates this year to half of last year's total, the city has revamped its collection program. This year city services will separate for recycling enough refuse to reduce the number of truckloads of refuse to be incinerated to half of last year's number. Which of the following is required for the revamped collection program to achieve its aim? a. This year, no materials that city services could separate for recycling will be incinerated. b. Separating recyclable materials from materials to be incinerated will cost Shelbyville less than half what it cost last year to dispose of the residual ash. c. Refuse collected by city services will contain a larger proportion of recyclable materials this year than it did last year. d. The refuse incinerated this year will generate no more residual ash per truckload incinerated than did the refuse incinerated last year. e. The total quantity of refuse collected by Shelbyville city services this year will be no greater than that collected last year.

d. The refuse incinerated this year will generate no more residual ash per truckload incinerated than did the refuse incinerated last year.

A certain auto repair shop services a particular make of car in the downtown region of a particular city. Three years ago, 4% of all repairs at this shop were not successful --- the mechanics were not able to restore the car to a drivable state. This year, only 2% of all repairs were not successful. Clearly, the mechanics training course, given over a year ago, has considerably increased the skill of mechanics at this particular shop, so that fewer cars are beyond their ability to repair. All of the following statements, if true, weaken the argument, EXCEPT: a. Three years ago, statewide smog regulations had the effect of removing the oldest and most unreliable vehicles from the road. b. The manufacturer of this particular make of car recalled a few models due to defects that potentially jeopardized the engine. c. More than half of the mechanics have been hired in the past nine months. d. The total number of cars served per year by this shop has increased by 35% over the past three years. e. A new shop uptown specializes in repairing cars of this make more than six years old, and most of these older cars are taken to this shop.

d. The total number of cars served per year by this shop has increased by 35% over the past three years.

A table made entirely from the trunk of a tree said to have lived a thousand years was recently claimed to be that of a much younger tree. In order to rebut this charge, the craftsman summoned a team of dendrochronologists to prove that the tree lived to be at least to 1,000 years old. Dendrochronology, or the technique of using tree rings to date wood, is based on the fact that for each passing year a tree develops exactly one ring, as seen in a horizontal cross-section of the trunk. Given that dendrochronology is accurate for trees that lived less than 2,000 total years, the dendrochronologists will be able to determine whether the work comes from a tree that lived to be at least 1,000 years old. Which of the following is an assumption that the argument makes? a. The artist has not used the trunk of the same tree in other works of art he has produced. b. The tree was not less than 1,000 years old when it was cut down. c. The artist worked on the wood consistently, without taking breaks of more than one year. d. The wood used in the table is large enough to contain a span of one thousand tree rings. e. Dendrochronology has shown to be inaccurate for the oldest trees in the world, since parts of the trunks are so worn down that traces of tree rings are difficult to discern.

d. The wood used in the table is large enough to contain a span of one thousand tree rings.

Riders who wear bicycle helmets can greatly reduce the risk of significant injury. Therefore, doctors working in an emergency room can expect that, out of cyclists admitted to hospitals, those wearing bicycle helmets will have injuries that are less severe than will those not wearing a helmet. Which of the following is necessary to evaluate the argument? a. The probability that those cyclists admitted to an emergency room have suffered similar accidents in the past b. The durability of bicycle helmets over the course of many years c. The number of riders wearing bicycle helmets compared to the number not wearing helmets d. Whether the bicycling activities of cyclists using a helmet differs from the activities of those not wearing a helmet e. The number of medical staff who are in the emergency room when an injured cyclist arrives

d. Whether the bicycling activities of cyclists using a helmet differs from the activities of those not wearing a helmet

In persons with astigmatism, the clear outer layer of the eye is deformed in a way that impairs and sometimes distorts vision. The elongated figures in the paintings of El Greco (1541-1614) were so unusual that some critics sought to explain them by hypothesizing that, without knowing it, El Greco had an astigmatism that caused everything to appear to him in the distorted way that was characteristic of his painted figures. The proposed explanation is most vulnerable to the criticism that it fails to a. establish that during the period in which El Greco lived, there was any correction available to those who did realize their vision was distorted b. provide evidence that astigmatism was common in the 1500s and 1600s c. consider that the critics who proposed the explanation might have suffered from astigmatism d. consider the effect of the hypothesized astigmatism on El Greco's perception of his own paintings e. allow for the possibility that artists see the world differently than do nonartists

d. consider the effect of the hypothesized astigmatism on El Greco's perception of his own paintings

Outsourcing, or the allocation of specific aspects of a corporation to a business entity specializing in those areas, has become such an integral part of a company's organizational structure that few question outsourcing's long-term viability. Two recent studies on this topic are no exception; both focus on ways in which outsourcing can be improved. Each, for the most part, discusses different aspects of outsourcing. Yet, there is one area in which the recommendations of both theories overlap somewhat. Peavy chiefly discusses ways in which companies can mitigate the potential negative effects of confidential information reaching competitors. Presently, when a corporation outsources even a small operational function, it must share information pertaining to this function. In other words, the more of its operation a company entrusts to another business entity, the more confidential information that company will have to release. According to Peavy, one way to minimize the negative consequences should any of that information fall into a competitor's hands is to impose stronger penalties on any business entity entrusted with such information, should it divulge that information. However, Peavy is concerned mostly with exploring the effect of increasing the severity of penalties for any one instance of leaked information, and he devotes only one chapter to an existing structural check on such "information leaks": as a company specializing in outsourcing assumes more clients, its legal liability will increase with each company that becomes a client, an effect, he notes, that becomes more conspicuous the more a company diversifies. Morgan, on the other hand, looks at those business entities that performed the outsourced work. As such entities grow, their ability to provide specialized services to a specific client diminishes. Since, like most business entities, they are driven to grow profits, often doing so by diversifying, the needs of a specific client are often subordinate to this larger goal. Morgan's aim is to educate corporations engaged in outsourcing so that they choose a firm that focuses on providing one service. This view, however, is somewhat shortsighted, since the long-term trajectory of a company is not always clear and a firm may end up diversifying. In this regard, there is a curious overlap between the two studies: in some ways both see problems with diversification, Peavy focusing on the liability and Morgan the diminishment in quality of the services rendered. Yet, it is important to note that Peavy focuses on how diversification negatively affects a company providing services to companies outsourcing, whereas Morgan focus on how the latter is negatively impacted. The primary purpose of the passage is to: a. describe the way in which two theories conflict b. propose two different solutions to the same problem c. discuss how two studies arrive at contradictory conclusions d. explore two reactions to a phenomenon and draw a parallel e. support one theory and discredit a second

d. explore two reactions to a phenomenon and draw a parallel

Cost cutting and restructuring HAS ALLOWED THE MANUFACTURING COMPANY TO LOWER ITS PROJECTED LOSSES FOR THE SECOND QUARTER, AND THEY ARE FORECASTING a profit before the end of the year. a. has allowed the manufacturing company to lower its projected losses for the second quarter, and they are forecasting b. has allowed for the manufacturing company to lower its projected losses in the second quarter and to forecast c. have allowed that the manufacturing company can lower the projected losses for the second quarter, and to forecast d. have allowed the manufacturing company to lower its projected second-quarter losses and to forecast e. have allowed for the manufacturing company to lower the projected losses in the second quarter, as well as forecasting

d. have allowed the manufacturing company to lower its projected second-quarter losses and to forecast

The controversial restructuring plan for the county school district, IF IT IS APPROVED BY THE GOVERNOR, WOULD MAKE THERE BE FEWER TEACHERS in schools throughout the county. a. if it is approved by the governor, would make there be fewer teachers b. if the governor approves it, would result in the amount of teachers going down c. if the governor approves it, would have the result of decreasing the number of teachers d. if approved by the governor, would result in a reduction of the number of teachers e. if approved by the governor, would decrease teachers

d. if approved by the governor, would result in a reduction of the number of teachers

The Moon is Blue (1953), WHICH WAS KNOWN AT THE TIME BY ITS SEXUALLY EXPLICIT DIALOGUE AND THE CONTROVERSY PROVOKED, HAD BEEN REGARDED as a tame PG-13 movie by today's standards. a. which was known at the time by its sexually explicit dialogue and the controversy provoked, had been regarded b. known at the time for its sexually explicit dialogue, the provoked controversy, had been regarded c. known at the time by its sexually explicit dialogue, the controversy it provoked, is regarded d. known at the time for its sexually explicit dialogue and the controversy this provoked, would be regarded e. which was known at the time in its sexually explicit dialogue and the controversy this provoked, would be regarded

d. known at the time for its sexually explicit dialogue and the controversy this provoked, would be regarded

The embedded narrative structure of the Thousand and One Arabian Nights, in which many of the individual tales are stories within stories, nested as many as four layers deep, MAKE MYTHOLOGISTS SUSPECT THAT THEY WERE NOT ALL WRITTEN by the same author. a. make mythologists suspect that they were not all written b. make mythologists have suspicions that it was all not written c. make mythologists have suspicions that they were not all written d. makes mythologists suspect that it was not all written e. makes mythologists suspect that they were all not written

d. makes mythologists suspect that it was not all written

In her presentation, the head of the Better Business Bureau emphasized that companies should think of the cost of conventions and other similar gatherings AS NOT AN EXPENSE, BUT AS an investment in networking that will pay dividends. a. as not an expense, but as b. as not expense but c. not an expense, rather d. not as an expense, but as e. not in terms of expense, but

d. not as an expense, but as

In the past decade, two Motorlux models, the T-300, a sports car, and the AG-75, a sports utility vehicle, have been manufactured with the same timing belt, which controls the timing of the engines valves: when the engine is running at a higher RPM, there is more strain on the timing belt. Recent evidence indicates that this particular brand of timing belt has a usable life of about 135,000 miles, somewhat less than the 200,000 miles life typical of standard timing belt. Although the same model of timing belt has been used for both models of cars, the incidence of timing belt failure is considerably higher in the AG-75 than in the T-300. This is most likely because ______________________ Which of the following, if true, most logically completes the argument? a. where legal, drivers of the T-300 have been known to drive it at speeds in excessive of 100 mph; whereas the AG-75 is rarely driven that fast. b. it is common for sports utility vehicles to tow heavy objects, such as motor boats; whereas sports cars almost never tow anything. c. sports cars typically drive on relatively flat paved surfaces only, whereas sports utility vehicles often are driven on rough off-road surfaces. d. timing belts are automatically replaced when the entire transmission system is repaired or replaced, and, unlike sports utility vehicles, sports cars such as the T-300 tend to experience transmission system problems before the 100,000 mile mark. e. the timing belts typically used in most other models of sports cars on the market are of higher quality than the timing belts typically used in most other models of sports utility vehicles on the market.

d. timing belts are automatically replaced when the entire transmission system is repaired or replaced, and, unlike sports utility vehicles, sports cars such as the T-300 tend to experience transmission system problems before the 100,000 mile mark.

Next October, the commission's delegation will visit the Prince of Westphalia, CONTRIBUTING the largest amounts to the commission since 1997. a. contributing b. having contributed c. who contributed d. who has contributed e. who had contributed

d. who has contributed

Outsourcing, or the allocation of specific aspects of a corporation to a business entity specializing in those areas, has become such an integral part of a company's organizational structure that few question outsourcing's long-term viability. Two recent studies on this topic are no exception; both focus on ways in which outsourcing can be improved. Each, for the most part, discusses different aspects of outsourcing. Yet, there is one area in which the recommendations of both theories overlap somewhat. Peavy chiefly discusses ways in which companies can mitigate the potential negative effects of confidential information reaching competitors. Presently, when a corporation outsources even a small operational function, it must share information pertaining to this function. In other words, the more of its operation a company entrusts to another business entity, the more confidential information that company will have to release. According to Peavy, one way to minimize the negative consequences should any of that information fall into a competitor's hands is to impose stronger penalties on any business entity entrusted with such information, should it divulge that information. However, Peavy is concerned mostly with exploring the effect of increasing the severity of penalties for any one instance of leaked information, and he devotes only one chapter to an existing structural check on such "information leaks": as a company specializing in outsourcing assumes more clients, its legal liability will increase with each company that becomes a client, an effect, he notes, that becomes more conspicuous the more a company diversifies. Morgan, on the other hand, looks at those business entities that performed the outsourced work. As such entities grow, their ability to provide specialized services to a specific client diminishes. Since, like most business entities, they are driven to grow profits, often doing so by diversifying, the needs of a specific client are often subordinate to this larger goal. Morgan's aim is to educate corporations engaged in outsourcing so that they choose a firm that focuses on providing one service. This view, however, is somewhat shortsighted, since the long-term trajectory of a company is not always clear and a firm may end up diversifying. In this regard, there is a curious overlap between the two studies: in some ways both see problems with diversification, Peavy focusing on the liability and Morgan the diminishment in quality of the services rendered. Yet, it is important to note that Peavy focuses on how diversification negatively affects a company providing services to companies outsourcing, whereas Morgan focus on how the latter is negatively impacted. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would be most immune to the "structural check"? a. A company doing outsourcing work that does not diversify in terms of the services it provides. b. A company involved in outsourcing that has been entrusted with confidential information from a large number of companies across varying industries. c. A business entity that provides one narrow function for a number of corporations. d. A company that does not have a clear vision of its long-term trajectory e. A business whose sole existence is based on providing ancillary services to exactly one corporation.

e. A business whose sole existence is based on providing ancillary services to exactly one corporation.

Neuroscientist: Memory evolved to help animals react appropriately to situations they encounter by drawing on the past experience of similar situations. But this does not require that animals perfectly recall every detail of all their experiences. Instead, to function well, memory should generalize from past experiences that are similar to the current one. The neuroscientist's statements, if true, most strongly support which of the following conclusions? a. At least some animals perfectly recall every detail of at least some past experiences. b. Perfectly recalling every detail of all their past experiences could help at least some animals react more appropriately than they otherwise would to new situations they encounter. c. Generalizing from past experiences requires clear memories of most if not all the details of those experiences. d. Recalling every detail of all past experiences would be incompatible with any ability to generalize from those experiences. e. Animals can often react more appropriately than they otherwise would to situations they encounter if they draw on generalizations from past experiences of similar situations.

e. Animals can often react more appropriately than they otherwise would to situations they encounter if they draw on generalizations from past experiences of similar situations.

The historical basis for the King Arthur legend has long been debated by scholars. One school of thought, citing entries in the History of the Britons and Welsh Annals, sees Arthur as a genuine historical figure, a Romano-British leader who fought against the invading Anglo-Saxons sometime in the late 5th to early 6th century. The other text that seems to support the case for Arthur's historical existence is the 10th-century Annales Cambriae. The latest research shows that the Annales Cambriae was based on a chronicle begun in the late 8th century in Wales. Additionally, the complex textual history of the Annales Cambriae precludes any certainty that the Arthurian annals were added to it even that early. They were more likely added at some point in the 10th century and may never have existed in any earlier set of annals. This lack of convincing early evidence is the reason many recent historians exclude Arthur from their accounts of post-Roman Britain. In the view of historian Thomas Charles-Edwards there may well have been an historical Arthur, but that a historian can as yet say nothing of value about him. These modern admissions of ignorance are a relatively recent trend; earlier generations of historians were less skeptical. Historian John Morris made the putative reign of Arthur the organizing principle of his history of post-Roman Britain and Ireland. Even so, he found little to say about a historical Arthur. Partly in reaction to such theories, another school of thought emerged which argued that Arthur had no historical existence at all. Morris's Age of Arthur prompted archaeologist Nowell Myres to observe that no figure on the borderline of history and mythology has wasted more of the historian's time. Arthur is not mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle or named in any surviving manuscript written between 400 and 820. He is absent from Bede's early-8th-century Ecclesiastical History of the English People, another major early source for post-Roman history. Some scholars argue that Arthur was originally a fictional hero of folklore—or even a half-forgotten Celtic deity—who became credited with real deeds in the distant past. They cite parallels with figures such as the Kentish totemic horse-gods Hengest and Horsa, who later became historicized. Bede ascribed to these legendary figures a historical role in the 5th-century Anglo-Saxon conquest of eastern Britain. Historical documents for the post-Roman period are scarce. Of the many post-Roman archeological sites and places, only a handful have been identified as "Arthurian," and these date from the 12th century or later. Archaeology can confidently reveal names only through inscriptions found in reliably dated sites. In the absence of new compelling information about post-Roman England, a definitive answer to the question of Arthur's historical existence is unlikely. The contention that Arthur was a mythological figure who had been historicized by being included in accounts of real events is most consistent with which of the following? a. The complex textual history of the Annales Cambriae b. Thomas Charles-Edwards explanation of the existence of Arthur c. The fact that Arthur figures nowhere in any of Bede's works covering the post-Roman period d. The lack of historical documents from the post-Roman period e. Bede's inclusion of totemic horse gods in the history of the Anglo-Saxon conquest of Britain

e. Bede's inclusion of totemic horse gods in the history of the Anglo-Saxon conquest of Britain

Historian: Fifteenth-century advances in mapmaking contributed to the rise of modern nation-states. In medieval Europe (from the fifth to the fifteenth century), sovereignty centered in cities and towns and radiated outward, with boundaries often ambiguously defined. The conceptual shift toward the modern state began in the late fifteenth century, when mapmakers learned to reflect geography accurately by basing maps on latitude-longitude grids. By the mid-seventeenth century, nearly all maps showed boundary lines. Which of the following would, if true, most strengthen the historian's reasoning? a. Borders did not become codified in Europe until certain treaties were signed in the early nineteenth century. b. During the medieval period, various authorities in Europe claimed power over collections of cities and towns, not contiguous territories. c. Many members of the political elite collected maps as a hobby during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. d. Seventeenth-century treatises and other sources of political authority describe areas of sovereignty rather than illustrate them using maps. e. During the fifteenth century in Europe, mapmakers simplified the borders of sovereignty by drawing clear lines of demarcation between political powers.

e. During the fifteenth century in Europe, mapmakers simplified the borders of sovereignty by drawing clear lines of demarcation between political powers.

Certain groups of Asian snails include both "left-handed" and "right-handed" species, with shells coiling to the left and right, respectively. Some left-handed species have evolved from right-handed ones. Also, researchers found that snail-eating snakes in the same habitat have asymmetrical jaws, allowing them to grasp right-handed snail shells more easily. If these snakes ate more right-handed snails over time, this would have given left-handed snails an evolutionary advantage over right-handed snails, with the left-handed snails eventually becoming a new species. Thus, the snakes' asymmetrical jaws probably helped drive the emergence of the left-handed snail species. Which of the following would, if true, most strengthen the argument that asymmetrical snake jaws helped drive left-handed snail evolution? a. In one snake species, the snakes with asymmetrical jaws eat snails, while the snakes with symmetrical jaws do not eat snails. b. Some species of Asian snails contain either all right-handed snails, or all left-handed snails. c. Anatomical differences prevent left-handed snails from mating easily with right-handed snails. d. Some right-handed snails in this habitat have shells with a very narrow opening that helps prevent snakes from extracting the snails from inside their shells. e. Experiments show that the snail-eating snakes in this habitat fail more often in trying to eat left-handed snails than in trying to eat right-handed snails.

e. Experiments show that the snail-eating snakes in this habitat fail more often in trying to eat left-handed snails than in trying to eat right-handed snails.

During the earliest period of industrialization in Britain, steam engines were more expensive to build and operate than either windmills or water mills, the other practicable sources of power for factories. Yet despite their significant cost disadvantage, steam-powered factories were built in large numbers well before technical improvements brought their cost down. Furthermore, they were built even in regions where geographical conditions permitted the construction of wind- and water-powered factories close to major markets. Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the proliferation of steam-powered factories during the earliest period of industrialization in Britain? a. In many areas of Britain, there were fewer steam-powered factories than wind- or water-powered factories in the earliest period of industrialization. b. Unlike wind- or water-powered factories, steam-powered factories were fueled with coal, which sometimes had to be transported significant distances from the mine to the site of the factory. c. It was both difficult and expensive to convert a factory from wind power or water power to steam power. d. In the early period of industrialization, many goods sold in towns and cities could not be mass-produced in factories. e. In Britain, the number of sites where a wind- or water-powered factory could be built was insufficient to provide for all of the demand for factory-produced goods at the time.

e. In Britain, the number of sites where a wind- or water-powered factory could be built was insufficient to provide for all of the demand for factory-produced goods at the time.

The Canadian elk has traditionally been limited in its geographic range by the presence of elderberries, its primary source of food, which only grow up until a certain point in the tundra. A recent rise in temperatures, however, has seen a spread in the growth of elderberries northwards into the tundra. Therefore, the overall range of the Canadian elk can be expected to increase. Which of the following, if true, best casts doubt on the argument? a. In addition to elderberry, the Canadian elk also consumes loganberries, which are expected to also begin growing at more northerly latitudes. b. During the summer months, many Canadian elk are hunted both for sport and for their meat. c. The grizzly bear, the Canadian elk's primary predator, has also started moving north into the tundra. d. The permafrost, the region above the tundra, in which the temperatures never reach above freezing, will unlikely see elderberry growth. e. Increasing temperatures have created conditions too warm for elderberry growth in the southern half of the Canadian elk's traditional territory.

e. Increasing temperatures have created conditions too warm for elderberry growth in the southern half of the Canadian elk's traditional territory.

Outsourcing, or the allocation of specific aspects of a corporation to a business entity specializing in those areas, has become such an integral part of a company's organizational structure that few question outsourcing's long-term viability. Two recent studies on this topic are no exception; both focus on ways in which outsourcing can be improved. Each, for the most part, discusses different aspects of outsourcing. Yet, there is one area in which the recommendations of both theories overlap somewhat. Peavy chiefly discusses ways in which companies can mitigate the potential negative effects of confidential information reaching competitors. Presently, when a corporation outsources even a small operational function, it must share information pertaining to this function. In other words, the more of its operation a company entrusts to another business entity, the more confidential information that company will have to release. According to Peavy, one way to minimize the negative consequences should any of that information fall into a competitor's hands is to impose stronger penalties on any business entity entrusted with such information, should it divulge that information. However, Peavy is concerned mostly with exploring the effect of increasing the severity of penalties for any one instance of leaked information, and he devotes only one chapter to an existing structural check on such "information leaks": as a company specializing in outsourcing assumes more clients, its legal liability will increase with each company that becomes a client, an effect, he notes, that becomes more conspicuous the more a company diversifies. Morgan, on the other hand, looks at those business entities that performed the outsourced work. As such entities grow, their ability to provide specialized services to a specific client diminishes. Since, like most business entities, they are driven to grow profits, often doing so by diversifying, the needs of a specific client are often subordinate to this larger goal. Morgan's aim is to educate corporations engaged in outsourcing so that they choose a firm that focuses on providing one service. This view, however, is somewhat shortsighted, since the long-term trajectory of a company is not always clear and a firm may end up diversifying. In this regard, there is a curious overlap between the two studies: in some ways both see problems with diversification, Peavy focusing on the liability and Morgan the diminishment in quality of the services rendered. Yet, it is important to note that Peavy focuses on how diversification negatively affects a company providing services to companies outsourcing, whereas Morgan focus on how the latter is negatively impacted. According to the passage, which of the following is common to both Peavy's and Morgan's studies? a. Both welcome diversification in business entities providing services for corporations. b. Both discuss the effect that outsourcing has on the long-term viability of a corporation. c. Both explore the way in which diversification and growth within a corporation can affect outsourcing. d. Neither focus on the impact of diversification on business entities providing services for companies outsourcing. e. Neither questions whether outsourcing itself is a beneficial practice for corporations.

e. Neither questions whether outsourcing itself is a beneficial practice for corporations.

Bankruptcy is a process that depends on a variety of structural, fiscal, and human variables. These variables are different at every company. Therefore, the pattern of companies declaring bankruptcy should be random. Yet tax records from 2010 demonstrate a pattern: a large number of companies throughout the United States declared bankruptcy at the same time. Which of the following, if true, forms the best basis for at least a partial explanation for the pattern of bankruptcy shown by the tax records? a. Certain financial problems affect only some types of businesses with particular sets of characteristics unique to their industry. b. Many companies go bankrupt because the economies of the states in which they are located force them to go into gradual but increasing debt. c. Companies without franchises in more than one country are more likely to declare bankruptcy. d. From 2005-2015, government loans and intervention changed the pattern of bankruptcy in the United States. e. Patterns of bankruptcy emerge when widespread economic issues affect numerous companies.

e. Patterns of bankruptcy emerge when widespread economic issues affect numerous companies.

Suncorp, a new corporation with limited funds, has been clearing large sections of the tropical Amazon forest for cattle ranching. This practice continues even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which does not destroy the forest, than from cattle ranching, which does destroy the forest. Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain why Suncorp has been pursuing the less profitable of the two economic activities mentioned above? a. The soil of the Amazon forest is very rich in nutrients that are important in the development of grazing lands. b. Cattle-ranching operations that are located in tropical climates are more profitable than cattle-ranching operations that are located in cold-weather climates. c. In certain districts, profits made from cattle ranching are more heavily taxed than profits made from any other industry. d. Some of the cattle that are raised on land cleared in the Amazon are killed by wildcats. e. The amount of money required to begin a rubber-tapping operation is twice as high as the amount needed to begin a cattle ranch.

e. The amount of money required to begin a rubber-tapping operation is twice as high as the amount needed to begin a cattle ranch.

State politicians are optimistic that the state's economic downturn will not be as severe as had been predicted. Their hopes are bolstered by the data released last week: THE JOBLESS RATE DECLINED TWO FULL PERCENTAGE POINTS IN THE LAST SIX MONTHS. But, many economists have pointed out the flight of unemployed residents to the bordering states where jobs are plentiful. Furthermore, many out of work residents have been rehired at minimum wage: virtually all new jobs in the state in the past year have been minimum wage jobs. ECONOMISTS CAN GRAVE DOUBTS ON THE ECONOMIC WELL-BEING OF THE STATE. In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? a. The first is evidence in support of the conclusion; the second is that conclusion. b. The first is evidence opposed to the conclusion; the second is an interpretation of the conclusion. c. The first is an interpretation that calls the conclusion into question; the second is that conclusion. d. The first is a conclusion the argument calls into question; the second is the evidence that calls it into question. e. The first is evidence taken to support a conclusion; the second is a position that opposes that conclusion.

e. The first is evidence taken to support a conclusion; the second is a position that opposes that conclusion.

Newspaper editors should not allow reporters to write the headlines for their own stories. The reason for this is that, while the headlines that reporters themselves write are often clever, what typically makes them clever is that they allude to little-known information that is familiar to the reporter but that never appears explicitly in the story itself. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument? a. The reporter who writes a story is usually better placed than the reporter's editor is to judge what the story's most newsworthy features are. b. To write a headline that is clever, a person must have sufficient understanding of the story that the headline accompanies. c. Most reporters rarely bother to find out how other reporters have written stories and headlines about the same events that they themselves have covered. d. For virtually any story that a reporter writes, there are at least a few people who know more about the story's subject matter than does the reporter. e. The kind of headlines that newspaper editors want are those that anyone who has read a reporter's story in its entirety will recognize as clever.

e. The kind of headlines that newspaper editors want are those that anyone who has read a reporter's story in its entirety will recognize as clever.

In Metroville, the KP subway line follows the riverfront from downtown to the neighborhoods surrounding the university. No matter how many trains the subway runs on the KP line, there are always crowded cars and delays every evening on the KP line. The subway authority submitted a proposal for a second alternate subway line that would travel from downtown to the neighborhoods surrounding the university via the inland neighborhoods, hoping to draw some of the passengers from the KP line. The city hired urban planning consultants who concluded the subway's proposal of a new line would not reduce crowded cars and delays on the KP line enough to justify the cost of the new subway line. Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the urban planning consultants' position? a. The high usage of the KP line nightly generates tremendous income for the subway authority. b. The city buses that already run along the river between downtown and the university would be more attractive to commuters than an inland subway line. c. Construction of a new subway line would inevitably stimulate the growth of new businesses and restaurants along that line, especially in the vicinity of the stations of that new line. d. In some cities with comparable situations, adding a second alternate subway line has been known to increase overall subway usage without significantly decreasing usage on the original line. e. The most popular after-work destinations, such as riverfront restaurants and bars as well as the ballpark, would only be accessible by the current KP line.

e. The most popular after-work destinations, such as riverfront restaurants and bars as well as the ballpark, would only be accessible by the current KP line.

Manufacturing plants in Arundia have recently been acquired in substantial numbers by investors from abroad. Arundian politicians are proposing legislative action to stop such investment, justifying the proposal by arguing that foreign investors, opportunistically exploiting a recent fall in the value of the Arundian currency, were able to buy Arundian assets at less than their true value. Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the adequacy of the Arundian politicians' justification for the proposed legislation? a. The Arundian government originally welcomed the fall in the value of the Arundian currency because the fall made Arundian exports more competitive on international markets. b. Foreign investors who acquired Arundian manufacturing plants generally did so with no intention of keeping and running those plants over the long term. c. Without the recent fall in the value of the Arundian currency, many of the Arundian assets bought by foreign investors would have been beyond the financial reach of those investors. d. In Concordia, a country broadly similar to Arundia, the share of manufacturing assets that is foreign-controlled is 60 percent higher than it is in Arundia. e. The true value of an investment is determined by the value of the profits from it, and the low value of the Arundian currency has depressed the value of any profits earned by foreign investors from Arundian assets.

e. The true value of an investment is determined by the value of the profits from it, and the low value of the Arundian currency has depressed the value of any profits earned by foreign investors from Arundian assets.

Naturalist: For several years, coyote have had a robust population throughout the Susquehanna National Forest. Over the past seven years, the Canic Chemical Corporation in nearby Harrisville has been releasing low levels of bromide compounds into the air and groundwater. Some of these compounds, in sufficient concentrations, are suspected of compromising the immune systems of young coyote. A recent study over the entire forest established that 30% of young coyote did not survive their first year of life. Clearly, the bromide compounds released by Canic pose a direct threat to the well-being of coyote in the forest. The answer to which of the following would be most useful for evaluating the naturalist's reasoning? a. Have significant levels of these bromide compounds been measured in the blood of other mammals in the forest? b. To what parts of the forest does the wind carry the particulate form of these bromide compounds? c. How many of the natural springs in the forest derive from groundwater that flows in the vicinity of Harrisville? d. What naturally available nutrients would strengthen the immune system of young coyote against any effects of these bromide compounds? e. What percentage of healthy coyote survive to adulthood in the wild?

e. What percentage of healthy coyote survive to adulthood in the wild?

The blue-tipped puffer is a migratory bird that is found along the coast of this state in summer months. The puffers enjoy the seeds of Thomson's Mulberry trees; because these trees are plentiful in the state's Coastal Park, traditionally many blue-tipped puffers would be found in the park during summer months. Ten years ago, the grey fox, a primary predator of the puffer, was re-introduced into the park, and its numbers have been thriving. Over that time, we have seen many fewer puffers in the park during the summer months. Clearly, the puffers are choosing to spend their summers elsewhere. Which of the following would be the most important to determine in order to evaluate the argument? a. What other birds and small mammals the grey fox typically hunts besides the blue-tipped puffers. b. Whether the grey fox eats the fruit of the Thomson's Mulberry trees. c. How the speed of a blue-tipped puffer during take-off from the ground compares to the speed of a grey fox running. d. Whether the range of the grey fox within the park extends all the way to the coast. e. Whether other coastal areas in the state have seen an increase in the number of blue-tipped puffers over the last decade.

e. Whether other coastal areas in the state have seen an increase in the number of blue-tipped puffers over the last decade.

In the second quarter of this year, unemployment rates dropped sharply DUE TO SPENDING BY CONSUMERS IN SUCH AMOUNTS SO TAT RETAILERS AROUND THE COUNTRY HAVE CONVERTED TEMPS TO FULL-TIME and hired new employees. a. due to spending by consumers in such amounts so that retailers around the country have converted temps to full-time b. due to consumer spending in such amounts that retailers around the country would convert temps to full-time c. because consumers' spending in amounts such that retailers around the country would convert temps to full-time d. because spending by consumers in amounts so high as to make retailers around the country convert temps to full-time e. because consumers were spending in such amounts that retailers around the country have converted temps to full-time

e. because consumers were spending in such amounts that retailers around the country have converted temps to full-time

People associate global warming with temperature, but the phrase is misleading—it fails to mention the relevance of water. Nearly every significant indicator of hydrological activity—rainfall, snowmelt, glacial melt—is changing at an accelerating pace (one can arbitrarily pick any point of the hydrological cycle and notice a disruption). One analysis pegged the increase in precipitation at 2 percent over the century. In water terms this sounds auspicious, promising increased supply, but the changing timing and composition of the precipitation more than neutralizes the advantage. For one thing, it is likely that more of the precipitation will fall in intense episodes, with flooding a reasonable prospect. In addition, while rainfall will increase, snowfall will decrease. Such an outcome means that in watersheds that depend on snowmelt, like the Indus, Ganges, Colorado river basins, less water will be stored as snow, and more of it will flow in the winter, when it plays no agricultural role; conversely, less of it will flow in the summer, when it is most needed. One computer model showed that on the Animas River an increase in temperature of 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit would cause runoff to rise by 85 percent from January to March, but drop by 40 percent from July to September. The rise in temperature increases the probability and intensity of spring floods and threatens dam safety, which is predicated on lower runoff projections. Dams in arid areas also may face increased sedimentation, since a 10 percent annual increase in precipitation can double the volume of sediment washed into rivers. The consequences multiply. Soil moisture will intensify at the highest northern latitudes, where precipitation will grow far more than evaporation and plant transpiration but where agriculture is nonexistent. At the same time, precipitation will drop over northern mid-latitude continents in summer months, when ample soil moisture is an agricultural necessity. Meanwhile the sea level will continue to rise as temperatures warm, accelerating saline contamination of freshwater aquifers and river deltas. The temperature will cause increased evaporation, which in turn will lead to a greater incidence of drought. Perhaps most disturbing of all, the hydrologic cycle is becoming increasingly unpredictable. This means that the last century's hydrological cycle—the set of assumptions about water on which modern irrigation is based—has become unreliable. Build a dam too large, and it may not generate its designed power; build it too small, and it may collapse or flood. Release too little dam runoff in the spring and risk flood, as the snowmelt cascades downstream with unexpected volume; release too much and the water will not be available for farmers when they need it. At a time when water scarcity calls out for intensified planning, planning itself may be stymied. The passage is primarily concerned with a. arguing how the world's hydrological cycle is irrevocably changing b. highlighting the inadequacy of relying on last century's hydrological cycle c. discussing the consequences of decreased water supply in dams d. warning against the unrestrained exploitation of natural resources e. describing how the Earth's water will be affected by global warming

e. describing how the Earth's water will be affected by global warming

As to when the first people populated the American subcontinent is hotly debated. Until recently, the Clovis people, based on evidence found in New Mexico, were thought to have been the first to have arrived, some 13,000 years ago. Yet evidence gathered from other sites suggest the Americas had been settled at least 1,000 years prior to the Clovis. The "Clovis first" idea, nonetheless, was treated as gospel, backed by supporters who, at least initially, outright discounted any claims that suggested precedence by non-Clovis people. While such a stance smacked of fanaticism, proponents did have a solid claim: if the Clovis peoples crossed the Bering Strait 13,000 years ago, only after it had become ice-free, how would a people have been able to make a similar trip but over ice? A recent school of thought, backed by Weber, provides the following answer: pre-Clovis people reached the Americas by relying on a sophisticated maritime culture, which allowed them to take advantage of refugia, or small areas in which aquatic life flourished. Thus they were able to make the long journey by hugging the coast as far south as to what is today British Columbia. Additionally, they were believed to have fashioned a primitive form of crampon so that they would be able to dock in these refugia and avail themselves of the microfauna. Still, how such a culture developed in the first place remains unanswered. The Solutrean theory has been influential in answering this question, a fact that may seem paradoxical--and startling--to those familiar with its line of reasoning: the Clovis people were actually Solutreans, an ancient seafaring culture along the Iberian peninsula, who had--astoundingly given the time period--crossed into the Americas via the Atlantic ocean. Could not a similar Siberian culture, if not the pre-Clovis themselves, have displayed equal nautical sophistication? Even if one subscribes to this line of reasoning, the "Clovis first" school still have an objection: proponents of a pre-Clovis people rely solely on the Monte Verde site in Chile, a site so far south that its location invites yet another question: What of the 6,000 miles of coastline between the ice corridor and Monte Verde? Besides remains found in network of caves in Oregon, there has been scant evidence of a pre-Clovis peoples. Nonetheless, Meade and Pizinsky claim that a propitious geologic accident could account for this discrepancy: Monte Verde was located near a peat bog that essentially fossilized the village. Archaeologists uncovered two wooden stakes, which, at one time, were used in twelve huts. Furthermore plant species associated with areas 150 miles away were found, suggesting a trade network. These findings indicate that the Clovis may not have been the first to people the Americas, yet more excavation, both in Monte Verde and along the coast, must be conducted in order to determine the extent of pre-Clovis settlements in the Americas. The primary purpose of the passage is to a. evaluate three theories and describe how the last theory is the most valid b. suggest that the evidence found at Monte Verde indicates the existence of a pre-Clovis people c. explore a variety of arguments and counterarguments as they relate to an issue that is no longer contentious d. illustrate how the "Clovis first" proponents, in attempting to undermine the work of proponents of the pre-Clovis school, are most likely incorrect in their views. e. discuss an ongoing dispute between two irreconcilable schools of thought regarding the peopling of the Americas

e. discuss an ongoing dispute between two irreconcilable schools of thought regarding the peopling of the Americas

The CEO said that opening new markets in China, especially in Shanghai, and in the developing economies of southeast Asia, such as Vietnam, where the corporation's sales revenue has been the most robust over the past three years, AND THIS COURSE OF ACTION GIVES THE MOST SUPPORT TO THEIR LONG term vision for an international presence in the sector. a. and this course of action gives the most support to their long b. and this course of action gives the most support to the corporation's long c. give the most support to their long d. would be giving the most support to its long e. gives the most support to the corporation's long

e. gives the most support to the corporation's long

In the United States, a jury consists EITHER OF SIX CITIZENS, IN A CIVIL CASE, OR THE TWELVE THAT ARE REQUIRED FOR a criminal case. a. either of six citizens, in a civil case, or the twelve that are required for b. either of six citizens, in a civil case, or of the twelve who are a requirement in c. either of six citizens, in a civil case, or the twelve citizens that are required by d. of either six citizens, in a civil case, or of the twelve citizens required for e. of either six citizens, in a civil case, or the twelve required for

e. of either six citizens, in a civil case, or the twelve required for

Unlike Mercury and Mars, Venus has a dense, opaque atmosphere that prevents direct observation of its surface. For years, surface telescopes on Earth could glean no information about the surface of Venus. In 1989, the Magellan probe was launched to do a five-year radar-mapping of the entire surface of Venus. The data that emerged provided by far the most detailed map of the Venusian surface ever seen. The surface shows an unbelievable level of volcanic activity: more than one hundred large shield volcanoes, many more than Earth has, and a solidified river of lava longer than the Nile. The entire surface is volcanically dead, with not a single active volcano. This surface is relatively young in planetary terms, about 300 million years old. The whole surface, planet-wide, is the same age: the even pattern of craters, randomly distributed across the surface, demonstrates this. To explain this puzzling surface, Turcotte suggested a radical model. The surface of Venus, for a period, is as it is now, a surface of uniform age with no active volcanism. While the surface is fixed, volcanic pressure builds up inside the planet. At a certain point, the pressure ruptures the surface, and the entire planet is re-coated in lava in a massive planet-wide outburst of volcanism. Having spent all this thermal energy in one gigantic outpouring, the surface cools and hardens, again producing the kind of surface we see today. Turcotte proposed that this cycle repeated several times in the past, and would still repeat in the future. To most planetary geologists, Turcotte's model is a return to catastrophism. For two centuries, geologists of all kinds fought against the idea of catastrophic, planet-wide changes, such as the Biblical idea of Noah's Flood. The triumph of gradualism was essential to the success of geology as a serious science. Indeed, all features of Earth's geology and all features of other moons and planets in the Solar System, even those that are not volcanically active, are explained very well by current gradualist models. Planetary geologists question why all other objects would obey gradualist models, and only Venus would obey a catastrophic model. These geologists insist that the features of Venus must be able to be explained in terms of incremental changes continuously over a long period. Turcotte, expecting these objections, points out that no incremental process could result in a planet-wide surface all the same age. Furthermore, a slow process of continual change does not well explain why a planet with an astounding history of volcanic activity is now volcanically dead. Turcotte argues that only his catastrophic model adequately explains the extremes of the Venusian surface. In the context of the passage as a whole, the purpose of the second paragraph is a. provide substantial support for Turcotte's model b. suggest systematic flaws in the data provided by the Magellan probe c. call into question geologist's understanding of how volcanoes develop d. argue for the presence of several incremental changes over time e. present a seemingly incongruous set of scientific observations

e. present a seemingly incongruous set of scientific observations

The candidate, fresh from a series of primary victories, NOT ONLY PROMISED TO INCORPORATE SEVERAL POPULAR IDEAS FROM HER DEFEATED OPPONENTS, INCLUDING SOME SHE CRITICIZED AT THE BEGINNING OF THE CAMPAIGN, BUT TO INCLUDE HER TWO PRINCIPAL OPPONENTS IN HER CABINET, IF SHE WON the upcoming general election. a. not only promised to incorporate several popular ideas from her defeated opponents, including some she criticized at the beginning of the campaign, but to include her two principal opponents in her cabinet as well, if she won b. not only promised to incorporate several popular ideas from her defeated opponents, including some she criticized at the beginning of the campaign, but also to include her two principal opponents in her cabinet, if she wins c. not only promised to incorporate several popular ideas from her defeated opponents, including some she criticized at the beginning of the campaign, but also to include her two principal opponents in her cabinet, if she won d. promised not only to incorporate several popular ideas from her defeated opponents, including some she criticized at the beginning of the campaign, but by including her two principal opponents in her cabinet as well, if she wins e. promised not only to incorporate several popular ideas from her defeated opponents, including some she criticized at the beginning of the campaign, but also to include her two principal opponents in her cabinet, if she wins

e. promised not only to incorporate several popular ideas from her defeated opponents, including some she criticized at the beginning of the campaign, but also to include her two principal opponents in her cabinet, if she wins

Knocked from the asteroid belt, an asteroid that comes close to Earth may be captured by Earth's gravitational field, ultimately SPIRALING INWARD AND THEN BECOMING FULLY CONSUMED WHEN IT HAS A FIERY DESCENT THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE, WHILE IT IS A "FALLING STAR," OR IT WOULD BECOME REDIRECTED at high speeds along a new trajectory. a. spiraling inward and then becoming fully consumed when it has a fiery descent through the atmosphere, while it is a "falling star," or it would become redirected b. having spiraled inward and becomes fully consumed when it has a fiery descent through the atmosphere like a "falling star," or it has been redirected c. spiraling inward, becoming fully consumed, and then having a fiery descent through the atmosphere, as a "falling star," or would be redirected d. spiraling inward and being fully consumed, and then it has a fiery descent through the atmosphere, like a "falling star," or is redirected e. spiraling inward and being fully consumed during its fiery descent through the atmosphere as a "falling star," or be redirected

e. spiraling inward and being fully consumed during its fiery descent through the atmosphere as a "falling star," or be redirected

Analysts and media executives predict THE COMING YEAR TO BE NO LESS CHALLENGING THAN THE PREVIOUS ONE HAD BEEN for the company's C.E.O. a. the coming year to be no less challenging than the previous one had been b. the coming year to be no less challenging compared to the previous one c. that the coming year would be no less challenging compared to the previous one d. that the coming year will be no less challenging than the previous one had been e. that the coming year will be no less challenging than the previous one

e. that the coming year will be no less challenging than the previous one

In the 1940s popular magazines in the United States began to report on the private lives of persons from the entertainment industry, in despite of the fact that they previously had featured individuals in business and politics. a. in despite of the fact that they previously had featured individuals b. in spite of the fact previously that these publications featured articles on those c. whereas previously there were those individuals featured in articles d. whereas previously those individuals they featured were e. whereas previously these publications had featured articles on individuals

e. whereas previously these publications had featured articles on individuals

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