VETT 117 Unit 2 Hematology Weeks 8&9
What white blood cell is the predominant one that response to allergies and parasitic disease?
Eosinophils
What is the term for the constant and continual production of red blood cells?
Erythropoiesis
What can cause a false decrease in a packed cell volume?
Low blood to anticoagulant ratio
What is the predominant white blood cell type in ruminants?
Lymphocyte
What mature cell has a rounded or slightly indented nucleus that almost completely fills the cell?
Lymphocyte
Which term refers to the condensing of the nucleus as the cell dies?
Pyknosis
What term describes chronic bone marrow inflammation characterized by increased numbers of macrophages and neutrophils?
Pyogranulomatus
What instrument provides an estimate of cell counts on the basis of differential centrifugation?
Quantitative Buffy Coat Analyzer
What is the fluid that is squeezed out around the cellular clot when blood clots?
Serum
What term describes the fluid portion of blood that contains no formed elements of fibrinogen?
Serum
What is a possible cause of relative polycythemia?
Splenic contraction and dehydration
The unit of measure for MCHC is
g/dL
What is the unit of measure for MCHC?
g/dL
Vacutainer
glass tube with a rubber stopper under partial vacuum various colored tops indicate presence/absence of various additives
What term describes plasma that appears to have a red tinge in a centrifuged microhematocrit?
hemolyzed
What is the largest white blood cell in the peripheral blood?
monocyte
Common causes hemolytic anemia: toxic exposure
onions, methylene blue; zinc; acetaminophen; copper
Oxyhemoglobin
oxygenated blood (hemoglobin)
Megathrombocytes
Abnormally large platelets that are usually newly formed; seen in greater numbers during an increase in platelet production
Which erythrocyte abnormality occurs in immune-mediated disorders when an antibody coats the red blood cell?
Autoagglutination
Common causes hemolytic anemia: Immune-mediated destruction
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia; neonatal isoerythrolysis; blood transfusion incompatibility
Granulocytes
Cells with distinct cytoplasmic granules
Plasma
Fluid/liquid portion of blood
Hemoglobin
Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells; formed in bone marrow
An estimate of the total red blood cell count can be obtained by dividing the _____ by 6.
PCV
The formula for calculating hemoglobin concentration for most species is?
PCV/3
To calculate Hb (hemoglobin)
PCV/3
To calculate RBC count
PCV/6
What is the fluid portion of whole blood in which the cells are suspended?
Plasma
Which term describes the fluid component of blood?
Plasma
From what type of cell do erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets originate?
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
Which term is used only when the morphologic abnormality cannot be described using a more specific term?
Poikilocytosis
lymphocyte
a leukocyte that is involved in the inflammatory process and that also has roles in humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Formed in lymph nodes
anticoagulant
a substance that prevents clotting of the blood
buffy coat
a thin light colored layer of white blood cells and platelets that lie between a top layer of plasma and red blood cells after centrifugation
Eosinophil
a white blood cell containing granules that are readily stained by eosin; a granulocyte with granules that have an affinity for the acidic components of stains (Stain red); associated with allergic reactions
Neutrophilia
abnormal increase in neutrophils in a peripheral blood sample
The formula to calculate MCHC is
(Hb/PCV) x 100
The formula for calculating MCH is
(Hb/RBC count) x 10
The formula for calculating MCV is?
(PCV/RBC count) x 10
How do you calculate the platelet estimate per mcL of blood?
(Thrombocytes per 100 WBC) x WBC count per mcL= Thrombocytes per mcL
How many microscopic fields must you count when performing a platelet estimate with the use of a differential blood cell film?
10
Basophil
A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine; a granular leukocyte with an irregularly shaped-relatively pale-staining nucleus that is partially constricted into 2 lobes and with cytoplasm that contains coarse bluish-black granules
What is the normal packed cell volume for dogs?
37%-55%
Ample blood should be collected to yield enough serum, plasma, or whole blood to run the planned tests how many times?
3x
What is the absolute value of neutrophils per mcL when the neutrophil percentage on the relative white blood cell count is 78% and the total WBC is 6000/mcL?
4680
What is the MCV in a dog with PCV of 38% and a RBC count of 6.5 x 10^6/mcL?
58.46 fL
If a patient has 70% neutrophils on the differential blood cell film and a white blood cell count of 12,000; what is the absolute number of neutrophils present per mcL?
8400
Heterophil
A leukocyte of avian, reptile, and some fish species that contains prominent eosinophilic granules; functionally equivalent to the mammalian neutrophil
What abnormality is characterized by grape-like clusters of red blood cells that do not break up when the sample is diluted with saline?
Agglutination
MCHC measures the
Average amount of hemoglobin in a specific volume of blood
MCV measures the...
Average size of erythrocytes
Running the electrolyte solution through the impedance counter to identify the presence of small particles so that the analyzer does not count them is referred to as the...
Background Count
What morphological change can happen in a case of lead poisoning?
Basophilic stippling
How would you describe the morphology of canine erythrocytes?
Biconcave disc
Samples from _________ may not be adequately evaluated with impedance analyzers as a result of the size similarities between red blood cells and platelets
Cats
When drawing multiple samples from a patient, which anticoagulant tube should be drawn first?
Citrate
Which anticoagulant is commonly used in blood transfussions?
Citrate
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
Concentration of hemoglobin in the avg RBC Divide Hemoglobin concentration by the PCV and multiply by 100
Leukemia
Condition of presence of neoplastic cells in blood or bone marrow
What is a common cause of increased plasma protein levels?
Dehydration
What toxic morphologic change can be seen in neutrophils?
Dohle Bodies
What anticoagulant is preferred for routine hematologic studies because it preserves cell morphology?
EDTA
What term describes cells with regular cytoplasmic projections around the periphery that give the cell the appearance of a scalloped border?
Echinocytes
Which organism appears as inclusions in the monocytes and neutrophils and might be present in a dog with a tick-borne illness that shows signs of weight loss and anemia?
Ehrlichia canis
In which species can platelets be larger than erythrocytes?
Feline
The unit of measure for MCV is the ____
Femtoliter
Which of the following types of white blood cells always contains granules and are commonly referred to as polymorphonuclear leukocytes?
Granulocytes
What term describes chronic bone marrow inflammation that is characterized by increased numbers of macrophages?
Granulomatous
What term describes pale or bluish round areas attached to the red blood cell membrane that are caused by chemical or drug-induced oxidative injury?
Heinz Bodies
Which term identifies the process of the production of blood cells and platelets?
Hematopoiesis
What can happen if a tourniquet is left in place for an extended amount of time?
Hemoconcentration
Which of the following could result if a tourniquet is in place over a blood vessel for too long prior to collecting a blood sample?
Hemoconcentration
What type of anemia could develop in a dog presented after having ingested several onions?
Hemolytic
A reddish tinge to the plasma layer of the microhematocrit tube may be an indication of which of the following?
Hemolyzed sample
Which would be the best classification of anemia for a patient with severe flea infestation?
Hemorrhagic
What type of anemia would be suspected in a dog that presented after consuming a portion of a bottle containing acetaminophen tablets?
Hemorrphagic
Which type of anticoagulant prevents clotting by preventing the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin?
Heparin
What term describes round basophilic nuclear remnants in the red blood cells of animals with regenerative anemia?
Howell-Jolly Bodies
What term can be used to describe plasma that appears to have a yellow tinge in a centrifuged microhematocrit tube?
Icteric
Bovine Eosinophil
Identify the cell marked with a "B"
Canine Eosinophil
Identify the cell marked with a "C"
Equine Eosinophil
Identify the cell marked with a "E"
Feline Eosinophil
Identify the cell marked with a "F"
Atypical Lymphocyte
Identify the cell marked with the long arrow
Schistocyte
Identify the cell marked with the longest arrow
Acanthocyte (spur cell)
Identify the cell marked with the smallest arrow
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Identify the cells marked on the slide.
Mycoplasma
Identify the parasite marked by the longest arrow
Keratocytes (Helmet cells)
Identify the red blood cells abnormality indicated by the medium sized arrows
What type of analyzer counts particles on the basis of their size?
Impedance analyzer
When a sample is evaluated and reported to have a left shift, what does this mean?
Increase of immature neutrophils
What is indicated when a reddish tinge is evident in the whitish gray buffy coat layer in the microhematocrit tube?
Increase of nucleated RBCs
What is a likely cause of microcytic anemia?
Iron deficiency
What vessel is preferred for blood collection in most species?
Jugular
Which type of hematology analyzer uses a laser beam to evaluate the size and density of cells?
Laser-Based flow cytometery
What type of instrument counts particles on the basis of their relative size and density?
Laser-based flow cytometer
Which vacutainer is best suited for the collection of blood for a hematologic test?
Lavender-Top (EDTA)
What is the common term used to describe the presence of neoplastic blood cells in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood?
Leukemia
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
MCH Avg hemoglobin content in a ell
What is the formula for calculating the MCH
MCH (pg)= (Hb[g/dL]/RBC [x10^9/mL]) x 10
Which is the term for the ratio or percent of weight for hemoglobin to the volume it is contained?
MCHC
Which of the erythrocyte indices is calculated by dividing the hemoglobin concentration by the packed cell volume and multiplying by 100?
MCHC
What is the formula for calculating the MCHC
MCHC (%)= (Hb/PCV) x 100
What is the formula for calculating the MCV
MCV= (PCV/RBC) x 10
When making a blood smear with a sample that is very thick and that contains some small clots, what should you do?
Make the smear from a fresh sample
What does the abbreviation MCH stand for?
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
MCHC is the abbreviation for
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
The abbreviation MCV stands for _____ _____ _____
Mean Corpuscular Volume
Which of the erythrocyte indices is calculated by dividing packed cell volume by the red blood cell concentration and multiplying by 10?
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
An unusually large cell that may suggest an early release of platelets from the bone marrow is which type of cell?
Megathrombocyte
What cell type is characterized by amoeboid nuclear material and abundant, blue-gray, vaculoated cytoplasm?
Monocyte
Which is the largest of the white blood cells seen on blood films?
Monocyte
Which of the following is a myeloid cell?
Monocyte
Wedge Smear
Most commonly used type of blood smear preparation
What are the small round or rod-shaped structures that are found as a single organisms or pairs on the periphery of a red blood cell?
Mycoplasma
List the cells in the granulocyte maturation series in order from least to most mature.
Myeloblast -> Promyelocyte -> (Neutro/Eosino/Baso)philic myelocyte -> (Neutro/Eosino/Baso)philic metamyelocyte -> (Neutro/Eosino/Baso)philic band -> (Neutro/Eosino/Baso)phil
What cell type can be identified by its dark, irregular, lobulated nucleus and its colorless or pale-pink cytoplasm?
Neutrophil
Phagocytosis is the primary function of what cell?
Neutrophils
How would you describe the morphology of avian erythrocytes?
Nucleated
What term describes an increase in the number of circulating erythrocytes?
Polycythemia
Which condition can result in an artificially high packed cell volume?
Polycythemia
Lipemic/lipemia
Presence of fatty material in plasma
Left Shift
Presence of increased number of immature cells in peripheral blood samples
Granulopoiesis
Production of Granulocytes (WBCs)
Thrombopoiesis
Production of Platelets
Hematopoiesis
Production of blood cells and platelets
Erythropoiesis
Productions of Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Hematocrit (Hct)
RBC to total blood volume; percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood calculated from RBC count & mean cell volume by electronic cell counters
What is the primary site of the production of blood cells in the adult animal?
Red Bone Marrow
What piece of lab equipment is used to measure the total protein content of a sample?
Refractometer
The classification of anemia according to bone marrow response distinguishes between __________ and ______________ anemia.
Regenerative/nonregenerative
Hemorrhagic Anemia
Result from acute or chronic blood loss. Patients history and clinical signs can help with determination of anemia. Common causes: parasites, trauma, coagulopathy, neoplasia, cystitis, and GI ulceration
Hemolytic Anemiea
Result of erythrocyte destruction within the blood, and they are usually regenerative. Usually normocytic and normochromic during initial stages but becomes macrocytic as a result of bone marrows release of reticulocytes
What does the presence of basophilic macrocytes on a peripheral blood smear usually indicate?
Reticulocytes
What abnormality is characterized by coin-like stacks of red blood cells?
Rouleaux
What red blood cell abnormality is often seen in healthy horses?
Rouleaux
List the cells in the erythrocyte maturation series in order from least to most mature.
Rubriblast -> Prorubricyte -> Basophilic Rubricyte -> Polychromatophilic Rubricyte -> MetaRubricyte -> Reticulocyte
Hemoglobin formation begins during the _____ stage or erythrocyte maturation and ends during the _______ stage
Rubriblast; Metarubricyte
What term describes small fragmented sections of erythrocytes seen on a blood smear?
Schistocytes
Methemoglobin
The form of hemoglobin that contains oxidized iron; inefficient at oxygen transport
What is the primary cytokine involved in the stimulation of platelet production?
Thrombopoietin
Agranulocytes
WBC with no cytoplasmic granules
Autoagglutination
What is the name for how the red blood cells appear in this slide?
Band Neutrophils
What type of cell is indicated by the arrow?
Neutrophils
What type of cell is indicated by the arrow?
RBC
What type of cell is indicated by the arrow?
nucleated erythrocytes
What type of cell is indicated by the arrow?
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
an anticoagulant commonly used in hematology which binds calcium
Common causes hemolytic anemia: erythrocyte parasites
anaplasma; mycoplasma; babesia; cytauxzoon felix; theileria spp
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
average volume of RBCs
Pluripotent stem cell
cell capable of differentiating into 1 of many types of cells
Platelet
irregular, disc-shaped fragments of megakaryocytes in the blood that assist with blood clotting
Common causes hemolytic anemia: bacterial and viral agents
leptospira; sarcocystis; feline leukemia virus
Neutrophil
leukocyte with the function of phagocytosis of foreign materials or cells; plays major role in the inflammatory process
MCH measures the
mean weight of hemoglobin contained in red blood cells
The unit of measure for MCH is
pg
serum
plasma without clotting factors (fibrinogen)
Monocyte
precursor to macrophage; representing a stage in the development of tissue macrophage; after monocyte leaves bloodstream and enters tissue at a site of inflammation, it becomes an activated macrophage
Production Disorder Anemia
reduced rates of erythropoiesis or defective erythropoiesis (i.e. dyserythropoiesis) result in normocytic anemia. Conditions resulting in this: chronic renal disease, hypothyroidism, hypoadrenocorticism, braken fern poisoning, iron and copper deficiency, parvovirus and lead toxicity.
How would you describe the granules of feline eosinophils?
rod-shaped
Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
the ratio of RBC volume to whole blood volume; measured by whole blood centrifugation (microhematocrit method)
Icteric/icterus
yellow discoloration of the skin, mucus membrane or plasma; possibly due to bile