VETT 117 Unit 2 Hematology Weeks 8&9

What white blood cell is the predominant one that response to allergies and parasitic disease?

Eosinophils

What is the term for the constant and continual production of red blood cells?

Erythropoiesis

What can cause a false decrease in a packed cell volume?

Low blood to anticoagulant ratio

What is the predominant white blood cell type in ruminants?

Lymphocyte

What mature cell has a rounded or slightly indented nucleus that almost completely fills the cell?

Lymphocyte

Which term refers to the condensing of the nucleus as the cell dies?

Pyknosis

What term describes chronic bone marrow inflammation characterized by increased numbers of macrophages and neutrophils?

Pyogranulomatus

What instrument provides an estimate of cell counts on the basis of differential centrifugation?

Quantitative Buffy Coat Analyzer

What is the fluid that is squeezed out around the cellular clot when blood clots?

Serum

What term describes the fluid portion of blood that contains no formed elements of fibrinogen?

Serum

What is a possible cause of relative polycythemia?

Splenic contraction and dehydration

The unit of measure for MCHC is

g/dL

What is the unit of measure for MCHC?

g/dL

Vacutainer

glass tube with a rubber stopper under partial vacuum various colored tops indicate presence/absence of various additives

What term describes plasma that appears to have a red tinge in a centrifuged microhematocrit?

hemolyzed

What is the largest white blood cell in the peripheral blood?

monocyte

Common causes hemolytic anemia: toxic exposure

onions, methylene blue; zinc; acetaminophen; copper

Oxyhemoglobin

oxygenated blood (hemoglobin)

Megathrombocytes

Abnormally large platelets that are usually newly formed; seen in greater numbers during an increase in platelet production

Which erythrocyte abnormality occurs in immune-mediated disorders when an antibody coats the red blood cell?

Autoagglutination

Common causes hemolytic anemia: Immune-mediated destruction

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia; neonatal isoerythrolysis; blood transfusion incompatibility

Granulocytes

Cells with distinct cytoplasmic granules

Plasma

Fluid/liquid portion of blood

Hemoglobin

Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells; formed in bone marrow

An estimate of the total red blood cell count can be obtained by dividing the _____ by 6.

PCV

The formula for calculating hemoglobin concentration for most species is?

PCV/3

To calculate Hb (hemoglobin)

PCV/3

To calculate RBC count

PCV/6

What is the fluid portion of whole blood in which the cells are suspended?

Plasma

Which term describes the fluid component of blood?

Plasma

From what type of cell do erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets originate?

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

Which term is used only when the morphologic abnormality cannot be described using a more specific term?

Poikilocytosis

lymphocyte

a leukocyte that is involved in the inflammatory process and that also has roles in humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Formed in lymph nodes

anticoagulant

a substance that prevents clotting of the blood

buffy coat

a thin light colored layer of white blood cells and platelets that lie between a top layer of plasma and red blood cells after centrifugation

Eosinophil

a white blood cell containing granules that are readily stained by eosin; a granulocyte with granules that have an affinity for the acidic components of stains (Stain red); associated with allergic reactions

Neutrophilia

abnormal increase in neutrophils in a peripheral blood sample

The formula to calculate MCHC is

(Hb/PCV) x 100

The formula for calculating MCH is

(Hb/RBC count) x 10

The formula for calculating MCV is?

(PCV/RBC count) x 10

How do you calculate the platelet estimate per mcL of blood?

(Thrombocytes per 100 WBC) x WBC count per mcL= Thrombocytes per mcL

How many microscopic fields must you count when performing a platelet estimate with the use of a differential blood cell film?

10

Basophil

A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine; a granular leukocyte with an irregularly shaped-relatively pale-staining nucleus that is partially constricted into 2 lobes and with cytoplasm that contains coarse bluish-black granules

What is the normal packed cell volume for dogs?

37%-55%

Ample blood should be collected to yield enough serum, plasma, or whole blood to run the planned tests how many times?

3x

What is the absolute value of neutrophils per mcL when the neutrophil percentage on the relative white blood cell count is 78% and the total WBC is 6000/mcL?

4680

What is the MCV in a dog with PCV of 38% and a RBC count of 6.5 x 10^6/mcL?

58.46 fL

If a patient has 70% neutrophils on the differential blood cell film and a white blood cell count of 12,000; what is the absolute number of neutrophils present per mcL?

8400

Heterophil

A leukocyte of avian, reptile, and some fish species that contains prominent eosinophilic granules; functionally equivalent to the mammalian neutrophil

What abnormality is characterized by grape-like clusters of red blood cells that do not break up when the sample is diluted with saline?

Agglutination

MCHC measures the

Average amount of hemoglobin in a specific volume of blood

MCV measures the...

Average size of erythrocytes

Running the electrolyte solution through the impedance counter to identify the presence of small particles so that the analyzer does not count them is referred to as the...

Background Count

What morphological change can happen in a case of lead poisoning?

Basophilic stippling

How would you describe the morphology of canine erythrocytes?

Biconcave disc

Samples from _________ may not be adequately evaluated with impedance analyzers as a result of the size similarities between red blood cells and platelets

Cats

When drawing multiple samples from a patient, which anticoagulant tube should be drawn first?

Citrate

Which anticoagulant is commonly used in blood transfussions?

Citrate

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)

Concentration of hemoglobin in the avg RBC Divide Hemoglobin concentration by the PCV and multiply by 100

Leukemia

Condition of presence of neoplastic cells in blood or bone marrow

What is a common cause of increased plasma protein levels?

Dehydration

What toxic morphologic change can be seen in neutrophils?

Dohle Bodies

What anticoagulant is preferred for routine hematologic studies because it preserves cell morphology?

EDTA

What term describes cells with regular cytoplasmic projections around the periphery that give the cell the appearance of a scalloped border?

Echinocytes

Which organism appears as inclusions in the monocytes and neutrophils and might be present in a dog with a tick-borne illness that shows signs of weight loss and anemia?

Ehrlichia canis

In which species can platelets be larger than erythrocytes?

Feline

The unit of measure for MCV is the ____

Femtoliter

Which of the following types of white blood cells always contains granules and are commonly referred to as polymorphonuclear leukocytes?

Granulocytes

What term describes chronic bone marrow inflammation that is characterized by increased numbers of macrophages?

Granulomatous

What term describes pale or bluish round areas attached to the red blood cell membrane that are caused by chemical or drug-induced oxidative injury?

Heinz Bodies

Which term identifies the process of the production of blood cells and platelets?

Hematopoiesis

What can happen if a tourniquet is left in place for an extended amount of time?

Hemoconcentration

Which of the following could result if a tourniquet is in place over a blood vessel for too long prior to collecting a blood sample?

Hemoconcentration

What type of anemia could develop in a dog presented after having ingested several onions?

Hemolytic

A reddish tinge to the plasma layer of the microhematocrit tube may be an indication of which of the following?

Hemolyzed sample

Which would be the best classification of anemia for a patient with severe flea infestation?

Hemorrhagic

What type of anemia would be suspected in a dog that presented after consuming a portion of a bottle containing acetaminophen tablets?

Hemorrphagic

Which type of anticoagulant prevents clotting by preventing the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin?

Heparin

What term describes round basophilic nuclear remnants in the red blood cells of animals with regenerative anemia?

Howell-Jolly Bodies

What term can be used to describe plasma that appears to have a yellow tinge in a centrifuged microhematocrit tube?

Icteric

Bovine Eosinophil

Identify the cell marked with a "B"

Canine Eosinophil

Identify the cell marked with a "C"

Equine Eosinophil

Identify the cell marked with a "E"

Feline Eosinophil

Identify the cell marked with a "F"

Atypical Lymphocyte

Identify the cell marked with the long arrow

Schistocyte

Identify the cell marked with the longest arrow

Acanthocyte (spur cell)

Identify the cell marked with the smallest arrow

Platelets (thrombocytes)

Identify the cells marked on the slide.

Mycoplasma

Identify the parasite marked by the longest arrow

Keratocytes (Helmet cells)

Identify the red blood cells abnormality indicated by the medium sized arrows

What type of analyzer counts particles on the basis of their size?

Impedance analyzer

When a sample is evaluated and reported to have a left shift, what does this mean?

Increase of immature neutrophils

What is indicated when a reddish tinge is evident in the whitish gray buffy coat layer in the microhematocrit tube?

Increase of nucleated RBCs

What is a likely cause of microcytic anemia?

Iron deficiency

What vessel is preferred for blood collection in most species?

Jugular

Which type of hematology analyzer uses a laser beam to evaluate the size and density of cells?

Laser-Based flow cytometery

What type of instrument counts particles on the basis of their relative size and density?

Laser-based flow cytometer

Which vacutainer is best suited for the collection of blood for a hematologic test?

Lavender-Top (EDTA)

What is the common term used to describe the presence of neoplastic blood cells in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood?

Leukemia

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

MCH Avg hemoglobin content in a ell

What is the formula for calculating the MCH

MCH (pg)= (Hb[g/dL]/RBC [x10^9/mL]) x 10

Which is the term for the ratio or percent of weight for hemoglobin to the volume it is contained?

MCHC

Which of the erythrocyte indices is calculated by dividing the hemoglobin concentration by the packed cell volume and multiplying by 100?

MCHC

What is the formula for calculating the MCHC

MCHC (%)= (Hb/PCV) x 100

What is the formula for calculating the MCV

MCV= (PCV/RBC) x 10

When making a blood smear with a sample that is very thick and that contains some small clots, what should you do?

Make the smear from a fresh sample

What does the abbreviation MCH stand for?

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin

MCHC is the abbreviation for

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration

The abbreviation MCV stands for _____ _____ _____

Mean Corpuscular Volume

Which of the erythrocyte indices is calculated by dividing packed cell volume by the red blood cell concentration and multiplying by 10?

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)

An unusually large cell that may suggest an early release of platelets from the bone marrow is which type of cell?

Megathrombocyte

What cell type is characterized by amoeboid nuclear material and abundant, blue-gray, vaculoated cytoplasm?

Monocyte

Which is the largest of the white blood cells seen on blood films?

Monocyte

Which of the following is a myeloid cell?

Monocyte

Wedge Smear

Most commonly used type of blood smear preparation

What are the small round or rod-shaped structures that are found as a single organisms or pairs on the periphery of a red blood cell?

Mycoplasma

List the cells in the granulocyte maturation series in order from least to most mature.

Myeloblast -> Promyelocyte -> (Neutro/Eosino/Baso)philic myelocyte -> (Neutro/Eosino/Baso)philic metamyelocyte -> (Neutro/Eosino/Baso)philic band -> (Neutro/Eosino/Baso)phil

What cell type can be identified by its dark, irregular, lobulated nucleus and its colorless or pale-pink cytoplasm?

Neutrophil

Phagocytosis is the primary function of what cell?

Neutrophils

How would you describe the morphology of avian erythrocytes?

Nucleated

What term describes an increase in the number of circulating erythrocytes?

Polycythemia

Which condition can result in an artificially high packed cell volume?

Polycythemia

Lipemic/lipemia

Presence of fatty material in plasma

Left Shift

Presence of increased number of immature cells in peripheral blood samples

Granulopoiesis

Production of Granulocytes (WBCs)

Thrombopoiesis

Production of Platelets

Hematopoiesis

Production of blood cells and platelets

Erythropoiesis

Productions of Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Hematocrit (Hct)

RBC to total blood volume; percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood calculated from RBC count & mean cell volume by electronic cell counters

What is the primary site of the production of blood cells in the adult animal?

Red Bone Marrow

What piece of lab equipment is used to measure the total protein content of a sample?

Refractometer

The classification of anemia according to bone marrow response distinguishes between __________ and ______________ anemia.

Regenerative/nonregenerative

Hemorrhagic Anemia

Result from acute or chronic blood loss. Patients history and clinical signs can help with determination of anemia. Common causes: parasites, trauma, coagulopathy, neoplasia, cystitis, and GI ulceration

Hemolytic Anemiea

Result of erythrocyte destruction within the blood, and they are usually regenerative. Usually normocytic and normochromic during initial stages but becomes macrocytic as a result of bone marrows release of reticulocytes

What does the presence of basophilic macrocytes on a peripheral blood smear usually indicate?

Reticulocytes

What abnormality is characterized by coin-like stacks of red blood cells?

Rouleaux

What red blood cell abnormality is often seen in healthy horses?

Rouleaux

List the cells in the erythrocyte maturation series in order from least to most mature.

Rubriblast -> Prorubricyte -> Basophilic Rubricyte -> Polychromatophilic Rubricyte -> MetaRubricyte -> Reticulocyte

Hemoglobin formation begins during the _____ stage or erythrocyte maturation and ends during the _______ stage

Rubriblast; Metarubricyte

What term describes small fragmented sections of erythrocytes seen on a blood smear?

Schistocytes

Methemoglobin

The form of hemoglobin that contains oxidized iron; inefficient at oxygen transport

What is the primary cytokine involved in the stimulation of platelet production?

Thrombopoietin

Agranulocytes

WBC with no cytoplasmic granules

Autoagglutination

What is the name for how the red blood cells appear in this slide?

Band Neutrophils

What type of cell is indicated by the arrow?

Neutrophils

What type of cell is indicated by the arrow?

RBC

What type of cell is indicated by the arrow?

nucleated erythrocytes

What type of cell is indicated by the arrow?

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)

an anticoagulant commonly used in hematology which binds calcium

Common causes hemolytic anemia: erythrocyte parasites

anaplasma; mycoplasma; babesia; cytauxzoon felix; theileria spp

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)

average volume of RBCs

Pluripotent stem cell

cell capable of differentiating into 1 of many types of cells

Platelet

irregular, disc-shaped fragments of megakaryocytes in the blood that assist with blood clotting

Common causes hemolytic anemia: bacterial and viral agents

leptospira; sarcocystis; feline leukemia virus

Neutrophil

leukocyte with the function of phagocytosis of foreign materials or cells; plays major role in the inflammatory process

MCH measures the

mean weight of hemoglobin contained in red blood cells

The unit of measure for MCH is

pg

serum

plasma without clotting factors (fibrinogen)

Monocyte

precursor to macrophage; representing a stage in the development of tissue macrophage; after monocyte leaves bloodstream and enters tissue at a site of inflammation, it becomes an activated macrophage

Production Disorder Anemia

reduced rates of erythropoiesis or defective erythropoiesis (i.e. dyserythropoiesis) result in normocytic anemia. Conditions resulting in this: chronic renal disease, hypothyroidism, hypoadrenocorticism, braken fern poisoning, iron and copper deficiency, parvovirus and lead toxicity.

How would you describe the granules of feline eosinophils?

rod-shaped

Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

the ratio of RBC volume to whole blood volume; measured by whole blood centrifugation (microhematocrit method)

Icteric/icterus

yellow discoloration of the skin, mucus membrane or plasma; possibly due to bile