Violence In American Society Midterm
Currently ______ states allow citizens to concealed firearms if state requirements are met.
50
The major gun control law passed by Congress that mandated criminal history background checks on persons applying to purchase firearms from federally licensed firearm dealers is called the ______
Brady handgun violence prevention act
Given that most violence is perpetrated by males, some have suggested that male aggression is linked with levels of ______.
Testosterone
For Bartol and Bartol, violence refers only to ______.
aggressive physical behavior
The ______ argument argues that people generally refrain from committing murder because they fear execution.
general deterennce
Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi articulated their general theory of crime based on the notion that individual criminality is the result of ______.
low self control
According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, approximately ______ male violent crime victims face an armed offender.
1 in 3
According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, approximately ______ females are victims of a violent crime by an armed offender.
1 in 5
The Armed Career Criminal Act of ______ imposed a mandatory minimum 15-year prison term on a convicted felon who had three previous convictions for robbery or burglary and who possessed or received a firearm.
1984
In which year did Congress pass the Assault Weapons Ban (AWB)?
1994
It is estimated that only about ______ of crimes become known to police.
40-50%
One study of newspaper reporting found that around ______ of homicides received the vast majority of all media attention.
5%
In 2017 alone, according to the NCVS, more than ______ Americans over the age of 12 were victims of violent crimes.
5.5 million
Marvin Wolfgang, who examined the characteristics of murder in Philadelphia in 1955, conducting one of the first empirical examinations to link alcohol and violence found that ______ of the offenders in his sample had been drinking alcohol prior to the murder.
55%
Genetically, humans are most closely related to ______.
Chimpanzees
Kenneth Polk labels events in which victims start the conflicts that end in their own deaths as ______ because they are characterized by altercations that typically evolve from verbal exchanges of insults into physical contests.
Confrontational homicide
According to Meithe and Regoeczi, what occurs between a wider range of victims and perpetrators and situation than was often believed?
Confrontational homicides
Clearly, when cultural values tolerating violence are combined with the ______ effects of alcohol, the likelihood that violence will result—particularly in conflict situations—is higher.
Disinhibiting
The National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) requires a background check by the ______ or a state point of contact on all persons applying to receive firearms from a registered firearms dealer.
FBI
Deindividuation, a phenomenon that facilitates violence in a group setting, is actually based on the classic work of ______.
Gustavo le Bon
What type of killers are distinguished by their effort to obtain sexual pleasure from killing?
Hedonistic lust
Some suggest that the more a society legitimates violence in certain situations, the more ______ violence there will be.
Illegitimate
The ______ for capital punishment is that executing those who commit murder is the only effective way to keep them from ever killing again.
Incapacitation argument
How is the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) different from the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?
It includes detailed information on crime incidents, including the characteristics of the victim, such as age, gender, race, ethnicity, and resident status
The ______ is perhaps the most powerful lobbying organization in Washington, DC, and claims that any legislation aimed at controlling the possession of guns by citizens infringes upon their rights.
NRA
Violent crimes in the United States ______ in the early 1990s and have ______ since that time.
Peaked; have generally declined
The video of football player Ray Rice knocking his fiancé out with one punch in an elevator is an example of ______.
People engaging in violence in multiple spheres of their lives
There are three primary ways in which illicit drugs may be related to violence: violence that results from the ______ of drugs; violence that results from trying to support a drug addiction (e.g., robbery); and violence resulting from the illegal selling of drugs.
Psychoactive effects
Which justification for capital punishment has nothing to do with public safety—it is a moral justification?
Retribution
The sociologist Jack Katz argues that many perpetrators see their violence as a form of ______.
Righteous slaughter
Which of the following individuals contend that criminality is a function of both structural factors and informal social controls?
Sampson and Laub
The production of handguns has increasingly moved away from revolvers to ______, which can fire more rounds and that now account for 80% of all handguns produced.
Semiautomatic weapons
What theory suggests that criminals communicate through a wide variety of signals and signs that convey to others their credentials, their toughness, and their willingness to engage in violent and criminal activities?
Signaling theory
The suggestion that legitimate forms of violence influence illegitimate forms of violence is known as the ______.
Spillover theory
The country with the highest number of guns per capita is ______.
United States
According to the NCVS, what is the number of people 12 and older who experience a particular type of victimization divided by the total number of people 12 and older in the population per 1,000 people?
Victimization rate
Evidence indicates that many perpetrators of violence see themselves as being justified in their actions and typically define their acts as ______.
a legitimate response to some behavioral or ethical breach on the part of their victim
How does Newman define violence?
a series of events, the course of which or the outcomes of which, cause injury or damage to persons or property
What does Dennis Donovan define as a "progressive behavior pattern having biological, psychological, sociological, and behavioral components [and] what sets this behavior apart from others is the individual's overwhelmingly pathological involvement in or attachment to it, subjective compulsion to continue it, and reduced ability to evert personal control over it"?
addiction
A(n) ______ assault is defined as "an attack or attempted attack with a weapon, regardless of whether or not an injury occurred and attack without a weapon when serious injury results."
aggravated
According to statistics, in the vast majority of all ______ assaults, a weapon was used regardless of the victim-offender relationship.
aggravated
Murder rates and the perpetuation and victimization rates for homicide are influenced by which of the following?
all?
Merton believed that a state of ______ would result when individuals lived under conditions where legitimate means were not available to achieve societal goals.
anomie
Those who have ______ are often characterized as being very narcissistic, reckless, and emotionally shallow.
antisocial personality disorder
Lombroso argued that violent criminals were evolutionary throwbacks or ______, and the problem of crime rested upon the shoulders of individuals who were born to be violent and criminal.
atavisms
Studies using MRIs and PET scans have revealed that violent offenders, especially impulsively aggressive individuals, often have ______ that are believed to have played a role in predisposing some of them to violent behavior.
brain dysfunctions
Some biologists/criminologists suggest that violence can be linked with ______.
brain injuries from combat or a violent experience
What equipment allows a shooter to fire a semi-automatic weapon almost as fast as an automatic?
bump stock
The first development stage that characterizes the most typical homicide transaction argues that the eventual victim says or does something that is offensive to the eventual murder and marks the opening round of a series of interactions and is identified by Lukenbill as a(n) ______.
character contest
Which 1970 act was important because it consolidated all previous drug laws into one law designed to control prescription drugs and illicit drugs by creating five categories or schedules to classify drugs based on several criteria that included their accepted medical use and their potential for abuse and addiction?
controlled substances act
Craig Anderson and his colleagues define ______ as the reduction in distress-related physiological reactivity to observations or thoughts of violence.
emotional desensitization
Which movement tried to improve the human race through selective breeding practices, forced sterilization programs, and similar kinds of policies?
eugenics
______ are accidental or unintentional killings that did not occur because of negligence or recklessness.
excusable homicides
What type of violence concerns those acts in which the motivations are expressive of some emotional state, such as anger or jealousy?
expressive
What type of murders are often unplanned acts of anger, rage, or frustration, typically precipitated by a conflict situation, such as an argument or fight?
expressive murders
What often separates nonlethal assaults from those that result in death is the availability of a(n) ______.
firearm
As the name implies, the ______ hypothesis contends that violence is one possible response for individuals who feel frustrated and thwarted in achieving something.
frustration aggression
Which of the following is not one of the core messages of the NRA?
guns should only be kept out of the hands of the mentally ill
One important factor that contributed to high rates of murder witnessed in the 1990s was ______
hand guns
The jump in homicide rates witnessed in the late 1980s through to the mid-1990s was primarily attributable to an increase in ______.
handgun homicides
The availability of ______ increases the likelihood that a violent interaction will result in death.
handguns
What first significant federal legislation concerning drugs was passed by Congress in 1914, which made the nonmedical use of morphine and cocaine illegal?
harrison act
A growing body of research suggests that the warrior gene, sometimes referred to as a genetic polymorphism, correlates with which of the following?
higher levels of delinquency, antisocial behavior, hypersensitivity to real or imagined slights
Subcultures of violence have also sometimes been characterized as being cultures of ______.
honor
The NCVS distinguishes the number of victimizations as ______.
how many victimization acts were experienced by survey respondents
What type of murders are those conducted for explicit future goals, such as acquiring money or property?
instrumental
What theory adds insight into corporate decisions that result in death, such as the current opioid crisis gripping the United States?
instutional anomie
Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld developed what they call a(n) ______ of crime that links crime to the existing social structure.
instutional anomie theory
What type of aggression is something that can be easily recognized among young men who sometimes struggle and compete for status by being the toughest and strongest?
intermale aggression
Enjoying violent video and computer games or watching violent sporting events
is an example of experiencing victimization vicariously
Historically, if violence was perpetrated in the home, it was generally conceded to be much more acceptable than if it was carried out in a public place or work setting, and thus ______ has been an important variable.
location
______ are criminal homicides in which the degree of responsibility is considered much less than murder, not only because premeditation and deliberation are absent but also because the offender did not act with malice.
manslaughters
When asked why they own gun, Americans are least likely to cite which of the following reasons?
military experience/ veteran
The term ______ in the Second Amendment creates some confusion since it isn't clear if it means that only a select group of citizens who serve as soldiers have the right to bear arms or if it is an individual right.
militia
Research shows that ______ develops best when young people are shown how their actions affect others, but individuals with antisocial personality disorder show an impaired ability to empathize.
morality
Which of the following involves the killing of more than one person?
multicide
The most infamous case of spree murder in the United States occurred in the winter of 1958 in Nebraska and has been the basis for several movies, including Oliver Stone's 1994
natural born killers
Similar to the United States' UCR, England and Wales have a similar program for which they measure crimes that have been reported to the police called
police reported crime (PRC)
A number of scholars assert that it is not absolute deprivation that is associated with violence, but rather inequality that is sometimes referred to as ______.
relative deprivation
Which case served as an impetus for increased attention to treatment for drug addiction in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that imprisonment for the misdemeanor crime of using a controlled substance violated the Eight Amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment because addiction was an illness?
robinson vs california
Mass murders are likely to take place in ______.
school, work, airport (anywhere)
The ______ suggests that when private citizens have weapons in their homes or are able to carry concealed weapons, they are less likely to be successfully targeted by criminals.
self protection argument
A ______ murderer is one who kills on at least three occasions, with what can be called an emotional cooling-off period between the incidents.
serial murder
There are three broad types of multicide: mass murder, spree murder, and ______.
serial murder
A ______ assault is an "attack without a weapon resulting either in no injury, minor injury (for example, bruises, black eyes, cuts, scratches, or swelling), or an undetermined injury requiring less than 2 days of hospitalization."
simple
Phrenology is the study of ______.
skulls
What theory contends that violence is learned in the same way that anything else is learned?
social learning
First articulated by Wolfgang and Ferracuti, which viewpoint suggests that members of some groups are more likely to rely on violence?
subcultures of violence
Archer and Gartner found that most combatant nations experienced ______ postwar increases in their rates of homicide and concluded that wars did appear to legitimate violence.
substantial
An argument made by a number of criminologists but popularized by John DiIulio suggests that our society was home to a new breed of violent offender known as ______.
super predators
Researchers interested in offending behavior will extract the most accurate information from which data collection methodology?
survey methodology
The theory known as ______ also contends that human behavior—including assaults and homicides—occurs in social situations, and that the meanings people attach to their behavior is an important element in understanding what takes place in a given circumstance
symbolic interactionism
Most studies that measure the relationship between alcohol and violence used the ______ to measure aggression.
taylor paradigm
What type of aggression concerns animals that fight to control a piece of land they have marked or defined as their own?
territorial
According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, which of the following factors increases the likelihood of a violent reaction?
the presence of aggressive stimuli such as aggressive music
Our understanding of violence is highly situational and contingent, meaning the context is extremely important in helping shape our understanding of and reaction to violent acts and actors. Which of the following is not one of the factors that helps shape our context of violence?
the timing of the violence (time of day, season, etc.)
If an NCVS researcher was studying violence and the one city they sampled was unusually safe or uncommonly dangerous, how would they avoid their results being thrown off?
they would use random selection to draw a sample of U.S. households to be interviewed
What type of killers may derive sexual pleasure from their murders but require a live victim for sexual satisfaction?
thrill
Which of the following is not one of the objectives of the Gun Control Act of 1968?
to allow for the importation of so called saturday night specials
What is the extent to which we are actually measuring what we think we are?
validity
