vocab chapter 1: sections 1-5

Heliocentric

The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.

Florence

an Italian city-state that produced many gifted artists, scholars, scientists, and architects

compromise

an acceptable middle ground

Council of Trent

appointed by the pope in 1545; over 20 years, advised about reforms to answer the Protestant challenge

Leonardo

artist, scientist, and inventor best known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper and sketches of inventions such as flying machines

michaelangelo

artist; created sculpture of David and painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

perspective

artistic technique used to give paintings and drawings a three-dimensional effect

diet

assembly or legislature

Teresa of Avila

began an order of nuns, reformed Spanish convents and monasteries

Elizabeth I

daughter of Henry VIII; queen for 45 years; brought compromise between Catholics and Protestants

Mary Tudor

daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon; as queen, she tried to restore Catholicism in England

Vernacular

everyday spoken language of the common people

Thomas Canmer

first archbishop of the Church of England, wrote "The Book of Common Prayer"

gravity

force that keeps planets in orbit; proposed by Newton

Theocracy

government run by religious leaders

utopian

idealistic or visionary, usually used to describe a perfect society

indulgences

in the Roman Catholic Church, pardon for sins committed during a person's lifetime

Henry VIII

king of England; caused England to break away from the Catholic Church

Hypothesis

logical or possible explanation to a problem to be tested using scientific method

Johannes Kepler

mathematician who plotted the orbits of planets and discovered they are elliptical

Raphael

painter; blended Christian and classical styles; famous works include The School of Athens and his portrayals of the Madonna

Johann Gutenberg

printer who invented a printing press with movable type

Isaac Newton

scientist who argued that there were uniform laws of nature and that all motions could be measured mathematically

Robert Boyle

scientist who explained all matter as being composed of tiny particles that behave in knowable ways; proposed laws governing gases

Galileo

scientist who proved that the Earth moves around the sun; in 1633, the Inquisition forced him to recant his heliocentric views

Ghetto

separate section of a city where members of a minority group are forced to live

humanities

subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history

Martin Luther

the German monk who triggered the revolt against the Roman Catholic church in 1517

Charles V

the Holy Roman emperor who ordered Luther to recant his 95 Theses

Humanism

the Renaissance intellectual movement that studied classical cultures to increase understanding of their own times

Ignatius of Loyola

the Spanish knight who founded the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits

Geneva

the Swiss city where Calvin was asked to establish a Christian community

Predestination

the idea that God had predetermined who would gain salvation

Wittenberg

A city in northern Germany, where Luther drew up his 95 theses.

engraving

Art form in which an artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid and then uses the plate to make multiple prints

Tycho Brahe

Danish astronomer who collected data to prove that Copernicus was correct

Erasmus

Dutch religious scholar who called for the translation of the Bible into the vernacular

Thomas More

English humanist who described an ideal society in Utopia

Francis Bacon

English thinker who, with Descartes, rejected the assumptions of Aristotle; stressed experimentation and observation

Petrarch

Florentine humanist, poet, and scholar who assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts to encourage learning

Rene Descartes

French philosopher and mathematician- proposed need to search for prove-able knowledge

Albrecht Durer

German artist who spread Renaissance ideas in northern Europe

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe

calculus

a branch of mathematics partially developed by Newton

patron

a person who provides financial support for the arts

Flanders

a prosperous region of cities in the present-day Netherlands, France, and Belgium, where the northern Renaissance began

John Calvin

a reformer who preached predestination and living a saintly life

Scientific Method

a step-by-step process of discovery requiring the collection of accurately measured data

sect

a subgroup of a major religious group

Shakespeare

the leading English language poet and playwright of the Renaissance

canonize

to recognize someone as a saint

Niccolo Machiavelli

wrote The Prince, describing how to rule in an age of ruthless power politics

Baldassare Castiglione

wrote the Book of the Courtier describing the manners and qualities aristocratic men and women should display