vocab chapter 1: sections 1-5
Heliocentric
The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.
Florence
an Italian city-state that produced many gifted artists, scholars, scientists, and architects
compromise
an acceptable middle ground
Council of Trent
appointed by the pope in 1545; over 20 years, advised about reforms to answer the Protestant challenge
Leonardo
artist, scientist, and inventor best known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper and sketches of inventions such as flying machines
michaelangelo
artist; created sculpture of David and painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
perspective
artistic technique used to give paintings and drawings a three-dimensional effect
diet
assembly or legislature
Teresa of Avila
began an order of nuns, reformed Spanish convents and monasteries
Elizabeth I
daughter of Henry VIII; queen for 45 years; brought compromise between Catholics and Protestants
Mary Tudor
daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon; as queen, she tried to restore Catholicism in England
Vernacular
everyday spoken language of the common people
Thomas Canmer
first archbishop of the Church of England, wrote "The Book of Common Prayer"
gravity
force that keeps planets in orbit; proposed by Newton
Theocracy
government run by religious leaders
utopian
idealistic or visionary, usually used to describe a perfect society
indulgences
in the Roman Catholic Church, pardon for sins committed during a person's lifetime
Henry VIII
king of England; caused England to break away from the Catholic Church
Hypothesis
logical or possible explanation to a problem to be tested using scientific method
Johannes Kepler
mathematician who plotted the orbits of planets and discovered they are elliptical
Raphael
painter; blended Christian and classical styles; famous works include The School of Athens and his portrayals of the Madonna
Johann Gutenberg
printer who invented a printing press with movable type
Isaac Newton
scientist who argued that there were uniform laws of nature and that all motions could be measured mathematically
Robert Boyle
scientist who explained all matter as being composed of tiny particles that behave in knowable ways; proposed laws governing gases
Galileo
scientist who proved that the Earth moves around the sun; in 1633, the Inquisition forced him to recant his heliocentric views
Ghetto
separate section of a city where members of a minority group are forced to live
humanities
subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history
Martin Luther
the German monk who triggered the revolt against the Roman Catholic church in 1517
Charles V
the Holy Roman emperor who ordered Luther to recant his 95 Theses
Humanism
the Renaissance intellectual movement that studied classical cultures to increase understanding of their own times
Ignatius of Loyola
the Spanish knight who founded the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits
Geneva
the Swiss city where Calvin was asked to establish a Christian community
Predestination
the idea that God had predetermined who would gain salvation
Wittenberg
A city in northern Germany, where Luther drew up his 95 theses.
engraving
Art form in which an artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid and then uses the plate to make multiple prints
Tycho Brahe
Danish astronomer who collected data to prove that Copernicus was correct
Erasmus
Dutch religious scholar who called for the translation of the Bible into the vernacular
Thomas More
English humanist who described an ideal society in Utopia
Francis Bacon
English thinker who, with Descartes, rejected the assumptions of Aristotle; stressed experimentation and observation
Petrarch
Florentine humanist, poet, and scholar who assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts to encourage learning
Rene Descartes
French philosopher and mathematician- proposed need to search for prove-able knowledge
Albrecht Durer
German artist who spread Renaissance ideas in northern Europe
Nicolaus Copernicus
Polish astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe
calculus
a branch of mathematics partially developed by Newton
patron
a person who provides financial support for the arts
Flanders
a prosperous region of cities in the present-day Netherlands, France, and Belgium, where the northern Renaissance began
John Calvin
a reformer who preached predestination and living a saintly life
Scientific Method
a step-by-step process of discovery requiring the collection of accurately measured data
sect
a subgroup of a major religious group
Shakespeare
the leading English language poet and playwright of the Renaissance
canonize
to recognize someone as a saint
Niccolo Machiavelli
wrote The Prince, describing how to rule in an age of ruthless power politics
Baldassare Castiglione
wrote the Book of the Courtier describing the manners and qualities aristocratic men and women should display