Water 4.0 HMGT 1450

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This is one reason why American utilities have been slow to invest in ozone treatment.

It's expensive and chlorine is still need when water is distributed.

This fact explains why chlorine is capable of inactivating microbes.

Its oxidizing power

In the mid 1800's these nutrients in sewage were beneficial to vegetables grown using sewage as a fertilizer.

Phosphorus and Nitrogen

Progressives believed that corporations and cities should treat sewage before releasing it in streams.

True

Spring water "imported" via pipes was found in monasteries before it was prevalent in cities.

true

The Romans were aware that using lead water pipes was unhealthy.

true

During early medieval times this activity kept human waste out of city drinking water.

using it as a fertilizer

As more people lived in medieval European cities this aspect of urban living grew unmanageable.

waste disposal

An unpleasant odor and taste make this drink the "beverage of beggars."

water

Historically a city of this size could rely on shallow wells as local sources of water and not worry about transporting water from a distant source.

100,000

Treating drinking water with this removes trihalomethane and improves its taste

Activated carbon

What is poudrette?

Aged and dried human waste

This was a Water 1.0 investment for New York City.

An aqueduct that brought water from outside the city

The author credited water filtration with this public health outcome.

An increase in life expectancy

While the Romans bathed in public baths, wealthy Parisian chose to bathe here.

At home

This development reduced the incentive for sewage farming.

Availability of synthetic fertilizer

This accounts for up to half of the solids in feces.

Bacteria

This characteristic of early cities increased the risk of flooding during rain storms.

Compressed soil in city streets

This reduced the health risk of eating foods grown on Paris sewage farms.

Cooking food before eating it

In 1969 this river caught on fire and became a rallying point for the environmental movement

Cauyahuga

Engineers in Kentucky introduced this method for treating clay-containing water.

Chemicals

The author mentioned this as an example of America's first use of chlorinated drinking water.

Chicago stockyards

Mineral fertilizers from this country provided an inexpensive alternative to sewage farms as a source of mineral needed by plants.

Chile

A trade in night soil prospered in the cities of this country.

China

First used as an emergency treatment for water purification, this chemical became an inexpensive way to disinfect water.

Chlorine

A side effect of disinfecting drinking water resulted in high levels of this substance in Rotterdam's water.

Chloroform

This is a suspected carcinogen that was found at high levels in city drinking water.

Chloroform

This waterborne disease struck London in 1831.

Cholera

In 1923, 10% of the population of Massachusetts suffered from this chronic condition associated with drinking water.

Chronic lead poisoning

How were the public fountains in Paris used to control sewage?

Daily draining of the fountains cleansed the streets

This is the principle advantage of primary treatment of sewage.

Decrease in oxygen demanding particles

The germ theory gave impetus to this change in public health.

Disease prevention

In the early 1990's this rational discouraged investment in advanced sewage treatment.

Disinfecting drinking waster was so effective that sewage treatment was unnecessary

This was a treatment for excess sludge.

Dried and used as fertlizer

This made the removal of suspended clay particles difficult for early slow sand filters.

Electronic charge and particle size

This was the overarching goal of sewage treatment plants in the 20th century.

Eliminate oxygen depletion in effluent

Farmers in this country rejected human waste in favor of animal waste.

England

This non-profit organization engaged in class action lawsuits focused on pesticides.

Environmental Defense Fund

This is a benefit of creating a floc with a high particle content.

It speeds up the filtration process

During the 1700's there were no laws in London that prohibited the dumping of human waste in streets.

False

The author gave this reason for continued use of human waste as fertilizer in Asia.

Farmers had fewer animals

The author contends that this funding source was critical to the successful construction of new sewage treatment plants in the 1950's.

Federal grants

A waterborne illness outbreak in Lawrence challenged this notion about flowing water.

Flowing water self purifies

Which of the following statements best describes the quality of water piped from the Thames in the center of London?

It was polluted by runoff from city gutters and streets

This is how John Snow proved that contaminated water caused the London cholera outbreak of 1848.

He removed the handle of a contaminated well.

This is one of the chemicals that is responsible for the smell of sewage.

Hydrogen sulfide

This is one reason why offshore discharge of sewage damages ecosystems.

Influx of organic matter

Why was urine a valuable commodity that was collected and sold to fabric shops?

It contained ammonia

This author cites this as the major barrier to construction of treatment plants that remove toxic metals, nutrients, and synthetic organic compounds from water.

Lack of public will

Of the two cities described by the author, this one relied on local water sources and used the river for waste disposal.

London

The author compares the water systems of these two cities in his discussion of cities located on rivers.

London and Paris

The author cited these two cities on the Merrimack River to demonstrate a new phase of the urban water story.

Lowell and Lawrence

Experimentation demonstrated that this was responsible for the positive effects of sand filtration on water quality.

Microbes living on the filter

This was a requirement of the Safe Drinking Water Act

Monitor manmade organic compounds in drinking water

Scientists found this substance in drinking water that was treated with chloramines

NDMA

This Academy identified water treatment and distribution as the 4th most important engineering feat of the twentieth century.

National Academy of Engineering

In a 1974 article titled "Is the Water Safe to Drink?" Harris and Page reported on industrial pollution and cancer in this city.

New Orleans

Why was drinking water a logical place to look for lead exposure?

Old lead pipes were still in use and leaching into piped water

The author would likely agree with which of the following statements.

Our current treatment systems are not the most effective way to provide safe drinking water

The author described this process as a way that rivers were cleansed of sewage.

Oxidation of reduced compounds such as hydrogen sulfide

The absence of this gas can result in the formation of hydrogen sulfide in sewage.

Oxygen

This is depleted in rivers contaminated with large amounts of sewage.

Oxygen

What substance in urine supports its use as a modern fertilizer?

Phosphorus

This was a reason for adding extra chlorine to treated drinking water.

Prevent recontamination by pathogens

The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements concerning attempts to build a water canal in the city of London circa 1600's?

Private interests influenced the design and operation of a city water system.

The author describes this as a revelation that John Snow's discovery had for the urban water infrastructure of his time.

Removing fecal materials from the water supply was a big problem

According to the author this ancient civilization successfully developed a system for importing and distributing water as well as for returning used water to the environment.

Roman

This was a rudimentary form of sewage treatment used to address issues of water pollution.

Settling basins

In 1190 this Italian city became an early adopter of imported water technology.

Siena

This seminal book brought the effects of chemical pollution to public attention.

Silent Spring

This curve describes the balance between oxygen consumption and depletion in a river.

Streeter-Phelps dissolved oxygen curve

What did Yannacone do to challenge the mosquito control district practices that he wanted to change?

Sued in court

Medieval cities in this country encouraged collection of human waste for use as fertilizer.

Switzerland

In the 1700's private water companies in London met demand for water by tapping this local water source.

Thames River

The two cities discussed by the author are located on these rivers.

Thames and Seine

Why was moving a drinking water intake pipe upstream of London only a short-term solution?

The city was expanding and sewage was polluting the river further upstream

This assumption about water self-purification exempted the Merrimack River from regulation in the late 1800s.

The dilution removed the effects of sewage

Why did public attention focused on waste in the streets as three thousand died from this outbreak?

The miasma theory of illness causing vapors was still believed.

This is an important difference between stagnant water and flowing water.

The oxygen content

Why did Victor Yannacone sue the Long Island Mosquito Control District?

The pesticide DDT killed fish in a nearby pond

Why did utilities replace chlorine with chloramines as a disinfectant for drinking water?

To meet regulations concerning trihalomethanes

Why was the flow of the Chicago River reversed?

To protect Lake Michigan as a source of drinking water

Defecation is a form of microbial population control in the human digestive tract.

True

Economist Werner argued that lead in drinking water was one of the greatest under appreciated public health disasters of the modern era.

True

Filtration followed by chlorine is a standard drinking water treatment in the US today.

True

In the 1970s The Environmental Protection Agency set standards fro chemicals in drinking water and initiated a search for alternatives to chlorine.

True

In the first half of the twentieth century half the increase in lifespan among city dwellers was due to the treatment of drinking water.

True

In the late 1800's discharge from Paris sewers created a plume of black water in the River Seine.

True

In the late 1800's this water transmitted bacterial disease was common in the US.

Typhoid fever

Experience at a brewery helped Rook investigate this characteristic of drinking water.

Volatile compounds

In the late 1800's the city of Lawrence Massachusetts build this facility to prevent waterborne disease.

Water filtration

The author describes this as a critical aspect of monitoring trihalomethanes in drinking water that changed assumptions.

Where to measure the presence of trihalomethanes

This biology professor has been hailed as the father of modern public health.

William Sedgwick

The author used this term to describe the Roman water delivery system.

a multinational construction company

Which of the following is best definition of a cistern?

a stone lined underground tank for storing rainwater

The author describes this as an essential ingredient of civilization

a water supply

Romans used water with the lowest quality for this activity.

artificial ponds

This is where most Roman residents got their daily water.

at the street level

This was a beneficial jellylike substance that appeared on the sand after water flowed through a filer for several weeks.

biofilm

This mineral in Roman water formed a layer that prevented lead from leaching into the water in the pipes.

calcium

Access to piped water made this item obsolete in wealthy homes.

chamber pot

This was a common source of water for people living in medieval European cities.

communal wells

The top basin of a city fountain was reserved for this purpose.

drinking water

The author describes this as a legitimate occupation that involved the collection of human waste that was dumped in alleys.

dung collector

The author argues that public fountains should commemorate this accomplishment.

engineering feats

In the Asian system of night soil collection risk of disease transmission was eliminated.

false

The Romans lacked the expertise to move water uphill.

false

What is night soil?

human waste

Roman pipes carrying water to residents were made of this metal.

lead

Europeans looked to this group for advice on building drinking water systems.

monks

The tank where water entered Rome ensured that the largest water allocation went to this outlet.

public fountains

This was Leonardo da Vinci's plan for preventing illness from miasmic vapors.

rapid flowing manmande wastewater channels in the city

Which of the following is the best explanation of the miasma theory?

rotting wastes release odors that cause illness

This is why people living in the English medieval city of Kingston-upon-Hull left the city during the summer.

seasonal streams that supplied the city dried up during the summer

Excess water from Roman fountains drained in to this system.

sewers

This is why Romans included troughs in the aqueduct water system.

to allow particles to settle out of the water

Why did Roman leaders decorate the arches of the aqueduct water system?

to appease wealthy citizens

Medieval Japanese living in apartment buildings owned rights to their urine.

true

Roman water consumption was comparable to that of a modern city.

true


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