Water 4.0 HMGT 1450
This is one reason why American utilities have been slow to invest in ozone treatment.
It's expensive and chlorine is still need when water is distributed.
This fact explains why chlorine is capable of inactivating microbes.
Its oxidizing power
In the mid 1800's these nutrients in sewage were beneficial to vegetables grown using sewage as a fertilizer.
Phosphorus and Nitrogen
Progressives believed that corporations and cities should treat sewage before releasing it in streams.
True
Spring water "imported" via pipes was found in monasteries before it was prevalent in cities.
true
The Romans were aware that using lead water pipes was unhealthy.
true
During early medieval times this activity kept human waste out of city drinking water.
using it as a fertilizer
As more people lived in medieval European cities this aspect of urban living grew unmanageable.
waste disposal
An unpleasant odor and taste make this drink the "beverage of beggars."
water
Historically a city of this size could rely on shallow wells as local sources of water and not worry about transporting water from a distant source.
100,000
Treating drinking water with this removes trihalomethane and improves its taste
Activated carbon
What is poudrette?
Aged and dried human waste
This was a Water 1.0 investment for New York City.
An aqueduct that brought water from outside the city
The author credited water filtration with this public health outcome.
An increase in life expectancy
While the Romans bathed in public baths, wealthy Parisian chose to bathe here.
At home
This development reduced the incentive for sewage farming.
Availability of synthetic fertilizer
This accounts for up to half of the solids in feces.
Bacteria
This characteristic of early cities increased the risk of flooding during rain storms.
Compressed soil in city streets
This reduced the health risk of eating foods grown on Paris sewage farms.
Cooking food before eating it
In 1969 this river caught on fire and became a rallying point for the environmental movement
Cauyahuga
Engineers in Kentucky introduced this method for treating clay-containing water.
Chemicals
The author mentioned this as an example of America's first use of chlorinated drinking water.
Chicago stockyards
Mineral fertilizers from this country provided an inexpensive alternative to sewage farms as a source of mineral needed by plants.
Chile
A trade in night soil prospered in the cities of this country.
China
First used as an emergency treatment for water purification, this chemical became an inexpensive way to disinfect water.
Chlorine
A side effect of disinfecting drinking water resulted in high levels of this substance in Rotterdam's water.
Chloroform
This is a suspected carcinogen that was found at high levels in city drinking water.
Chloroform
This waterborne disease struck London in 1831.
Cholera
In 1923, 10% of the population of Massachusetts suffered from this chronic condition associated with drinking water.
Chronic lead poisoning
How were the public fountains in Paris used to control sewage?
Daily draining of the fountains cleansed the streets
This is the principle advantage of primary treatment of sewage.
Decrease in oxygen demanding particles
The germ theory gave impetus to this change in public health.
Disease prevention
In the early 1990's this rational discouraged investment in advanced sewage treatment.
Disinfecting drinking waster was so effective that sewage treatment was unnecessary
This was a treatment for excess sludge.
Dried and used as fertlizer
This made the removal of suspended clay particles difficult for early slow sand filters.
Electronic charge and particle size
This was the overarching goal of sewage treatment plants in the 20th century.
Eliminate oxygen depletion in effluent
Farmers in this country rejected human waste in favor of animal waste.
England
This non-profit organization engaged in class action lawsuits focused on pesticides.
Environmental Defense Fund
This is a benefit of creating a floc with a high particle content.
It speeds up the filtration process
During the 1700's there were no laws in London that prohibited the dumping of human waste in streets.
False
The author gave this reason for continued use of human waste as fertilizer in Asia.
Farmers had fewer animals
The author contends that this funding source was critical to the successful construction of new sewage treatment plants in the 1950's.
Federal grants
A waterborne illness outbreak in Lawrence challenged this notion about flowing water.
Flowing water self purifies
Which of the following statements best describes the quality of water piped from the Thames in the center of London?
It was polluted by runoff from city gutters and streets
This is how John Snow proved that contaminated water caused the London cholera outbreak of 1848.
He removed the handle of a contaminated well.
This is one of the chemicals that is responsible for the smell of sewage.
Hydrogen sulfide
This is one reason why offshore discharge of sewage damages ecosystems.
Influx of organic matter
Why was urine a valuable commodity that was collected and sold to fabric shops?
It contained ammonia
This author cites this as the major barrier to construction of treatment plants that remove toxic metals, nutrients, and synthetic organic compounds from water.
Lack of public will
Of the two cities described by the author, this one relied on local water sources and used the river for waste disposal.
London
The author compares the water systems of these two cities in his discussion of cities located on rivers.
London and Paris
The author cited these two cities on the Merrimack River to demonstrate a new phase of the urban water story.
Lowell and Lawrence
Experimentation demonstrated that this was responsible for the positive effects of sand filtration on water quality.
Microbes living on the filter
This was a requirement of the Safe Drinking Water Act
Monitor manmade organic compounds in drinking water
Scientists found this substance in drinking water that was treated with chloramines
NDMA
This Academy identified water treatment and distribution as the 4th most important engineering feat of the twentieth century.
National Academy of Engineering
In a 1974 article titled "Is the Water Safe to Drink?" Harris and Page reported on industrial pollution and cancer in this city.
New Orleans
Why was drinking water a logical place to look for lead exposure?
Old lead pipes were still in use and leaching into piped water
The author would likely agree with which of the following statements.
Our current treatment systems are not the most effective way to provide safe drinking water
The author described this process as a way that rivers were cleansed of sewage.
Oxidation of reduced compounds such as hydrogen sulfide
The absence of this gas can result in the formation of hydrogen sulfide in sewage.
Oxygen
This is depleted in rivers contaminated with large amounts of sewage.
Oxygen
What substance in urine supports its use as a modern fertilizer?
Phosphorus
This was a reason for adding extra chlorine to treated drinking water.
Prevent recontamination by pathogens
The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements concerning attempts to build a water canal in the city of London circa 1600's?
Private interests influenced the design and operation of a city water system.
The author describes this as a revelation that John Snow's discovery had for the urban water infrastructure of his time.
Removing fecal materials from the water supply was a big problem
According to the author this ancient civilization successfully developed a system for importing and distributing water as well as for returning used water to the environment.
Roman
This was a rudimentary form of sewage treatment used to address issues of water pollution.
Settling basins
In 1190 this Italian city became an early adopter of imported water technology.
Siena
This seminal book brought the effects of chemical pollution to public attention.
Silent Spring
This curve describes the balance between oxygen consumption and depletion in a river.
Streeter-Phelps dissolved oxygen curve
What did Yannacone do to challenge the mosquito control district practices that he wanted to change?
Sued in court
Medieval cities in this country encouraged collection of human waste for use as fertilizer.
Switzerland
In the 1700's private water companies in London met demand for water by tapping this local water source.
Thames River
The two cities discussed by the author are located on these rivers.
Thames and Seine
Why was moving a drinking water intake pipe upstream of London only a short-term solution?
The city was expanding and sewage was polluting the river further upstream
This assumption about water self-purification exempted the Merrimack River from regulation in the late 1800s.
The dilution removed the effects of sewage
Why did public attention focused on waste in the streets as three thousand died from this outbreak?
The miasma theory of illness causing vapors was still believed.
This is an important difference between stagnant water and flowing water.
The oxygen content
Why did Victor Yannacone sue the Long Island Mosquito Control District?
The pesticide DDT killed fish in a nearby pond
Why did utilities replace chlorine with chloramines as a disinfectant for drinking water?
To meet regulations concerning trihalomethanes
Why was the flow of the Chicago River reversed?
To protect Lake Michigan as a source of drinking water
Defecation is a form of microbial population control in the human digestive tract.
True
Economist Werner argued that lead in drinking water was one of the greatest under appreciated public health disasters of the modern era.
True
Filtration followed by chlorine is a standard drinking water treatment in the US today.
True
In the 1970s The Environmental Protection Agency set standards fro chemicals in drinking water and initiated a search for alternatives to chlorine.
True
In the first half of the twentieth century half the increase in lifespan among city dwellers was due to the treatment of drinking water.
True
In the late 1800's discharge from Paris sewers created a plume of black water in the River Seine.
True
In the late 1800's this water transmitted bacterial disease was common in the US.
Typhoid fever
Experience at a brewery helped Rook investigate this characteristic of drinking water.
Volatile compounds
In the late 1800's the city of Lawrence Massachusetts build this facility to prevent waterborne disease.
Water filtration
The author describes this as a critical aspect of monitoring trihalomethanes in drinking water that changed assumptions.
Where to measure the presence of trihalomethanes
This biology professor has been hailed as the father of modern public health.
William Sedgwick
The author used this term to describe the Roman water delivery system.
a multinational construction company
Which of the following is best definition of a cistern?
a stone lined underground tank for storing rainwater
The author describes this as an essential ingredient of civilization
a water supply
Romans used water with the lowest quality for this activity.
artificial ponds
This is where most Roman residents got their daily water.
at the street level
This was a beneficial jellylike substance that appeared on the sand after water flowed through a filer for several weeks.
biofilm
This mineral in Roman water formed a layer that prevented lead from leaching into the water in the pipes.
calcium
Access to piped water made this item obsolete in wealthy homes.
chamber pot
This was a common source of water for people living in medieval European cities.
communal wells
The top basin of a city fountain was reserved for this purpose.
drinking water
The author describes this as a legitimate occupation that involved the collection of human waste that was dumped in alleys.
dung collector
The author argues that public fountains should commemorate this accomplishment.
engineering feats
In the Asian system of night soil collection risk of disease transmission was eliminated.
false
The Romans lacked the expertise to move water uphill.
false
What is night soil?
human waste
Roman pipes carrying water to residents were made of this metal.
lead
Europeans looked to this group for advice on building drinking water systems.
monks
The tank where water entered Rome ensured that the largest water allocation went to this outlet.
public fountains
This was Leonardo da Vinci's plan for preventing illness from miasmic vapors.
rapid flowing manmande wastewater channels in the city
Which of the following is the best explanation of the miasma theory?
rotting wastes release odors that cause illness
This is why people living in the English medieval city of Kingston-upon-Hull left the city during the summer.
seasonal streams that supplied the city dried up during the summer
Excess water from Roman fountains drained in to this system.
sewers
This is why Romans included troughs in the aqueduct water system.
to allow particles to settle out of the water
Why did Roman leaders decorate the arches of the aqueduct water system?
to appease wealthy citizens
Medieval Japanese living in apartment buildings owned rights to their urine.
true
Roman water consumption was comparable to that of a modern city.
true
