WebAssign Homework Ch.13.4-14.2.

Molality Equation

= Moles of solute/Kg of solvent

Morality Equation

= Moles of solute/volume of solution (L)

In a saturated solution at equilibrium, the rate of crystallization is ___ the rate of dissolution.

Exactly equal to.

The critical temperature of a substance is the ___ temperature at which the substance can be liquefied from the gas phase, regardless of pressure. At ___ temperatures, the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is so ___, it ___ the intermolecular attractive forces that cause liquefaction. Therefore at temperatures ___ the critical temperature, the gas cannot be condensed into the liquid phase, despite increases in pressure.

Highest, higher, high, overcomes, above

Identify the inter- and intra-molecular forces or interactions that are formed and disrupted when an ionic solid dissolves in water. Identify whether each change is endothermic or exothermic: The ___ (electrostatic interactions) between the ions in the solid are broken during the dissolution process. The breaking of ___ is an ___ process. The ___ between the water molecules must also be disrupted. That is also an ___ process. ___ must form between the water molecules and the ions. This process is ___.

Ionic Bonds, ionic bonds, endothermic, hydrogen bonding interactions, endothermic, ion-dipole attractions, exothermic.

A white granular solid melts at 880°C. It does not conduct electricity unless it is dissolved in water.

Ionic Solid

A lustrous, silver solid melts at 1455°C. It is malleable and conducts electricity.

Metallic Solid

A solid powder melts at 28°C. It does not conduct electricity and is only slightly soluble in water.

Molecular solid

As the temperature of a gas is raised, its pressure ___ in order to condense it to the liquid phase (that is, to liquefy it). ___ a certain temperature, the gas can no longer be liquefied, regardless of how ___ the pressure. This temperature limit ___ which the gas cannot be liquefied is known as the critical temperature. ___ the critical temperature, the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules becomes so ___ that it ___ the intermolecular attractive forces that cause liquefaction. The pressure required to liquefy a gas ___ its critical temperature is known as the critical pressure.

Must also be raised, above, great, above, above, high, overcomes, at

Normal Boiling Point

On gas curve at 1 atm.

Normal Melting Point

On liquid curve at 1 atm.

What phases are present at the triple point?

Solid, liquid, and gas.

Supercritical Fluid

The point at the end of the liquid-gas transition curve, the critical point, where the substance cannot be distinguished between a liquid and a gas.

Why is water more dense when it is in liquid form?

When water is in the solid state of ice, it has the maximum arrangement of hydrogen bonds. These bonds take up more space and ice is therefore less dense. In the liquid phase, there are fewer hydrogen bonds, allowing the liquid to pack more tightly and become more dense.

Mole Fraction

X(mole fraction) = nA/nT nA= moles of substance in solution nT= total number of moles in solution

Polar solutes are more soluble in ___ solvents, nonpolar solutes are more soluble in ____ solvents.

polar, nonpolar

Parts per million equation

ppm = (Mass of component/total mass of component) x 10^6.