Week 1 quiz ch. 1,2,4,7

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including -Burkitt lymphoma. -Hodgkin's lymphoma. -pancreatic cancer. -hepatic cancer.

Burkitt lymphoma

Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is -insulin. -tumor necrosis factor. -potassium. -calcium.

Calcium

Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is Group of answer choices insulin. tumor necrosis factor. potassium. calcium.

Calcium

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as Group of answer choices lymphoma. sarcomas. carcinomas. adenomas.

Carcinomas

Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is the body can generally produce elements essential for nutritional balance. obese individuals are generally nutritionally healthy. deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types. a normal BMI indicates nutritional health.

deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types.

Cancer grading is based on -tumor size. -local invasion. -cell differentiation. -metastasis.

Cell differentiation

Your patient eats "lots of fat," leads a "stressful" life, and has smoked "about two packs a day for the last 40 years." Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is high-fat diet. urban pollutants. stressful lifestyle. cigarette smoking.

Cigarette smoking

The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the membrane. DNA. RNA. ribosomes.

DNA

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular Atrophy Death Proliferation Mutation

Death ( results in death of cell when it is no longer needed)

In general, with aging, organ size and function increase. decrease. remain the same. are unknown.

Decrease In general, with aging, organ size and function decrease.

Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except ischemic injury from vasoconstriction. peripheral nerve damage from rebound vasodilation. decreased blood viscosity. crystallization of cellular components.

Decreased blood viscosity

Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except Group of answer choices ischemic injury from vasoconstriction. peripheral nerve damage from rebound vasodilation. decreased blood viscosity. crystallization of cellular components.

Decreased blood viscosity

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is Group of answer choices decreased functional reserve. diseased function. programmed senescence. senility.

Decreased functional reserve

The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is Group of answer choices anaplasia. dysplasia. metaplasia. hyperplasia.

Dyplasia

A disease that is native to a particular region is called epidemic. endemic. pandemic. ethnographic.

Endemic A disease that is native to a particular region is called endemic

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is energy and repair. invoke resting state. produce exhaustion. set a new baseline steady-state.

Energy and repair

In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive. True False

False

An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed Group of answer choices atrophy. hypertrophy. metaplasia inflammation.

Hypertrophy

The effects of excessive cortisol production include immune suppression. hypoglycemia. anorexia. Inflammatory reactions

Immune suppression Cortisol suppresses immune function and inflammation and stimulates appetite. Cortisol leads to hyperglycemia by stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by norepinephrine. cortisol. glucagon. ACTH.

Norepinephrine

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene occurs at an earlier age. is more likely to be unilateral. is more common than non-inherited breast cancer. is more responsive to treatment.

Occurs at an earlier age

Somatic death refers to death of a body organ. of the entire organism. of nerve cells. secondary to brain damage.

Of the entire organism

The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is - Rb. - P53. -DCC. -APC.

P53

Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in stress reduction. permanent damage and death. movement into the resistance stage. exhaustion of the sympathetic nervous system.

Permanent damage and death

A 17 year old college bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is example of Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention Disease treatment

Primary prevention ( prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals by providing vaccinations)

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except tachycardia. diaphoresis. increased peripheral resistance. pupil constriction.

Pupil constriction

Carbon monoxide injures cells by destruction of cellular membranes. reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin. promotion of free radicals. crystallization of cellular organelles.

Reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of Group of answer choices primary prevention. secondary prevention. tertiary prevention. disease treatment.

Secondary prevention

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of primary prevention. secondary prevention. tertiary prevention. disease treatment.

Secondary prevention

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except Group of answer choices aldosterone. cortisol. norepinephrine. epinephrine.

Aldisterone

Proto-oncogenes -are the same as oncogenes. -are normal cellular genes that promote growth. -lead to abnormal tumor-suppressor genes. -result from severe mutational events.

Are normal cellular genes that promote growth

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress? Group of answer choices Norepinephrine Cortisol Epinephrine Insulin

Insulin

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress? Norepinephrine Cortisol Epinephrine Insulin

Insulin Insulin secretion is impaired during stress to promote energy from increased blood glucose.

Coagulative necrosis is caused by Group of answer choices dissolving of dead cells and cyst formation. trauma or pancreatitis. lung tissue damage. interrupted blood supply.

Interrupted blood supply

Coagulative necrosis is caused by dissolving of dead cells and cyst formation. trauma or pancreatitis. lung tissue damage. interrupted blood supply.

Interrupted blood supply Coagulative necrosis results from interrupted blood supply leading to ischemic cell injury.

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is -hydropic swelling. -lactate production. -metaplasia. -intracellular accumulations.

Intracellular accumulations

Reperfusion injury to cells results in very little cellular damage. results from calcium deficiency in cells. occurs following nutritional injury. involves formation of free radicals.

Involves formation of free radicals

After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor is benign. is malignant. is secondary to cancer elsewhere in the body. has spread.

Is malignant

Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following? - It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread. - It is a histologic examination of tissues to determine the degree of tumor differentiation. -It is based on exploratory surgery. -It is biochemical testing of tumor cells to determine the genetic basis of the tumor.

It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will - selectively kill tumor cells. - stimulate immune cells to fight the cancer. - have minimal side effects. - Kill rapidly dividing cells

Kill rapidly dividing cells

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the _____ stage. Prodromal Latent Sequela Convalescence

Latent

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis. coagulative caseous liquefactive fat

Liquefactive

A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct? "Lung cancer is always fatal." "Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate." "Lung cancer is highly curable when diagnosed early." "Lung cancer death rate has decreased significantly, as with all other cancers."

Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate

The effect of stress on the immune system Group of answer choices is unknown. has been demonstrated to be non-existent in studies. most often involves enhancement of the immune system. may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.

May involve enhancement or impairment the immune system

Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring? -Mutant tumor-suppressor gene -Cancer-causing virus -Oncogene -Extra chromosome

Mutant tumor suppressor

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except Group of answer choices necrosis. metaplasia. atrophy. hyperplasia.

Necrosis

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except Nercrosis Metaplasia Atrophy Hyperplasia

Necrosis

C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is Group of answer choices a sore throat. streptococcal infection. genetic susceptibility. pharyngitis.

Streptococcal infection

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as latent. subclinical. prodromal. convalescence.

Subclinical

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of primary prevention. secondary prevention. tertiary prevention. disease treatment.

Tertiary prevention Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning such as prescribing a cholesterol-lowering medication following a heart attack

Allostasis is best defined as steady-state. a state of equilibrium, of balance within the organism. the process by which the body heals following disease. the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being.

The overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival an well being

Metaplasia is Group of answer choices the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. the transformation of a cell type to malignancy. an irreversible cellular adaptation. the disorganization of cells into various sizes, shapes, and arrangements.

The replacement of one differentiated cell type with another

When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic Group of answer choices True False

True

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of tumor necrosis factor. angiogenesis. loss of ATP production. pain medications.

Tumor necrosis factor

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of Group of answer choices tumor necrosis factor. angiogenesis. loss of ATP production. pain medications.

Tumor necrosis factor