Week 13: Water and Electrolytes: Striking a Balance (CH. 9)

Electrolyte absorption for Na+, K+, and Cl-

Na+ absorbed by sm intestine and colon K+ absorbed along length of intestines, esp colon Cl- absorbed along length of sm intestine

Electrolyte locations for Na+, K+, and Cl-

Na+ primary cation in extracellular fluid K+ primary cation in intracellular fluid Cl- anion usually assoc. with Na+ and more common in extracellular fluid

The kidneys play an important function in maintaining electrolyte balance because the electrolyte minerals are: absorbed at a much higher percentage than other minerals. absorbed at a much lower percentage than other minerals. low in the typical diet. soluble in water.

absorbed at a much higher percentage than other minerals.

DRI for Na+

adolescents and adults - 50 y/o: 1500mg/day 200-300mg lower for older adults *get more than enough in diet

____________ is produced by the adrenal glands above the kidneys; it induces the kidneys to retain more sodium and consequently more water.

aldosterone

minerals that are negatively charged are ____________ .

anions

____________ hormone is released by the pituitary gland in the brain to signal the kidneys to retain water.

antidiuretic

Water balance in the body is regulated by the: brain and the liver kidneys and the liver brain and the kidneys

brain and the kidneys

Hyponatremia can result from: eating too many high sodium foods excessive water intake low potassium intake a low sodium diet

excessive water intake

Dehydration reduces your ability to remove excessive heat through sweat, leaving you vulnerable to ____________ and heatstroke because your body does not have enough water to cool itself.

hyperthermia

The condition categorized by low blood sodium is:

hyponatremia

Intracellular water

-inside cells -60% body's total water

Extracellular water

-outside cells -40% body's total water -includes: interstitial fluid, lymph, connective tissues/joints, plasma, eyes/mucous secretions, CSF, intestinal secretions

Sodium 1) deficiency 2) toxicity 3) function

1) deficiency: muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite 2) toxicity: edema, acute HTN, thirst 3) fluid balance, nerve transmissions, muscle contractions, acid-base balance

Match the blood pressure levels to the appropriate diagnosis. 120-139/80-89 mmHg 120/80 mmHg 140-159/90-99 mmHg > or equal to 160/90 mmHg

120-139/80-89 mmHg (pre-hypertension) < 120/80 mmHg (normal blood pressure) 140-159/90-99 mmHg (stage 1 hypertension) > or equal to 160/90 mmHg (stage 2 hypertension)

_____________ % (by wt) of adult human body is made of H2O

56-64% women have less H2O than men because of a higher body fat %

Our body absorbs a greater amount of electrolytes compared to other minerals. Once consumed, about how much of these electrolytes are absorbed? 90-95% Percent absorbed changes depending upon what you eat 45-50% 20%

90-95%

The _____________ is frequently recommended to people who need to lower their sodium intake.

DASH diet

The ______________ signals thirst and the urge to drink fluids when ______________ is high. brain; salt concentration brain; fluid concentration kidneys; fluid loss

brain; salt concentration

The body's daily water losses: must be replaced by an equivalent amount of water. must be replaced by an equivalent amount of water and other liquid beverages. can be replaced by drinking water, other beverages, and by eating foods which also contain water.

can be replaced by drinking water, other beverages, and by eating foods which also contain water.

Minerals that are positively charged are ____________ .

cations

The movement of electrolytes from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration is:

diffusion

Many ppl do not meet their daily potassium needs because they: do not eat enough fruits and veggies eat too much sodium which increases need for potassium do not eat enough whole grains

eat too much sodium which increases need for potassium

Diffusion is the movement of: electrolytes like sodium and potassium into areas of higher concentration. water into areas of low salt concentration. water into areas of high salt concentration. electrolytes like sodium and potassium into areas of lower concentration.

electrolytes like sodium and potassium into areas of lower concentration

Mild sweating throughout the day and the exhalation of air humidified by the lungs generally go unnoticed, these processes and other minor water loss mechanisms, such as secretions of the eyes, are often referred to as:

insensible water loss

Water is found in two major compartments in the body. The first is inside the cell, which is referred to as ____________ water. The second is outside of the cell, which is referred to as ____________ water.

intracellular extracellular

The 2 organs that play the biggest roles in regulating water balance are: brain and liver kidneys and brain kidneys and large intestine

kidneys and brain

Hyponatremia

low blood sodium; blood becomes too dilute

The body produces about 1.5 cups of water per day from the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. This type of water is know as:

metabolic water

Electrolytes

minerals when put in H2O become charged particles

Intracellular water includes the water in: muscle cells plasma intestinal secretions

muscle cells

The movement of water across a membrane from an area where there are fewer particles to an area where there are more particles in order to equalize the concentration is:

osmosis

Excessive sodium intake can lead to edema because of ____________ in which _____________ moves into the extracellular fluid. osmosis; sodium diffusion; sodium osmosis; water diffusion; water

osmosis; water

When the body is dehydrated antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the: kidneys and signals the brain's thirst response. pituitary gland in the brain signaling the kidneys to retain sodium which signal the brain's thirst response. adrenal glands causing the kidneys to retain more water. pituitary gland and signals the kidneys to retain more water.

pituitary gland and signals the kidneys to retain more water.

Sodium and potassium are ____________ charged and chloride is ____________ charged.

positively negatively

A diet high in ____________ and low in ______________ may help lower blood pressure. sodium; potassium sodium; calcium potassium; sodium potassium; calcium

potassium; sodium

Bottled water is: not regulated by the FDA so the manufacturers can make unfounded health claims. regulated by the FDA so the bottled water must maintain its standard of identity. healthier than tap water because it is less likely to be contaminated with pathogens.

regulated by the FDA so the bottled water must maintain its standard of identity.

Aldosterone increases ____________ in response to _____________. sodium retention; dehydration sodium absorption; dehydration sodium intake; over-hydration sodium retention; over-hydration

sodium retention; dehydration

A blood pressure reading of 140/80 mmHg should be diagnosed as: normal blood pressure pre-hypertension stage 1 hypertension stage 2 hypertension

stage 1 hypertension

A pt's BP reading is 165/90. Proper diagnosis is: severe hypertension stage 1 hypertension pre-hypertension stage 2 hypertension

stage 2 hypertension

High BP is a major risk factor for: obesity stroke some cancers

stroke

DRI for Cl-

teens and adults - 50 y/o: 2300mg/day 300-500mg less/day for older adults *typically get enough in diet

DRI for K+

teens and adults: 5700mg/day 4700mg/day adequate for adults *many do not meet DRI

Most critical role H2O plays

temp regulation

T/F: A 2% loss of body weight due to fluid loss can significantly reduce athletic ability.

true

Metabolic water

water produced during breakdown of carbs, fats, and proteins