Week 3 Psy Terms
Tara went to a therapist for help with her problematic eating behaviors. She tells the therapist that she often eats large amounts of food and feels out of control when doing so. To determine whether her symptoms are more consistent with binge eating disorder or bulimia, which question will her therapist want to ask?
"Do you attempt to get rid of your food after eating?"
Evan is 10 years old. His mental age is known to be 12 years. His intelligence quotient is _____.
120
According to Hart and Risley's proposed "language gap" in 1995, children in wealthier families were exposed to _____ more words than in poor families by the age of 3 years.
30 million
Mark and Nick are identical twins. At the age of 15, Mark realizes that he is homosexual. What are the chances that his brother Nick is also homosexual?
50%
Acquisition is most effective in which of the following scenarios?
A conditioned stimulus (CS) occurs shortly before the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) occurs.
Which of the following best describes the difference between algorithms and heuristics?
Algorithms generally guarantee a solution where heuristics do not.
Which of the following scenarios depicts the use of emotional suppression?
Bran feels intense sadness when watching a movie but keeps himself from crying.
Which of the following examples of observational learning features attention?
Children often wear jerseys of the best players of popular sports such as soccer and basketball.
motivation
Clark's feelings of loneliness lead him to spend some extra time chatting with friends on Slate
Barbara is participating in an academic competition where teams are tested on their vocabulary knowledge. In forming her team, Barbara will increase her likelihood of winning the competition by including who on her team?
Cynthia, a 26-year- old student one semester away from completing her Ph.D
Which of the following individuals likely developed their intellectual disability as the result of an early serious medical illness?
Emily, who has an IQ of 32
Which of the following genes is suspected of mutating about 100,000 years ago, making modern human language possible?
FOXP-2
Renee is of average intelligence but finds it difficult to read. Which of the following most strongly influenced Renee's difficulty?
Genetic factors
Raymond's wife recently had the couple's first child. Which of the following best describes how their son's birth is likely to affect Raymond?
He will be less competitive when playing sports.
Reginald was in a coma following a car accident. After the accident, images of his brain were taken which showed damage to Wernicke's area. How is this damage likely to affect Reginald's functioning after he awakes from the coma?
He will be unable to meaningfully convey information to others.
Marshall was addicted to opioid pain medication but is now sober after having successfully completed a drug rehabilitation program. While successful, this program did not directly incorporate principles of classical conditioning and focused instead on other treatment techniques. Given this, what response is Marshall likely to have after encountering a bottle of his wife's pain medication six month post-treatment?
He will experience a return of his conditioned response (CR) and experience a craving for the drug.
Timothy is involved in a motorcycle accident and suffers a traumatic brain injury to a single region of his brain. During his recovery, his doctors notice that he is unable to name the non-living items in his hospital room, including the bed, television, and chair. According to this scenario, what else will likely be true about Timothy's post-injury cognitive functioning?
He will still be able to name types of animals and fruits.
Cameron is extremely afraid of snakes and avoids all images and descriptions of the animal. His extreme avoidance means that he has only ever seen one image of a snake. What is likely to be true about his prototype and exemplar mental images for the concept of "snake?"
His mental image of the exemplar and prototypical snake will be the same.
Anna and Dave sought couples therapy for help improving their relationship. Anna complained that Dave wasn't helping enough with the household responsibilities and Dave complained that Anna criticized him constantly. Guided by her understanding of operant conditioning, the therapist suggested that both Anna and Dave modify their behaviors. Which of the following is likely to be most effective for improving how they behave towards one another?
If Dave completes a household task, Anna should thank him for the help.
Alton has decided that he needs to learn Spanish to stay competitive with other workers in his field. He decided to enroll in a Spanish course at his local community college and has already attended three classes. Alton is in what stage of the problem-solving process?
Implementing solutions
Why does distributed practice lead to improved memory?
It gives the brain more time to consolidate information and buffers against interference.
Erin is an anthropologist studying members of a remote tribe located on an isolated island. She learns that the village members do not verbally speak to one another but instead appear to communicate by drawing varied sequences of geometric shapes. Which of the following criteria best determines if this system serves as the tribe's language?
It is used to pass the history of the tribe from one generation to the next.
Rhonda's therapist tells her that loneliness is not entirely bad because it serves a motivating purpose. Which of the following best describes how loneliness can motivate us?
It motivates us to seek out social contact.
Jennifer plans to teach her daughter how to use a clothes iron. Which of the following would likely be the most effective method for teaching this procedure?
Jennifer can demonstrate by having her daughter watch her iron.
Which of the following scenarios best describes forgetting?
Leda did not know all the answers in a science test as she had studied the chapter long back and did not study the previous night
Why are multiple choice exams often preferred over essay exams?
Multiple choice exams only require recognition, not recall.
Paul is dissatisfied with the fact that he is spontaneous when making decisions and often chooses risky options over safer alternatives. Paul thinks he will never get better at making decisions and considers deferring all future major decisions to his wife. Is Paul correct in this assessment?
No, decision-making is a skill that he can be taught at any age.
Paolo was reviewing resumes of prospective new employees and came across a candidate claiming that she was fluent in seven languages. Should he be skeptical of this claim?
No, there have been documented instances of individuals fluent in dozens of languages.
A newly elected Congressman proposes a bill that will prohibit lawyers from introducing evidence into court cases that uses any type of technology to determine if someone is lying. Which of the following arguments will likely be most effective for making his case?
People can trick technologies and no technology is perfect in predicting lying.
Brittney, a psychiatrist, decides to treat a new patient's alcohol abuse disorder using aversion therapy. Which of the following best describes implementation of this type of treatment approach?
Prescribe her patient Antabuse, a drug that makes someone violently ill if they consume alcohol
Fred's boss interrupts him during a meeting to inform him that some of the terminology he had been using was incorrect. Fred was initially offended but decided it would be best to use cognitive reappraisal to modify his emotion. Which of the following best describes how he could use this strategy in this situation?
Realize that his boss is saying this to help him rather than to embarrass him.
Kaley is learning how to ride a horse. Which of the following riding schedules would likely lead to enhanced learning of this skill?
Riding 1 hour four times a week
Ron underwent brain surgery to treat his severe epilepsy. There were complications during the procedure and his surgeon is concerned that his amygdala was inadvertently damaged. Imaging scans after the surgery did not show significant damage but the surgeon instructs Ron's nurse to be on the lookout for possible behavioral changes. Which of the following behaviors is most likely to signal that amygdala damage occurred?
Ron was terrified of needles before surgery and now welcomes blood draws from his nurses.
Which of the following is a difference between semantic memories and episodic memories?
Semantic memories are about general facts, whereas episodic memories are about personal experiences.
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, which of the following represents the correct order of stages through which information flows?
Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
Tanisha holds an entity theory about her ability to learn Spanish. She performs poorly on the final exam in her Spanish course. Which of the following responses is likely to occur?
She will give up trying to learn Spanish.
Allie enrolled in Physics and learned several formulas during the first week of class. Due to a conflict with another required seminar, she was forced to drop out of the class and re-enroll the following semester. According to the method of savings, which of the following will likely happen when she attempts to learn the formulas again?
She will learn the material more quickly the second time compared to the first.
Harper has a rational style to decision-making. Which of the following best describes her likely approach to buying a new car?
She will thoroughly compare different cars within her budget.
Simone has been locked out of an online account and was sent a 12-digit number which will allow her to reset her password. She decides to use chunking to remember this number. Which of the following best describes this approach?
Simone breaks the numbers into four groups of similar numbers.
In Ivan Pavlov's original classical conditioning study in dogs, what would have likely happened if he had the metronome on at all times rather than just prior to presenting the food?
The dogs would not have formed any association between the metronome and the food.
sensory memory
The first of three memory stages, preserving brief sensory impressions of stimuli.
Which of the following is true about the process of long-term potentiation (LTP)?
The neuronal changes last for a long time.
chunking
The process of grouping items to make them easier to remember
Claire and Tom often get into arguments about household responsibilities. Their most recent fight began as a disagreement about whose turn it was to take out the trash. Five days later they had another argument, this time about the laundry. If Claire and Tom have a 'good' relationship according to John Gottman, what will have likely occurred in the time between these two fights?
They will have laughed and enjoyed each other's company on several occasions.
It is important to Tim that he accurately encodes the list of groceries items his mother is asking him to purchase from the store. Which one of the following strategies will result in the highest likelihood of his encoding the information?
Tim puts his cell phone in his pocket so that he can look directly at his mother when she is reading the list.
Which of the following results when the ventromedial hypothalamus is lesioned?
a boost in insulin production
fixed ratio
a cardiac surgeon receives a fee for every bypass surgery conducted
discrimination
a child bitten by a poodle remains afraid of poodles but not other types of small dog
generalization
a child is bitten by a poodle and is now frightened of all little dogs
which of the following demonstrates a lack of functional fixedness?
a child uses a rock to represent a cell phone in play
information processing
a continuum including attention, sensation, perception, learning, memory, and cognition
display rules
a cultural norm that specifies when, where, and how a person should express emotion
variable interval
a fisherman fishes all day and periodically catches a fish
Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion (SAME)
a model of emotion in which a range of physical sensations from precise to general requires varying degrees of cognitive processing prior to subjective feelings
Lisa is conducting an experiment where she wants to provide ten pieces of candy to her participants on a variable interval (VI) schedule over a period of ten hours. To effectively implement this schedule, she should give participants
a piece of candy at various times
Lauren told her husband about her recent trip to their neighborhood's new hardware store. In this description, she recalled seeing the store's tools section even though she never actually visited this section of the store. Lauren's memory of the tools is best explained as
a result of her schema about hardware stores.
In our lesson on Loneliness, we discovered that people vary in the amount of social interaction they need and that we only feel lonely when we are NOT getting the social interaction we need. This illustrated the concept of
a set point
affect heuristic
a student who loves pizza from one brand won't even consider trying another brand
negative punishment
a teen's parents ground him for poor grades
memory
ability to retain knowledge
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
which of the following characterizes feeding as opposed to satiety?
activity in the lateral hypothalamus
Which of the following types of heuristics is defined as a rule of thumb in which we choose between alternatives based on emotional or "gut" reactions to stimuli?
affect heuristic
extinction
after working at a pet shop you lose your fear of snakes
Ronnie has an IQ score of 65. This score suggests he will
also have difficulty driving and dressing himself.
working memory
an extension of the concept of short-term memory that includes the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously
instincts
an inborn pattern of behavior elicited by environmental stimuli; also known as a fixed action pattern
reflexes
an inevitable, involuntary response to stimuli
Which of the following is most consistent with the Breland's concept of "instinctive drift?"
any dog can bite
According to the availability heuristic, for most people in the United States, which of the following is likely to be the most typical fruit?
apple
A difference between emotions and moods is that emotions:
are more specific than moods
The Yerkes-Dodson law suggests that how we perform on a task is a function of
arousal and task complexity
Of the following, the best definition of a "classical conditioning" is a type of learning in which
associations are formed between two sequentially occurring stimuli.
learning
avoiding food that once made you ill
Claire sustained a traumatic brain injury from a serious car accident. After the accident, her family began to notice that she always appeared subdued and no longer seemed to experience intense emotions such as joy or anger. These emotional changes suggest that damage may have occurred to her
basal ganglia
Roger was waiting in the airport to welcome his wife home after her military deployment. As she exited the plane, he became overjoyed and started running in her direction. Which area of his brain was primarily responsible for coordinating this emotion-driven movement?
basal ganglia
A culture that has a high degree of emotional suppression is most likely to:
be homogeneous
Details that are inconsistent with existing schemas are most likely to:
be left out of memory storage
sensitization
being "jumpy" after being scared by a loud noise
A person with high achievement motivation is most likely to:
believe that any skill can be learned
The "own-race bias (ORB)" means that individuals are typically
better able to remember the faces of people from their own race.
binge eating disorder
binging and guilt about binging without purging
bulimia nervosa
binging and purging behavior accompanied by body dissatisfaction
the sensation of hunger is triggered when:
body cells do not get enough glucose
When Julia spotted a snake in her kitchen, her heart rate shot up and she started to shake. Simultaneously, she experienced a feeling of abject fear. The given scenario best supports:
cannon-bard theory of emotion
People with frontal lobe damage are more likely to engage in risky behavior because they:
cannot judge threatening situations
variable ratio
casino slot machines pay off after a random number of plays with an average payout controlled by the casino managers
Which of the following areas of the brain controls the voluntary expression of emotions?
cerebral cortex
Which of the following hormones controls the quantity of meals by activating pathways between the hindbrain and the digestive system?
cholecystokinin
Which of the following parts of the brain participates in the processing of the emotional aspect of physical pain?
cingulate cortex
In which of the following types of learning are associations formed between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time?
classical conditioning
emotions
combination of arousal, physical sensations, and subjective feelings that occurs spontaneously in response to environmental stimuli
intrinsic rewards
coming from within
extrinsic rewards
coming from without(money)
rehearsal
conscious repetition of information
If you study your intro psych and take quizzes under the same circumstances, you are likely to perform better due to
context-dependent memory
Leon is trying to remember the name of his coworker and tells himself "her name starts with an 'L', it is not Laura, she works in Accounting." In this example, Leon is attempting to retrieve her name using
cues
A reduction in ability to retrieve rarely used information over time is known as:
decay
Which of the types of forgetting is actually closest to how we usually use the word "forgetting?"
decay
When completing a job application Heena can consciously recall her prior work history because this information represents a
declarative memory
levels of processing theory
depths of processing applied to info that predict its ease of retrieval
yerkes-dodson law
description of the relationships among task complexity, arousal, and performance
achievement motivation
desire to excel or outperform others
appraisals
detection and assessment of stimuli that are relevant to personal well-being
Which of the following approaches to concept formation is used when a cat is described as "A domesticated carnivorous mammal (Felis catus) related to tigers and raised in a wide variety of breeds"?
dictionary definition approach
Diane had not slept for 20 hours and became motivated to go to sleep. After a full night's sleep, she will likely experience
drive reduction
A combination of arousal, physical sensations, and subjective feelings that occurs spontaneously in response to environmental stimuli is known as
emotion
As part of Sterling's job, he frequently has to ask his boss to approve aspects of his work. He has learned to approach her for such approvals only when she appears to be in a positive mood. In this scenario, Sterling is utilizing his
emotional intelligence
Our ability to perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions is referred to as:
emotional intelligence
Before heading out, Natasha's mother gives her instructions to fold the laundry and set the table for dinner. However, Natasha is watching a movie on her laptop and does not hear what her mother says. When her mother returns, she becomes upset as Natasha has not done either of the chores. In the context of the processing of memory, the given scenario best exemplifies failure to
encode memory
the three steps of memory are
encoding, storage, and retrieval
steps of memory in order
encoding, storing, retrieving
Which of the following components of working memory is responsible for integrating long-term memories into the information being actively processed?
episodic buffer
Which of the following is a type of a declarative memory?
episodic memory
Elmer is working towards the goal of lowering his blood pressure. Once per week he measures his blood pressure. This is an example of
evaluating the success of a solution.
habituation
eventually ignoring the hum from your computer
Which of the following approaches to concept formation uses a specific member of a category to represent the entire category?
exemplar
Human observational learning almost always teaches us to do more negative behaviors.
false
When using punishment, the best strategy is to warn individuals each time an unwanted behavior occurs while gradually increasing the intensity of the consequence.
false
adults have superior memory compared to children for visual images that are presented for brief periods of time
false
display rules, like the interpretation of universal emotions, do not vary much from one culture to the next
false
giftedness and genius both refer to the same thing
false
Feelings of satiety occur when
fat stores and leptin levels are high
Kenya works in customer service and is berated all day by irate customers. She is angered by the way they speak to her but maintains her composure and does not let the customers know she is angry. One day, while driving home, another car cut in front of her without using a turn signal and Kenya began screaming. The theory of catharsis would suggest that once she is finished screaming, Kenya will
feel less angry
classical conditioning
feeling anxious before a test because you've previously had bad testing experiences under similar conditions
The Premack principle suggests that important consequences for behavior can be determined by
figuring out what a person spends the most time doing.
Bill lost his election to become a state representative. After his defeat, he decided to abandon politics because he would, "never be good enough to win the confidence of the people." In this scenario, Bill is displaying
fixed mindset
Bridget takes her son to the park but he keeps running off, getting too close to a nearby road. Each time he does this she scolds him for running off. Bridget is using which schedule of reinforcement to deter this behavior?
fixed ratio
Christian's favorite sandwich shop gave him a loyalty card that rewards him with a free sandwich after he purchases nine sandwiches. His sandwich-buying behavior is being reinforced using a
fixed ratio
Events like 9/11 often produce vivid memories for where you were and what you were doing when you heard the news. We refer to these experiences as
flashbulb memories
Even after 20 years, Jacob clearly remembers that he was having dinner in the army cafeteria when he got the information about the birth of his daughter. He even remembers what was on the menu and who was sitting next to him at that time. In the context of memory retrieval, this is an example of a(n):
flashbulb memory
To treat her spider phobia, Karissa's therapist suggests that she sit in a room with a large spider until she is no longer afraid of spiders. This type of therapy is known as
flooding
wernicke's aphasia
fluent production but poor comprehension of speech
Charles Spearman posited that generalized intelligence (g) is comprised of
fluid and crystallized intelligence.
The ability to think logically without the need to use learned knowledge is termed _____.
fluid intelligence
operant conditioning
following a study strategy that has resulted in good grades on your weekly quizzes
Which of the following is a remnant of the piloerection reflex in humans?
forming goose bumps on the skin
a sensory memory lasts for:
fractions of a second
a worker is frustrated after being passed up for promotion. If she neglects to consider the impact of her own behavior, such as coming to work late every day, as part of the problem, she is experiencing an error in which of the following?
framing the problem
Toby, a school principal, receives a $10,000 grant from the school board to implement a new program at his school. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following initiatives would address the most basic need?
free school breakfast and lunch
emotion
gayle recoils when she sees a snake ahead of her on the hiking trail
schachter-singer two-factor
general arousal leads to cognitive appraisals that help us identify the emotion we're experiencing
Which of the following is a measure of an individual's overall intelligence as opposed to specific abilities?
general intelligence
One benefit of forgetting is that it helps us to
give priority to things that are important to remember.
broca's aphasia
good comprehension but poor production of speech
reflex
goose bumps in response to cold
Which of the following is a simple form of learning in which reactions to repeated stimuli that are unchanging and harmless decrease?
habituation
Which of the following emotional expressions is universal across cultures?
happiness
a culture low on emotional suppression is likely to:
have a history of immigration
People with dyslexia:
have difficulty distinguishing between similar-sounding phonemes or basic speech sounds
A man with higher than normal levels of testosterone is most likely to:
have high sexual desire
Which of the following parts of the brain is essential for the formation of declarative memories?
hippocampus
which of the following is the best example of catharsis?
hitting a punching bag in the gym when you're feeling angry
Most anthropologists are convinced that human language existed between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago, if not earlier, because:
homo sapiens species appeared during that time
Whenever Juan listens to a particular song, he becomes nervous and upset. However, he has no idea why he becomes upset. This is an example of a(n):
implicit memory
instrict
imprinting on a parent
human reflexes are
inflexible
According to the Levels of Processing theory, which of the following types of information would be more easily recalled?
information processed at a deep level
Kai has just joined a new job and is being introduced to his new colleagues. He tries to memorize every person's name. As he meets more people, he realizes that he has difficulty remembering the names of the people he met at the beginning of the introduction. In the context of forgetting, this is an example of:
interference
Mariola was raised in a Spanish-speaking household but became a French major during college. When returning home to visit her family, she cannot remember the Spanish word for "bird," only the French word. In this scenario, Mariola is experiencing
interference
Individuals who make decisions based on their emotions and feelings are best described as
intuitive decision-makers.
How does sleep impact memory formation?
it helps in consolidating existing memories with new information
Which of the following is the role of the amygdala in the perception of emotional stimuli?
it identifies emotional stimuli and initiates responses to these stimuli
in the context of bullying, which of the following is a characteristic of proactive aggression
it is goal-oriented
Which of the following statements best describes encoding specificity?
it refers to the process in which memories include unique combinations of information when encoded
Margaret is conditioned to feel more alert each time she hears her husband starting their coffee maker because it signals that their coffee will soon be ready. Every morning, after starting the coffee maker, Joe turns on their kitchen television. How is Margaret likely to respond when hearing the television?
it will have no effect
Bill is in psychotherapy for treatment of his depression. His therapist suggests that when he is feeling sad he should try to change this emotion by forcing himself to smile, straighten his posture, and open his eyes wide. Her advice is most consistent with which theory of emotion?
james-lange
mood
jason's disappointing score on his weekly quiz doesn't keep him from feeling "up" on such a beautiful day
long-term memory
large capacity and long duration
sensory memory
large capacity and short duration
observational learning
learning by observing others; also called social learning
nonassociative learning
learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a stimulus
Which of the following hormones is secreted by fat cells and helps the body maintain an appropriate level of stored fat?
leptin
Claude is an artist known for turning common household goods into stunning sculptures. Claude's ability to use these goods in this manner suggests he is
low in functional fixedness.
anorexia nervosa
maintenance of low body weight and severe body dissatisfaction
during an argument, happy couples:
make more positive comments about each other than negative comments
Memory aids that link new information to well-known information are referred to as:
mneomincs
In the context of basic building blocks of language, which of the following is the smallest component of speech that carries meaning?
morphemes
When Alan tells his friends about his recent camping trip, he talks about how much fun he had singing campfire songs, eating s'mores, and telling ghost stories. He does not recall the inconveniences faced by him such as dirty toilets, mosquitoes, and feeling cold through the night. This is an example of:
motivated forgetting
A process that arouses, maintains, and guides behavior toward a goal is known as:
motivation
In which of the following types of learning are associations formed between behaviors and their outcomes?
operant conditioning
romantic love is associated with:
oxytocin and vasopressin
Contemporary psychologists suggest that the top of Maslow's need hierarchy be replaced with which need?
parenting
higher order conditioning
pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they saw the handler enter the kennel to take them to the lab for their metronome followed by food training sessions
representative heuristic
people are more likely to guess that a man who likes opera and chess is a musician in a major symphony rather than a farmer
james-lange
physical responses lead to conscious and subjective awareness of an emotion
The James-Lange theory of emotion proposes that:
physical sensations lead to subjective feelings
In humans, a common result of social isolation is:
poor health
In the context of biochemistry and memory, which of the following is a result of high levels of acetylcholine?
poor memory consolidation
Althea is interviewed by the local news and shares a very unpopular opinion about a local official. After her interview, hundreds of people find her social media profile and write nasty messages about her and what she said. As a result, Althea vowed that in the future she would keep these opinions to herself and not share them with others. This example best illustrates the concept of
positive punishment
To teach his daughter manners, Sheldon warmly smiles and hugs his daughter each time she says "please" and "thank you" in conversation. Sheldon's response to her behavior is considered
positive reinforcement
Richard has an intense fear of flying. His therapist suggests that they use systematic desensitization to treat this fear. As part of this process, she has Richard look at pictures and videos of planes and asks him to imagine himself on a plane. In order for this treatment to be successful, what will Richard need to be doing while looking at and thinking of flying?
practicing relaxation
Source amnesia is most likely to be caused by damage to:
prefrontal cortex
Upon arriving to his exam, Will becomes distressed after realizing another student is sitting in his usual seat. He fears that sitting in another seat will cause him to perform worse on the exam due to the
principle of context-dependent retrieval.
The basal ganglia play a crucial role in the formation of:
procedural memories
motivation
process that arouses, maintains, and guides behavior toward a goal
chunking
putting similar items to remember into categories
Which of the following is an example of an autobiographical memory?
raphael can clearly recall the day when he went scuba diving for the first time
Which of the following men is most likely to have the lowest testosterone levels?
raphael, who is in a committed and stable relationship
Magda is feeling angry as her neighbor was very rude to her. To manage her anger, she tries to think from her neighbor's perspective. She thinks about the possibility that her neighbor was rude to her because he was having a bad day. This helps her get over her anger. In the context of expressing emotions, the given scenario exemplifies:
reappraisal
altering one's way of thinking as a means to control emotions is an example of
reappraisal
In the context of memory retrieval, which of the following is a difference between recognition and recall?
recognition tasks provide more cues than recall tasks
fluid intelligence
recognizing a pattern in a series of numbers
Freida has just been mugged by a man wearing blue shoes. She did not clearly see the color of the man's sneakers. However, her friend is sure that the man was wearing brown shoes. By the time Freida is questioned by the police, she is confident that she saw the man's shoes, and they were brown. In the context of memory retrieval, the given scenario exemplifies:
reconstruction
retrieval
recovery of stored infromation
information usually moves from short-term to long-term memory through:
rehearsal
which of the following is a non-declarative memory?
remembering how to drive a car with a manual transmission
maintenance rehearsal
repeating a phone number in your head while preparing to enter it into your contacts
In the context of concept formation, which of the following problems occurs if a dog is described as a small furry animal with four legs that barks and wags its tail?
results in too many exceptions
storage
retention of information
Test taking is an effective method for enhancing memory because it involves practicing memory
retrieval
unconditioned response
salivation following presentation of food
conditioned response
salivation following the metronome
In the context of motivational priorities, which of the following scenarios exemplifies an approach-avoidance conflict?
samuel wants to watch a movie, but he must study for test so that he does not fail
Maria hears a sudden sound at night. Her breathing escalates, her heart rate goes up, and she starts shaking. Then she realizes that a burglar might be trying to get in. After her realization, she experiences fear. This scenario is consistent with:
schachter-singer two-factory theory of emotion
factors in Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs in order(top to bottom)
self-actualization, esteem, belonging, safety, physiological needs
short-term or working memory
small capacity and short duration
unconditioned stimulus
smell/sight/taste of food
Which of the following behaviors most likely indicates that a person is lying in a high-stakes situation featuring high arousal?
smiling inappropriately
According to various studies, when asked to choose the pleasures that are most important to their happiness, most people are likely to choose:
social affiliation
contemporary theories
some emotions work the way james-lange predicted while others work the way schachter-singer predicted
conditioned stimulus
sound of metronome
Which of the following models of memory recognizes that people form their own organizations in memory based on their personal experiences?
spreading activation model
The moment we hear the word "blue," we think of concepts such as eyes, sky, ocean, water, uniforms, purple, aqua and so on. This statement best supports:
spreading activation model of memory
self-actualization
state of having fulfilled your potential
the term "homeostasis" refers to a:
steady internal balance or equilibrium
homeostasis
steady internal balance, or equilibrium
lateral hypothalamus
stimulates eating behavior
Viola's son skips school to hang out with his friends so she takes away his Internet access for a week. If this punishment was successful, then Viola's son will
stop skipping school to hangout with his friends
In the context of the biology of emotion, the forward areas of the insula are associated with:
strong reactions to disgust
fixed interval
students spend more hours studying during finals week than during the early weeks of the quarter
Brian, a judge, hears emotional testimony from a victim in his courtroom. Brian is incredibly sad listening to her story but keeps his composure and maintains a neutral facial expression. In this example, Brian is regulating his emotions using
suppression
ventral hypothalamus
supresses eating behavior
Which of the following actions is most likely to produce the best long-term memory?
taking a test on a topic
James takes away his daughter's television privileges as punishment. The Premack principle suggests this punishment is likely to be effective only if
television is something she considers important.
availability heuristic
the FBI reports fewer than 100 child abductions by strangers each year but many people are convinced that their child is in great danger of being kidnapped by strangers
Knowing the heritability of intelligence, you can predict how much of
the differences in intelligence observed across the population is due to genes.
Microsoft engineers plan to design an app that will help people remember long lists of information. Which of the following features would take advantage of research concerning the Serial Position Effect?
the order of items in the list changes throughout the day
cannon-bard
the physical and subjective awareness of emotions occur simultaneously and independently
Which of the following is a symptom of Broca's aphasia?
the production of speech is affected
in the famous "little albert" experiment by watson and raynor, what played the role of the conditioned stimulus
the rat
When Cody's teacher announced a series of six dates for tests, he started repeating them to himself so that he would not forget them before noting them down. As he started writing, a friend called his name and he looked up. When he tried to write the dates, he realized that he did not remember them. Which of the following statements best explains why Cody could not remember the dates?
the rehearsal was insufficient to convert the short-term memory to long-term memory
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
encoding
the transformation of information from one form to another
A student has back-to-back 8 am and 9 am classes one quarter. What is likely to happen to the student's memories for lecture in the 8 am class?
they will be reduced due to retroactive interference from the 9 am class
elaborative rehearsal
thinking about a personal experience that relates to a concept you learn in class
In the context of problem solving, which of the following thoughts represents functional fixedness?
toothpaste can only be used for cleaning teeth; it does not have any other uses
Elizabeth Loftus' research demonstrates that it is relatively easy to change a person's memory for something they have experienced by using leading questions.
true
Students who get healthy amounts of sleep do a better job of remembering what they learned the night before than students who don't sleep much or pull all-nighters.
true
psychologists believe that words both reflect and shape the way we think about concepts
true
the first scientific suggestion that sexual orientation is influenced by biology was the work by Simon Levay on a part of the hypothalamus
true
timing is really important in our assessment of whether another person is expressing a real or fake emotion. Real emotion expression is very fast.
true
Antonia is a nail technician who used to be paid on a fixed interval (FI) schedule, but is now compensated on a fixed ratio (FR) schedule for every nail service she provides. She is now more likely to
try to sell her customers as many services as possible.
The process of stimulus generalization most often occurs when
two stimuli are similar to one another.
problem solving steps
understand your problem, generate possible solutions, pick a solution to try, implement your solution, evaluate your solution and try again if it didn't work
drive
unpleasant feeling when we are below set point
a person who is lying is likely to:
use fewer hand gestures than normal
crystallized intelligence
using structural equation modeling to assess the relative contributions of three variables to values of a dependent variable.
set points
value that is defended to maintain homeostasis
When Quinton orders food at his favorite restaurant, sometimes he waits five minutes, sometimes ten minutes, and sometimes 15 minutes. This is an example of which of the following schedules of reinforcement?
variable interval
sensory memories are processed in short-term memory if:
we pay attention to them
concepts as theories
when i think about dogs I test and refine by concept after seeing new dogs
prototype
when i think about dogs I think about a dog with average characteristics
exemplar
when i think about dogs I think about my australian shepherds
drive reduction
when we fulfill the drive
Mary has been asked to remember the following words in the given order: book, orange, shoe, plate, and door. She is then shown flash cards with different words on them. She must confirm whether the word on the flash card was present in the original list. In the context of retrieval from short-term memory, which of the following is most likely to happen?
will recall book faster than plate
Nick doesn't really like his science class and is not looking forward to creating a project for the annual science fair. He seems bored and miserable and is having trouble getting started. Of the following strategies, which one would be best for his teacher to use to help him to begin the project?
work with him to find a topic that he's interested in studying
latent inhibition
you are less likely to form a taste aversion to a familiar food than to an unfamiliar food
positive punishment
you get a ticket for speeding
positive reinforcement
you study hard and get an A
negative reinforcement
you study hard because you're afraid of failing
recognition heuristic
you think that a movie you have heard about made more money than one you have never heard of
inhibitory classical conditioning
your friend's dog doesn't like you. You visit and are relieved to hear no barking which means the dog is not home right now.
