Week 4 Check Your Understanding Assignment PATHO: 370 WCU

The nurse provides teaching regarding dietary intake of potassium to avoid an electrolyte imbalance when a patient

has chronic heart failure that is treated with diuretics.

Respiratory alkalosis is caused by

hyperventilation.

An increase in the resting membrane potential (hyperpolarized) is associated with

hypokalemia.

A person who overuses magnesium-aluminum antacids for a long period of time is likely to develop

hypophosphatemia.

Abnormalities in intracellular regulation of enzyme activity and cellular production of ATP are associated with

hypophosphatemia.

The hallmark manifestation of acute respiratory distress syndrome is

hypoxemia.

A major risk factor for the development of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) disease is

immunosuppression.

To best prevent emphysema, a patient is instructed to stop smoking since cigarette smoke

impairs α1-antitrypsin, allowing elastase to predominate.

If an individual has a fully compensated metabolic acidosis, the blood pH is

in the normal range.

A patient has a positive Chvostek sign. The nurse interprets this as a sign of

increased neuromuscular excitability.

The increased anterior-posterior chest diameter associated with obstructive lung disease is caused by

increased residual lung volumes.

The primary cause of infant respiratory distress syndrome is

lack of surfactant.

Diarrhea and other lower intestinal fluid losses will contribute to

metabolic acidosis.

The finding of ketones in the blood suggests that a person may have

metabolic acidosis.

Emesis causes

metabolic alkalosis.

Two primary acid-base disorders that are present independently are referred to as

mixed acid-base imbalance.

Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include

muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias.

A major cause of treatment failure in tuberculosis is

noncompliance.

A person who experiences a panic attack and develops hyperventilation symptoms may experience

numbness and tingling in the extremities.

A patient with flail chest will demonstrate

outward chest movement on expiration.

Fully compensated respiratory acidosis is demonstrated by

pH 7.36, PaCO2 55, HCO3- 36.

A patient exhibiting respiratory distress as well as a tracheal shift should be evaluated for

pneumothorax.

Legionnaires disease is characterized by

presence of systemic illness.

When preparing for the admission of a client diagnosed with bronchiectasis, the nurse will

put a sputum cup and a box of tissues on the bedside table.

The person at highest risk for developing hypernatremia is a person who

receives tube feedings because he or she is comatose after a stroke.

All obstructive pulmonary disorders are characterized by

resistance to airflow.

The electrolyte that has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid is _____ ions.

sodium

The most definitive diagnostic method for active tuberculosis is acquired via

sputum culture.

Airway obstruction in chronic bronchitis is because of

thick mucus, fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy.

The fraction of total body water (TBW) volume contained in the intracellular space in adults is

two thirds.

Osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus control the release of

vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH).

Neuromuscular disorders impair lung function primarily because of

weak muscles of respiration.

What is likely to lead to hyponatremia?

Frequent nasogastric tube irrigation with water

The characteristic x-ray findings in tuberculosis include

Ghon tubercles.

Which change in a patient's assessment has the greatest urgency?

Serum potassium concentration is increasing; has developed cardiac dysrhythmias, but denies any difficulty breathing

Viral pneumonia is characterized by

a dry cough.

Individuals who have chronic bronchitis most often have

a productive cough.

Bacterial pneumonia leads to hypoxemia caused by

accumulation of alveolar exudates.

Widespread atelectasis, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and diffuse, fluffy alveolar infiltrates on chest radiograph are characteristic of

acute respiratory distress syndrome.

After evaluation, a child's asthma is characterized as "extrinsic." This means that the asthma is

associated with specific allergic triggers.

Renal compensation for respiratory acidosis is evidenced by

elevated bicarbonate ion concentration.

Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include

confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures.

Effects of hypernatremia on the central nervous system typically include

confusion.

When a parent of a toddler recently diagnosed with pneumococcal pneumonia asks why their child is so much sicker than a classmate was when they were diagnosed with pneumonia, the nurse replies

"It sounds like your child has a case of bacterial pneumonia, while the classmate had viral pneumonia."

When a client diagnosed with COPD type A asks, "Why is my chest so big and round?", the nurse responds that

"Loss of elastic tissue in your lungs allows your airways to close and trap air, which makes your chest round."

A patient diagnosed with chronic compensated heart failure reports that, "My feet swell if I eat salt but I don't understand why" The nurse's best response is

"Salt holds water in your blood and makes more pressure against your blood vessels, so fluid leaks out into your tissues and makes them swell."

A common characteristic of viral pneumonia is

dry cough.

Which is indicative of a left tension pneumothorax?

Absent breath sounds on the left

Which alterations can lead to edema?

Decreased lymphatic flow

Hyperaldosteronism causes

ECV excess and hypokalemia.

A patient who reports an intestinal fistula also reports feeling "weak and dizzy" when she stands. While taking her blood pressure she becomes temporarily unresponsive but quickly regains consciousness when put into a supine position. What nursing interventions will the nurse implement before calling the physician?

Give her water or juice and some salty crackers and ask if she has had any diarrhea or vomiting.

Which disorder is caused by inhalation of organic substances?

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Which electrolyte imbalances cause increased neuromuscular excitability?

Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia

What is the most likely explanation for a diagnosis of hypernatremia in an elderly patient receiving tube feeding?

Inadequate water intake

What age group has a larger volume of extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid?

Infants

In individuals who have asthma, exposure to an allergen to which they are sensitized leads to which pathophysiologic event?

Inflammation, mucosal edema, and bronchoconstriction

The organism that causes pulmonary tuberculosis is

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Which assessment would support a diagnosis of type A COPD rather than type B COPD

Normal PaCO2, scant sputum, accessory muscle use, barrel chest

A 3-year-old is diagnosed with starvation ketoacidosis. What signs and symptoms should you anticipate in your assessment?

Rapid, deep breathing, lethargy, abdominal pain

Which pulmonary function test result is consistent with a diagnosis of asthma?

Reduced forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)

A patient with a productive cough and parenchymal infiltrates on x-ray is demonstrating symptomology of

bacterial pneumonia.

Croup is characterized by

barking cough

Signs and symptoms of extracellular fluid volume excess include

bounding pulse.

Manifestations from sodium imbalances occur primarily as a result of

cellular fluid shifts.

A patient, who is 8 months pregnant, has developed eclampsia and is receiving intravenous magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures. To determine if her infusion rate is too high, you should regularly

check the patellar reflex; if it becomes weak or absent, her infusion rate probably is too high and she is at risk for respiratory depression or cardiac arrest.

Hypernatremia may be caused by

decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion.

Total body water in older adults is

decreased because of increased adipose tissue and decreased muscle mass.