Week 5 Chapter 20: Molecular Technologies

In PCR, each cycle uses the products of the previous cycle as templates. What do you call this?

A chain reaction

What is a cloning vector?

A molecule that carries the DNA to be cloned

In gene cloning, what is the vector?

A small DNA molecule that can replicate independently within a host cell

Where are most EG cells obtained from?

Aborted fetuses

Using stem cells to repair joints damaged by injury or arthritis would be useful in what tissue type?

Cartilage

What are common uses of gene cloning?

Cloned genes can be introduced into bacteria to make medicines. The expression of a cloned gene can be used to discover its cellular function. Cloned genes can be used in trials of gene therapy.

In PCR, the two primers bind to specific sites in the ___ and flank the gene to be amplified.

DNA

DNA sequencing enables researchers to determine the order of ______ ______ in a gene.

DNA nucleotides

This technique enables researchers to determine the DNA bases in genes and other chromosomal regions.

DNA sequencing

Some people think that although ___ and EG cells come from embryos left over from in vitro fertilization or aborted fetuses, it is still okay to use them for research or to treat ___ , since they are not going to become living individuals.

ES; disease

What does the enzyme DNA ligase do?

It covalently links the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA.

Polymerase chain reaction was developed by

Kary Mullis

What component of bone marrow is useful to patients with certain types of cancers?

Stem cells

When cloning a gene, why must the chromosomal DNA and the plasmid DNA be cut with the same restriction enzyme?

The sticky ends of the plasmid DNA will be complementary to the sticky ends of the chromosomal DNA.

To perform many cycles of PCR, you need a machine that can change temperatures at exact times. What do you call this machine?

Thermocycler

In PCR, why do the primers bind to specific sites in the DNA on either side of the gene of interest?

They are complementary to the flanking sequences.

common characteristics of stem cells.

They have the capacity to divide. They can differentiate into one or more specialized cell types

What is the purpose of gene cloning?

To produce many copies of a DNA molecule of interest

How is transformation recognized?

Transformed cells can grow in conditions that untransformed cells cannot.

True or false: Amplifying a gene by PCR results in many copies, just like cloning using a vector and host cell.

True

True or false: Chromosomal DNA is a common source of cloned DNA. True false question.

True

A recombinant DNA molecule has covalently linked DNA fragments from

at least two different sources.

Stem cells could be used to treat conditions of the ___ , such as Parkinson's disease.

brain

A particular gene to be cloned is often isolated from

chromosomal DNA.

You would ___ a gene to make many copies of that gene.

clone; amplify

If a gene is amplified by PCR so that there are many copies, it can be said to be

cloned

Making many copies of a particular DNA segment using vectors or the polymerase chain reaction is called gene

cloning

Methods that produce two or more genetically identical individuals are referred to as reproductive

cloning

A DNA molecule that acts as a carrier of DNA that is to be cloned is called a(n)

cloning vector

Transformation occurs when

competent cells take up DNA from the medium.

A recombinant vector

contains a piece of chromosomal DNA.

Restriction endonucleases are used in gene cloning to

cut the DNA backbone prior to inserting the DNA to be cloned.

Scientists are mainly interested in stem cells to help them understand basic genetic mechanisms that underlie the process of ___, and for their potential to treat human ___

development; diseases

When a stem cell divides, daughter cells can ___ into a specialized cell type or remain an ___ stem cell.

differentiate; undifferentiated

Pluripotent stem cells found in the gonads during the early fetal stage of development are called

embryonic germ cells.

The early mammalian embryo contains ___ ___ cells, which are pluripotent cells found in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst

embryonic stem

True or false: Reproductive cloning can only occur as a result of laboratory manipulations.

false

When using PCR to amplify DNA, short oligonucleotides called primers

flank the region of DNA to be amplified.

The replication of recombinant DNA molecules inside a host cell is one form of

gene cloning.

Germ-line cells found in the gonads during early fetal development are called embryonic ___ cells, and are said to be ___

germ; pluripotent

Many countries have a ban on ___ cloning, while others permit limited research in this area.

human

The possibility of human cloning raises many ethical questions. Some people feel it could be a new way to offer ___ couples a chance at reproduction. Others are concerned that human cloning is ___ wrong.

infertile; morally/ethically

Which of the following is pharmaceutical product that is produced by bacteria expressing the human gene?

insulin

When cloning a gene into a vector, the sugar-phosphate backbone of each DNA molecule is covalently linked by the enzyme DNA

ligase

A recircularized vector is one that has

ligated with itself.

Stem cells that can differentiate into several cell types but far fewer than an embryonic stem cell are said to be

multipotent

Hematopoietic stem cells populate blood and lymphoid tissues and are

multipotent.

Embryonic stem cells are ___, which means that they can differentiate into almost every cell type of the body, but a single embryonic stem cell has lost the ability to produce an entire, intact individual.

pluripotent

A stem cell that can differentiate into almost every cell type in the body, but has lost the ability to produce an entire, intact individual is called

pluripotent.

In 1985, Kary Mullis developed a way to copy DNA without vectors or host cells. This technique is called ___ ___ ___

polymerase chain reaction

Short oligonucleotides that flank the region of DNA to be amplified by PCR are called

primers

If the two ends of a vector cut with a restriction enzyme ligate back together without an insert, a ___ vector has been created.

recircularized

A vector that contains a piece of chromosomal DNA is referred to as a ___ vector.

recombinant

A molecule that has covalently linked DNA fragments from at least two sources is called a ___ ___ molecule.

recombinant DNA

Enzymes that bind to a specific DNA sequence and cut the DNA backbone are called

restriction enzymes; restriction endonuclease

When the CRISPR-Cas system is used for gene mutagenesis, tracrRNA and crRNA are linked together in a molecule called the ___ ___RNA.

single guide

The cells that construct our bodies from a fertilized egg are called ___ cells.

stem

In PCR, the DNA to be amplified is called the ___ DNA.

template

In PCR, the template DNA is

the DNA to be amplified.

Embryonic stem cells are found in

the blastocyst.

To perform PCR, a machine called a ___ automates the timing of each cycle.

thermocycler

Possible fates for daughter cells produced by the division of a stem cell are

to remain an undifferentiated stem cell. differentiate into a specialized cell type.

Stem cells that can give rise to all the cell types in the adult organism are said to be

totipotent

The type of stem cell that can give rise to all cell types in the adult organism is called

totipotent.

When the CRISPR-Cas system is used for gene mutagenesis, which two components are combined in the sgRNA?

tracrRNA crRNA

A small DNA molecule that can replicate independently within a host cell and thus make many copies of an inserted gene is called a

vector

The early mammalian embryo contains ___ ___ cells, which are pluripotent cells found in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.

embryonic stem