Week Three and Four

D) all organic compounds

B) fibers and ground substance

D) These glands are ductless.

A) Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process.

D) areolar

A) adipose

D) reticular

A) adipose

D) reticular connective tissue invades the area

A) areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area

D) mast cell

A) chondrocyte

D) cilia

A) dense microvilli

D) simple cuboidal epithelium

A) endothelium

D) muscle tissue

A) epithelial tissue

D) examine it for artifacts

A) fix it with preservative

D) fibroblasts

A) goblet cells

D) fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts

A) ground substance, fibers, and cells

D) is a single-celled tissue

A) highly cellular and well vascularized

D) is found in some of the larger glands

A) lines most of the respiratory tract

Since mature adipocytes rarely divide, how can adults gain weight?

Adipocytes contain a fat-filled vacuole that can fill or empty, causing the cell to gain or lose volume. Mature adipocytes are among the largest cells in the body.

A 62-year-old woman was in a car accident and suffered severe brain damage. Will the brain be able to repair the damaged tissue to a functional level? Explain your answer.

After injury, neuroplasticity allows intact areas of the brain to adapt and attempt to compensate for damaged parts of the brain. Although axons and the peripheral nervous system in the developing brain can regenerate, they cannot in the adult brain.

D) multiple nuclei

B) Golgi apparatus

D) The clot is formed from dried blood and transposed collagen fibers.

B) Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.

D) Most of the cell volume is occupied by the nucleus.

B) Its primary function is nutrient storage.

D) The salts provide the three-dimensional image of the specimen.

B) The salts provide greater detailing of tissue as electrons bounce off of the tissue.

D) hyaline cartilage

B) areolar connective tissue

D) muscle

B) collagen

D) elastic fibers

B) collagen fibers

D) compound alveolar

B) compound tubuloalveolar

D) fibrocartilage

B) elastic cartilage

D) ceruminous

B) endocrine

D) stratified squamous epithelium

B) hyaline cartilage

D) stroma

B) intercalated discs

D) never lose their ability to divide

B) within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix

How is blood unique among connective tissue?

Blood doesn't give mechanical support, its matrix is fluid, the cells are loose, it carries nutrients/waste, and attaches to gases.

A 45-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital for surgical removal of a tumor on her thyroid gland. The surgeon informs her that she will have only a very thin scar. How could this be possible?

By making a sharp incision which minimizes the number of injured cells and wound defects once reapproximated, the amount of granulation (scar-forming) tissue will be minimal. As the scar tissue beneath matures and contracts, very little new epithelium needs to bridge the gap. The final result may be only a fine white line.

D) Reticular fibers form thick, ropelike structures.

C) Collagen fibers provides high tensile strength.

D) Pseudostratified epithelia are commonly keratinized.

C) Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs.

D) It allows great flexibility.

C) Fibers are not normally visible.

D) Pseudostratified epithelia consist of at least two layers of cells stacked on top of one another.

C) Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important.

D) organic fibers

C) blood vessels

D) areolar tissue

C) bone (osseous tissue)

D) simple columnar epithelium

C) elastic fibers

D) reticular

C) embryonic

D) formation of scar tissue

C) inflammation

D) stratified squamous

C) simple columnar

D) simple cuboidal

C) simple squamous

D) skeletal muscle

C) smooth muscle

D) "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.

D) "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.

D) Pseudostratified columnar

D) Pseudostratified columnar

D) ciliated simple columnar epithelium

D) ciliated simple columnar epithelium

D) fibroblast

D) fibroblast

D) formation of new stem cells

D) formation of new stem cells

D) skeletal muscle

D) skeletal muscle

D) stratified squamous

D) stratified squamous

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

Endocrine glands are complex and ductless, while exocrine glands have specific ducts and are simple.

Explain what is meant by epithelial tissue being avascular but innervated.

Epithelial tissue contains no blood vessels, but is supplied by nerve fibers.

How is epithelial tissue the opposite of connective tissue?

Epithelial tissue is tight cell packing, avascular, polar no matrix, limited, and surface. While connective tissue is wide cell spacing, vascular, non-polar, matrix, numerous cell types, and subsurface purposes.

Explain why an open wound would need a bed of granulation tissue for wound healing to occur.

Epithelium cannot grow across a defect without a blood supply from underlying connective tissue. Granulation tissue contains capillaries that grow in from nearby areas and first lay down the needed capillary bed

In adult humans, most cancers are carcinomas or adenocarcinomas. These include cancers of the skin, lung, colon, breast, and prostate. Which of the four basic tissue types is involved? Why do you think this is so?

Epithelium gives rise to most cancers. This is probably because epithelial cells divide more, leading to more opportunities for damage to growth control mechanisms, and because epithelia are more often in contact with environmental insults such as ultraviolet radiation and carcinogens.

Without macrophages, wound healing is delayed. Why?

Macrophages are large, irregularly shaped cells that act as key defenders that avidly phagocytize a broad variety of foreign materials, ranging from foreign molecules to entire bacteria to dust particles. This "big eater" also disposes of dead tissue cells, which helps to clean out the wound, allowing for granulation tissue to form.

Macrophage-like cells are found in many different tissues, and may have specific names that reflect their location or specializations. What is the one functional characteristic common to all macrophage-like cells?

Phagocytosis is common to all macrophage-like cells.

Aunt Jessie woke up one morning with excruciating pain in her chest. She had trouble breathing for several weeks. Following a visit to the doctor, she was told she had pleurisy. What is this condition and what did it affect?

Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura, the serosal membranes covering the lungs and lining the thoracic wall. Pain is caused by the irritation and friction as the lungs rub against the walls of the cavity.

Tendon tears or breaks are difficult to repair both physiologically and surgically. Why?

Tendons are composed of dense regular CT. This type of tissue has relatively few cells and vascular supply is poor; repair is slow. The broken ends of existing fibers will not reunite and can still slip past each other.

Explain why an infection may occur in a tissue injury.

The skin is the largest organ in the body and protects underlying tissues from injury by preventing the passage of microorganisms. The skin and mucous membranes are considered the body's first line of defense.

All of the following statements refer to events of tissue repair. Put the events in proper numbered order according to the sequence of occurrence. The initial event, the injury, is already indicated as number one.

The skin receives a cut that penetrates into the dermis and bleeding begins. (1)

John, a 72-year-old grandfather, had been smoking heavily for 24 years and had a persistent cough. A biopsy of his lung tissue revealed considerable amounts of carbon particles. How could this happen considering the natural cleaning mechanism of the respiratory system?

The sweeping action of the ciliated epithelium is essential in order to propel inhaled dust and other debris out of the respiratory tract. Anything that inhibits this mechanism would allow foreign substances to remain in the tract, which may cause damage. Chemicals such as nicotine may inhibit the action of the cilia, allowing carbon particles found in smoke to reach the lungs.

In terms of structure and function, compare the type of epithelium lining the trachea, air sacs of the lungs, and the epidermis of the skin.

The trachea is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial with goblet cells. The mucus produced by the goblet cells traps dust, bacteria, and other debris and the cilia move it upwards away from the lungs. The air sacs of the lungs are lined with simple squamous that serves as a thin, efficient membrane for gas exchange between air and blood. The epidermis of the skin consists of stratified squamous which functions as physical protection against abrasion, bacteria, & drying out.

How can one tell the difference between stratified squamous epithelium and transitional epithelium?

Transitional has fewer layers and has more rounded surface cells when it is bunched up with more apparent layers.