western civ chapter 14

How did Michel de Montaigne offer a counterpoint to Europe's growing imperial activities?

Montaigne rejected the notion that one culture is superior to another.

How did the introduction of Ptolemy's Geography mislead European cartographers?

Ptolemy asserted that the world was much smaller than it actually is, indicating that Asia was not far removed from Europe

How did the Spanish monarchy seek to maintain its control over its colonies?

The monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy.

Which of the following best characterizes the immigration patterns (forced and unforced) of Europeans and Africans to the Americas between 1500 and 1800?

About four times as many Africans migrated to America as did Europeans

How did justifications for slavery change from the fifteenth to eighteenth century?

Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion.

What became Cortés's crucial advantage in his conquest of the Mexica Empire?

Cortés was able to exploit internal dissention within the Mexica Empire.

How did the English colonies differ from the other major European colonies in their treatment of African women

English masters rarely freed the children that they fathered with female slaves

How did Europeans initially justify the enslavement of Africans?

Enslavement benefited the Africans by bringing Christianity to them.

Which of the following best characterizes the role of Europe in the world trading system prior to the voyage of Columbus?

Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilizations.

When Vasco da Gama arrived in the Indian Ocean, how did he navigate these unknown waters?

He hired an Indian guide.

According to his agreement with the Spanish Crown, what rewards would Columbus receive if he found a water route to Asia?

He would be named viceroy over any territories he discovered and receive one-tenth of material rewards of the journey.

Bartolomé de Las Casas asserted that the

Indians had human rights.

What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived at the Caribbean?

Islands off the coast of Japan

Who resisted the efforts of the Portuguese to establish themselves in the Indian Ocean trade?

Muslim-controlled port cities

In the fifteenth century, two rival Islamic empires dominated the Middle East, the Turkish Ottomans, and the

Persian Safavids

After losing access to slave trading from the Black Sea, the Genoese obtained many slaves except?

Portuguese peasants

In chronological order, what were the three successive commercial empires established by Europeans in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries?

The Portuguese, the Spanish, and the Dutch

How did the encomienda system function?

The Spanish Crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter.

How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization?

The great distance of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead.

What was the primary cause of the emergence of inflation in Spain in the sixteenth century?

The inability of Spanish agriculture and manufacturing to meet the growing demand for goods

How did the English and French seek a route to East Asia?

They sought a northwest passage across North America.

How did Portuguese merchants obtain most of their slaves in Africa?

They traded for slaves with local leaders

Most women who crossed the Atlantic to the Americas were

africans

The Treaty of Tordesillas

divided the Atlantic Ocean with an imaginary line, giving Spain control of everything west of the line and Portugal everything east of the line.

The European voyages of the fifteenth century derived from a desire to share in the wealth of the

indian ocean trade

The motivations for European explorers included all of the following except

indian ocean trade

The group of people who benefited the most from large price increases in the sixteenth century was the

middle class

Settlers from the Massachusetts colony dispersed into new communities such as Connecticut and Rhode Island because

of religious disputes among the colonists.

At the time of his death, Columbus believed the islands he found were

off the coast of Asia.

William Shakespeare's genius lay in all of the following except

the use of clear and unadorned expressions.