Western Civ II Chapter 16 Scientific Revolution

Inertia

An object in motion stays the same until an outside force changes it

Identify the significance of the microscope.

It allowed people to see small structures. This supported God because only he could create something so intricate.

Define mechanism.

Mechanical philosophy considered nature as a machine. All matter was composed of the same material and all motion obeyed the same laws. Mechanical philosophy rejected the traditional Aristotelian distinction between the works of humans and those of nature and the view that nature, as God's creation, necessarily belonged to a different order.

Identify the medieval influences on scientific observation.

Medieval sculptors studies of optics and lenses printing presses magnetic compasses There was NOT a rejection of religious thinking

Identify the distinct fields of knowledge developed during the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century.

Natural philosophy Medicine

Who invented a new kind of math?

Newton invented both integral calculus and differential calculus.

Identify the main problem that astronomers in the late Middle Ages had with the Ptolemaic system.

Observed that orbits are not perfect circles. Orbits did not conform to the Aristotelian ideal of perfect circles. By the early fifteenth century, the efforts to make the observed motions of the planets fit into the model of perfect circles in a geocentric cosmos had produced astronomical charts that were mazes of complexity.

Define deductive reasoning.

Proceeding logically from one certainty to another. For Descartes, mathematical thought expressed the highest standards of reason, and his work contributed greatly to the authority of mathematics as a model for scientific reasoning.

Match each mathematician with his discovery in math or logic. Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)

Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) worked on probability theory and invented a calculating machine.

Match each astronomer with his discovery in astronomy.

Brahe believed that the planets orbited the sun and the whole system then orbited a stationary earth. This picture fit the observed evidence better than the Ptolemaic system, and it avoided the upsetting theological implications of the Copernican model.

Match each mathematician with his discovery in math or logic. Christian Huygens (1629-1695)

Christian Huygens (1629-1695) from Holland combined mathematics with experiments to understand problems of impact and orbital motion.

Discourse on Method (1637): The long chain of reasonings ... had given me cause to suppose that all those things which fall within the domain of human understanding follow on from each other in the same way, and that as long as one stops oneself taking anything to be true that is not true and sticks to the right order so as to deduce one thing from another, there can be nothing so remote that one cannot eventually reach it, nor so hidden that one cannot discover it. ... Which type of thought does the passage above most directly support?

Deductive thinking. Descartes, the author of Discourse on Method, explained that human understanding can be deduced from what one knows to be true.

Women in Universities

Elena Cornaro Piscopia received her doctorate of philosophy in Padua in 1678, the first woman to do so. Laura Bassi became a professor of physics at the University of Bologna after receiving her doctorate there in 1733.

Identify how Johannes Kepler modified Copernicus's theory of the universe.

Elliptical orbits and various speeds. Kepler calculated that the planets traveled in elliptical orbits around the sun; this finding became his First Law. Kepler's Second Law stated that the speed of the planets varied with their distance from the sun.

Copernicus considered his work a break from the Catholic Church.

FALSE He did not consider his work to be a break with either the Church or with the authority of ancient texts. He believed, rather, that he had restored a pure understanding of God's design, one that had been lost over the centuries.

Educated women were widely accepted as part of the scientific revolution.

FALSE!! Educated women claimed the right to participate in scientific debate, but their important efforts that had an impact on science were met with opposition or with indifference.

Identify how the scientific revolution had an impact on aristocratic women.

Some teached at universities some studies science at home (astronomy, observatories) Some women became scientific observers

Identify how states supported scientific innovation.

They created national academies that established research guidelines. King Charles II granted a group of natural philosophers and mathematicians a royal charter in 1662 to establish the Royal Society of London. The French Academy of Sciences was founded in 1666 and was also tied to seventeenth-century state building.

Identify why Francis Bacon supported inductive thinking.

1) Bacon believed that by gathering data and then, after careful review and experimentation, scientists could draw appropriate conclusions 2) Bacon argued that scientific knowledge was best tested t hrough the cooperative efforts of researchers performing experiments that could be repeated and verified.

Match each astronomer with his discovery in astronomy.

1) Copernicus used mathematical calculations and explained that the earth rotated on its axis and orbited with the other planets around the sun.

Identify how the era of exploration influenced the scientific revolution.

1) Finding new lands and cultures in Africa and Asia as well as the revelation of the Americas introduced a world unknown to the ancients and unmentioned in the Bible. 2) Discoveries of nature influenced natural history. The discoveries made the most immediate impact in the field of natural history, which was vastly enriched by travelers' detailed accounts of the flora and fauna of the Americas. 3) Sixteenth-century observers often linked the exploration of the globe to new knowledge of the cosmos.

Identify Isaac Newton's fields of study.

1) Gravity 2) Math 3) Optics

Identify the content of the knowledge that was developed during the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century.

1) Heliocentric view 2) Mathematical physics

Identify the characteristics of science.

1) Method of inquiry 2) Body of knowledge 3) Community of practitioners

Identify the method of inquiry developed during the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century.

1) Observation and experimentation 2) Testing hypotheses There was NOT: biblical textual criticism

Identify why Francis Bacon supported inductive thinking.

1) The knowledge gained would be predictable and useful to society. 2) Bacon advocated an inductive approach to knowledge: amassing evidence from specific observations to draw general conclusions. In Bacon's view, many philosophical errors arose from beginning with assumed first principles. The inductive method required accumulating data.

Identify the characteristics of the medieval view of a geocentric universe.

1) The sun, moon, and stars are made of unchanging ether 2) Earth is made of 4 elements 3) The heavens move in circular paths around the earth. IT DID NOT: Have natural forces move celestial bodies

Match each astronomer with his discovery in astronomy.

2) Kepler calculated that the planets traveled in elliptical orbits around the sun; this finding became his First Law. Kepler's Second Law stated that the speed of the planets varied with their distance from the sun. Kepler also argued that magnetic forces between the sun and the planets kept the planets in orbital motion.

Match the ancient Greek scientist to his scientific idea.

According to Ptolemy, the heavens orbited the earth in a carefully organized hierarchy of spheres. Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 B.C.E) deduced that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun.

Read the following excerpt from Galileo: ... for the holy Bible and the phenomena of nature proceed alike from the divine Word, the former as the dictate of the Holy Ghost and the latter as the observant executrix of God's commands. Identify Galileo's main argument here.

Galileo believed that nature was a reflection of God's commands in the Bible.

Match each astronomer with his discovery in astronomy.

Galileo calculated that objects of different weights fall at almost the same speed and with a uniform acceleration. He argued that the motion of objects follows regular mathematical laws.

Match each laboratory scientist to his specialty.

Harvey: Blood circulation Hooke: Microscope Boyle: Temperature of glass

Identify how Tycho Brahe modified Copernicus's theory of the universe.

He suggested that the planets orbited the sun and that the whole system then orbited a stationary earth. This theory fit the observed evidence better than the Ptolemaic system, and it avoided the upsetting theological implications of the Copernican model.

The term that defines the view that the sun is the center of the universe.

Heliocentric A heliocentric (sun-centered) universe had been proposed as early as the second century B.C.E. by ancient Greek astronomers.

Identify how the Renaissance influenced the scientific revolution.

Humanists values ancient texts. Humanists celebrated scientific study.

What is the meaning of cogito ergo sum?

I think, therefore I am. As the phrase suggests, Descartes believed that the thinking individual existed, reason existed, and God existed.

Bacon's Novum Organum (1620) symbolism of ship and columns

Ship: scientific knowledge was like a voyage of discovery. Columns: Scientists built their knowledge upon the works of previous scientists.

Descarte's approach to scientific thinking

Systematically doubt everything he was ever taught

Old and new worldviews of science overlapped during the scientific revolution, and science was slow in changing society.

TRUE!! Individual thinkers struggled to reconcile their discoveries with their faith or to make their theories fit with received wisdom. As the new scientific method began to produce radical new insights into the workings of nature, it eventually came to be accepted.

Old and new worldviews of science overlapped during the scientific revolution, and science was slow in changing society.

TRUE!!! Individual thinkers struggled to reconcile their discoveries with their faith or to make their theories fit with received wisdom. As the new scientific method began to produce radical new insights into the workings of nature, it eventually came to be accepted.

Match each mathematician with his discovery in math or logic. The Dutch mathematician Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)

The Dutch mathematician Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) applied geometry to ethics. He believed he had gone beyond Descartes by proving that the universe was composed of a single substance that was both God and nature.

Identify how the Catholic Church responded to Galileo's teachings.

The Inquisition forced Galileo to repent his Copernican position, banned him from working on or even discussing Copernican ideas, and placed him under house arrest for life. Forced him to recant his beliefs

Identify how Neoplatonists influenced the scientific revolution.

The Neoplatonists argued that nature was a book written by its creator to reveal the ways of God to humanity. They believed that the natural world was created by God and should be studied.

Identify the main problem that the Catholic Church had with the Ptolemaic system.

The Roman calendar didn't align with the movement of celestial bodies. Realizing that the old Roman calendar was significantly out of alignment with the movement of the heavenly bodies, Catholic authorities consulted mathematicians and astronomers all over Europe.

Robert Boyle

The chemist Robert Boyle (1627-1691) performed experiments and established a law (known as Boyle's law) showing that at a constant temperature the volume of a gas decreases in proportion to the pressure placed on it.

Identify Copernicus's discovery about the universe.

The earth was not stationary or at the center of the universe. Copernicus used mathematical calculations to show Ptolemy was mistaken. The earth was neither stationary nor at the center of the planetary system; the earth rotated on its axis and orbited with the other planets around the sun.

Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717)

The entomologist Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717) made a career based on observation, specializing in detailed engravings of insects and plants. She published her most important scientific work, Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam.

Robert Hooke

The inventor and experimenter Robert Hooke (1635-1703) introduced the microscope to the experimenter's tool kit.

William Harvey (1578-1657)

The physician William Harvey (1578-1657) observed and explained that blood circulated through the arteries, heart, and veins. To do this, he was willing to dissect living animals (vivisection) and experiment on himself.

Identify the impact of the scientific revolution on society.

The scientific revolution developed new systems of gathering and analyzing data. Mathematics assumed a more central role in the new science.

Identify the correct definition of scientific revolution.

The scientific revolution of the seventeenth century is usually understood to have begun in the mid-sixteenth century and to have culminated in 1687 with Isaac Newton's Principia.

William Harvey studied medicine.

William Harvey studied medicine.

Identify why Galileo's writings became popular.

Written in vernacular. They were not overly mathematical

Identify Francis Bacon's main scientific concern.

You earned 60 points. His main concern was with the assumptions, methods, and practices that he believed should guide natural philosophers and the progress of knowledge. The authority of the ancients should not constrain the ambition of modern thinkers

Define inductive thinking.

gathering evidence from specific observations to draw general conclusions