Western Civilization Chapters 17 and 18
Voltaire was the author of...
"Treatise on Toleration"
At the end of the eighteenth century, London's population was...
1 million
In a sincere effort to reform his domains typical of enlightened rulers, the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued...
6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws
John Locke's "tabula rasa" refers to...
A blank mind
New European attitudes toward children are made visible in all of the following EXCEPT...
A reinforcement of the custom of primogeniture
According to The Social Contract, the general will was...
A social consensus to which the individual must bow
The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her Instruction.
Accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten
The problem of poverty in eighteenth-century Europe was...
Aggravated by the hostile feelings of government officials toward the poor
Andrea Palladio was a noted Venetian...
Architect
The religious movement that came to be known as Methodism...
Became a separate and independent sect from the Anglican Church
A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with...
Beccaria
The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was...
Bernard de Fontenelle
Of the great European powers in the eighteenth century, the only one NOT to possess a standing army and to rely on mercenaries was...
Britain
A key financial advantage the British government enjoyed over French rulers in the eighteenth century was...
Britain's capacity to borrow large sums of money at low rates of interest
Pugachev's rebellion broke out after...
Catherine the Great's policies worsened conditions for the peasantry
The purpose of Diderot's Encyclopedia, according to him, was to...
Change the general way of thinking
All of the following were persistent trends in the upper-class eighteenth-century European family EXCEPT...
Childhood being viewed more and more as a special phase in human development.
In the 1700s members of the British Parliament were...
Chosen in different ways in different districts
The author of The Progress of the Human Mind and who became a victim of the French Revolution was...
Condorcet
Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed...
Continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states
Those rulers associated with enlightened absolutism in the eighteenth century...
Could never completely overcome the political and social realities of the time
Europe's unequal social organization in the eighteenth century was...
Determined by the division of society into traditional orders
Under the reign of Frederick William I, Prussia...
Developed a civil service staffed by middle-class officials
In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers choose new religious movements?
England and Germany
High culture in eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the...
Enormous impact of the publishing industry
Gustavus III of Sweden...
Established freedom of religion, speech, and press
The Baroque-Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was...
Evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann
True or False: Adam Smith's "The Wealth of Nations" was a forceful rejection of the doctrine of "laissez-faire."
False
True or False: Although Enlightenment intellectuals attacked many elements of their society, they enthusiastically supported the divinely sanctioned division of society into traditional "estates" or "orders".
False
True or False: As a result of the Seven Years' War, France consolidated its hold on Canada.
False
True or False: Denis Diderot was an ardent Christian.
False
True or False: Frederick the Great had no use for the Enlightenment or its philosophes, immersed as he was in building his military.
False
True or False: In the War of the Austrian Succession, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria managed to wrest Silesia away from Prussia.
False
True or False: In the eighteenth century, the British Parliament was dominated by the urban middle classes, particularly merchants and industrialists.
False
True or False: Mozart's most famous piece was his "Saint Matthew's Passion".
False
True or False: Poland was dismembered through a single partition of its land in 1772 by Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
False
True or False: The eighteenth-century English historian Edward Gibbon blamed the downfall of ancient Rome on pagan religion practices.
False
True or False: The great scientists of the seventeenth century, such as Galileo, Kepler, and Newton, pursued their exploration of science in an explicit attempt to question and undermine religion.
False
True or False: The potato was first cultivated in Ireland.
False
Catherine the Great of Russia...
Followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks
A favorite type of private charity supported by the rich in eighteenth-century Europe was...
Foundling homes for poor and abandoned children
A diplomatic revolution resulted when Austria succeeded in separating Prussia from its chief ally,...
France
The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was...
Francois Quesnay
The Grand Tour...
Generally completed the proper education of an aristocrat's sons
A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in eighteenth century England was...
Gin
Deism is the belief that...
God created the universe but does not actively run it
The special legal privileges of the European nobility included all of the following EXCEPT...
Guarantees against becoming poor
The eighteenth-century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is...
Handel's Messiah
European music in the later eighteenth century is best associated with...
Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian Empire
The philosopher who proclaimed the motto of the Enlightenment as "Dare to know!" was...
Immanuel Kant
Pogroms were...
Instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities
All of the following are correct about trade and commerce in the eighteenth century EXCEPT...
International trade had become greater than trade within Europe
The French painter whose work represented the continuing appeal of Neoclassicism was...
Jacques-Louis David
Who said that individuals would be forced to be free if they did not obey the general will?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Which statement is FALSE about published travel accounts of different cultures?
Led to placing Africans at the highest rank of humankind
Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to...
Lent
European warfare in the eighteenth century was characterized by...
Limited objectives and elaborate maneuvers
As a result of the French and Indian Wars, France...
Lost Canada
France in the eighteenth century...
Lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt
Louis XV's most famous mistress was...
Madame de Pompadour
The growth of reading and publishing in the eighteenth century was aided and characterized by the development of...
Magazines for the general public
The young Habsburg empress whose country was attacked in the War of Austrian Succession was...
Maria Theresa
The English writer who argued in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies that women should become better educated was...
Mary Astell
The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by...
Mary Wollstonecraft
Under Frederick II of Prussia, the most important offices in the government usually went to...
Members of the nobility
The eighteenth-century composer considered to be the most innovative who composed the opera, The Marriage of Figaro was...
Mozart
Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers.
Novels
The European peasantry in the eighteenth century...
Often owed extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners
The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was...
Paris
In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,...
Played a major role in social and spiritual areas
In England, a legislative district controlled by one man or one family was known as a...
Pocket borough
The works of Fontenelle...
Popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion
Which one of the following non-native, imported products allowed Irish peasants to survive on the small plots of land left to them by English landlords?
Potatoes
In "The Spirit of the Laws", Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where...
Power is divided between the three branches of government
According to Rousseau, the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes was...
Private Property
Johann Sebastian Bach...
Produced religious music as a way to worship God
Rousseau's influential novel, Emile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes.
Proper child rearing and human education
Isaac Newton and John Locke...
Provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society
The Austrian emperor Joseph II...
Provoked general discontent due to his enlightened but radical reforms
The punishment of crime in the eighteenth century was often...
Public and very gruesome
Voltaire was best known for his criticism of...
Religious intolerance
Which of the following cities did NOT benefit significantly from eighteenth century Atlantic trade?
Rome
Which of the following countries participated in the partition of Poland?
Russia
Which of the following statements concerning salons is NOT true?
Salons were frequented by wealthy bourgeoisie but shunned by aristocrats and government officials
Adam Smith believed that government...
Should not interfere in people's economic decisions
The dismemberment of Poland in the late eighteenth century...
Showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period
The War of Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Prussia attacked the Habsburg province of...
Silesia
By the eighteenth century, the Dutch Republic...
Suffered a decline in economic prosperity
Which war do some historians regard as the first world war?
The Seven Years' War
A key financial innovation of the eighteenth century was...
The circulation of paper banknotes compensating for a lack of coinage
European society in the eighteenth century witnessed...
The continued dominance of the nuclear family
The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to...
The emergence of the science of man
All of the following contributed to the growth of population in the second half of the eighteenth century EXCEPT...
The eradication of typhus and smallpox
The French philosophes mostly included people from...
The nobility and the middle class
At the beginning of the eighteenth century,...
The old order remained strong
The Rococo artist Antoine Watteau emphasized...
The pleasure and joy of aristocratic life
The domestic system of textile production in France and Britain is known as...
The putting-out system
During the second half of the eighteenth century...
The rate of population growth was nearly double that of the first half of the century
A continuing trend in eighteenth-century Prussia was...
The social and military dominance of the Junker nobility
Which of the following statements BEST describes eighteenth-century European cities?
They were still filthy and lacked proper sanitation
True or False: Although many European rulers desired to emulate the size and grandiosity of Versailles, they usually adopted the Baroque-Rococo architectural style rather than the French classical style of Louis XIV's palace.
True
True or False: Between the death of Louis XIV and the death of Cardinal Fleury, France pulled back from foreign war and promoted the growth of industry.
True
True or False: Eighteenth-century enlightened rulers were not always "enlightened" but they were also hindered in instituting necessary reforms because of the power still held by the hereditary aristocracy.
True
True or False: In her "Vindication of the Rights of Woman", Mary Wollstonecraft argued that the Enlightenment was based on the ideal that reason is innate in all human beings, including women.
True
True or False: John Locke influenced the eighteenth-century Enlightenment through his theory of knowledge and his concept of the "tabula rasa".
True
True or False: Of the great powers, only Great Britain had no regular standing army, often relying upon German mercenaries to fight their battles.
True
True or False: Pietism refers to an emphasis on the mystical experience of God as a conduit of faith.
True
True or False: Rousseau, whose novel "Emile", emphasized the heart and sentiment, served as a precursor of the Romantic movement of the early nineteenth century.
True
True or False: The French Physiocrats, in their belief in natural economic laws, were harsh critics of economic mercantilism.
True
The Encyclopedia...
Was a 28-volume compilation of articles by many influential philosophes
Montesquieu's Persian Letters...
Was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy
During the eighteenth century, the idea of divine right...
Was replaced by the idea of "enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments
European diplomacy during the eighteenth century...
Was shaped by the attempt to prevent one state from dominating the others
During the eighteenth century, Spain...
Was temporarily rejuvenated by the reforms of Philip V
The French philosophes...
Were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality
The prime minister who furthered British imperial ambitions by acquiring Canada and India was...
William Pitt the Elder
The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe...
Won the right to publicly practice their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration Patent of 1781
By the end of the eighteenth century...
corporal and capital punishment were on the decline
An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was...
the Marquise du Chatelet
Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended...
the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life
European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by...
the emergence of secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life
